Charaterization of bacterial cellulose produced by gluconacetobacter xylinus using rice extract as a nutrient source

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION THESIS FOOD TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE PRODUCED BY GLUCONACETOBACTER XYLINUS USING RICE EXTRACT AS A NUTRIENT SOURCE SUPERVISOR: VU TRAN KHANH LINH STUDENT: NGUYEN THUY THANH HIEN NGUYEN PHAM HUYEN PHUONG SKL009155 Ho Chi Minh City, August, 2022 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION PROJECT CODE: 2022-18116015 CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE PRODUCED BY GLUCONACETOBACTER XYLINUS USING RICE EXTRACT AS A NUTRIENT SOURCE NGUYEN THUY THANH HIEN Student ID: 18116015 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY NGUYEN PHAM HUYEN PHUONG Student ID: 18116030 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: VU TRAN KHANH LINH, PhD Ho Chi Minh City, August 2022 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION PROJECT CODE: 2022-18116015 CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE PRODUCED BY GLUCONACETOBACTER XYLINUS USING RICE EXTRACT AS A NUTRIENT SOURCE NGUYEN THUY THANH HIEN Student ID: 18116015 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY NGUYEN PHAM HUYEN PHUONG Student ID: 18116030 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: VU TRAN KHANH LINH, PhD Ho Chi Minh City, August 2022 ii APPENDIX 3: (Graduation Project Assignment) THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom– Happiness GRADUATION THESIS ASSIGNMENT Student name: Nguyen Thuy Thanh Hien Student ID: 18116015 Student name: Nguyen Pham Huyen Phuong Student ID: 18116030 Major: Food Technology Class: 18116CLA1 Supervisor: Vu Tran Khanh Linh, PhD Email: linhvtk@hcmute.edu.vn Date of assignment: 14/02/2022 Date of submission: 08/08/2022 Thesis title: Characterization of bacterial cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus using rice extract as a nutrient source Thesis assignment: The research topic “Characterization of bacterial cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus using rice extract as a nutrient source” includes main parts: - Determination of the chemical composition of coconut juice and rice extract - Effects of rice extract as a nutrient source on film-like cellulosic biomass production - Characterization of BC films obtained from growth culture containing different ratios of rice extract and coconut juice The content and requirements of the graduation thesis have been approved by the Chair of the Food Technology program iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, we would like to thank Ms Vu Tran Khanh Linh who is a lecturer at the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology for her enthusiastic guidance, instruction, imparting valuable experience, expertise as well as skills required for us to execute experiments efficiently and scientifically Secondly, our team would like to thank the seniors who assisted us in instructing the microbiological tactics To successfully finish the research process and the thesis, we would like to send many thanks to all the lecturers at the Department of Food Technology, the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education had actively taught and conveyed basic knowledge to us throughout the four-year course and made it possible for us to study and research at the institution Finally, we'd like to thank our family and friends for their constant encouragement and support throughout the years The thesis cannot escape flaws due to a lack of experience and knowledge We look forward to receiving comments from the committee so that we can enhance our topic th Ho Chi Minh City, 08 August, 2022 iv DISCLAIMER We hereby certify that the whole material of this thesis is our own original work We declare that the contents of the graduation thesis have been accurately and completely cited in line with the requirements th Ho Chi Minh City, 08 August, 2022 Sign v vi vii viii ix [157] Q Zhao et al., "Effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose on the textural and whipping properties of whipped cream," vol 23, no 8, pp 21682173, 2009 [158] P Suppakul, K Jutakorn, and Y Bangchokedee, "Efficacy of cellulosebased coating on enhancing the shelf life of fresh eggs," Journal of Food Engineering, vol 98, no 2, pp 207-213, 2010 [159] P Suppakul, K Jutakorn, and Y J J o F E Bangchokedee, "Efficacy of cellulose-based coating on enhancing the shelf life of fresh eggs," vol 98, no 2, pp 207-213, 2010 [160] C D Perez, M D De’Nobili, S A Rizzo, L N Gerschenson, A M Descalzo, and A J J o F E Rojas, "High methoxyl pectin–methyl cellulose films with antioxidant activity at a functional food interface," vol 116, no 1, pp 162-169, 2013 [161] P S Malheiros et al., "Immobilization of antimicrobial peptides from Lactobacillus sakei subsp sakei 2a in bacterial cellulose: Structural and functional stabilization," vol 17, pp 25-29, 2018 [162] W.-C Lin, C.-C Lien, H.-J Yeh, C.-M Yu, and S.-h J C p Hsu, "Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose–chitosan membranes for wound dressing applications," vol 94, no 1, pp 603-611, 2013 [163] I Algar et al., "Improved permeability properties for bacterial cellulose/montmorillonite hybrid bionanocomposite membranes by in-situ assembling," vol 4, no 1, pp 57-65, 2016 [164] S.-T Chang, L.-C Chen, S.-B Lin, and H.-H J F H Chen, "Nanobiomaterials application: Morphology and physical properties of bacterial cellulose/gelatin composites via crosslinking," vol 27, no 1, pp 137-144, 2012 [165] C A Dos Santos et al., "Bacterial nanocellulose membranes combined with nisin: a strategy to prevent microbial growth," vol 25, no 11, pp 6681-6689, 2018 [166] H Zhu, S Jia, H Yang, W Tang, Y Jia, and Z Tan, "Characterization of bacteriostatic sausage casing: A composite of bacterial cellulose embedded with ɛ-polylysine," Food Science and Biotechnology, vol 19, no 6, pp 1479-1484, 2010 [167] F S Jebel and H Almasi, "Morphological, physical, antimicrobial and release properties of ZnO nanoparticles-loaded bacterial cellulose films," Carbohydrate polymers, vol 149, pp 8-19, 2016 [168] M Ul-Islam, T Khan, and J K Park, "Nanoreinforced bacterial cellulose– montmorillonite composites for biomedical applications," Carbohydrate polymers, vol 89, no 4, pp 1189-1197, 2012 [169] Y Kim, R Jung, H.-S Kim, and H.-J Jin, "Transparent nanocomposites prepared by incorporating microbial nanofibrils into poly (Llactic acid)," Current Applied Physics, vol 9, no 1, pp S69-S71, 2009 [170] J George, "High performance edible nanocomposite films containing bacterial cellulose nanocrystals," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol 87, no 3, pp 20312037, 2012 [171] D Klemm et al., "Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature‐based materials," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol 50, no 24, pp 5438-5466, 2011 [172] M Salari, M S Khiabani, R R Mokarram, B Ghanbarzadeh, and H S Kafil, "Development and evaluation of chitosan based active nanocomposite films containing bacterial cellulose nanocrystals and silver nanoparticles," Food Hydrocolloids, vol 84, pp 414-423, 2018 98 [173] M Martínez-Sanz, A Lopez-Rubio, and J M Lagaron, "High-barrier coated bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers films with reduced moisture sensitivity," Carbohydrate polymers, vol 98, no 1, pp 1072-1082, 2013 [174] P Cazón and M Vázquez, "Bacterial cellulose as a biodegradable food packaging material: A review," Food Hydrocolloids, vol 113, p 106530, 2021 [175] M Jonoobi et al., "Different preparation methods and properties of nanostructured cellulose from various natural resources and residues: a review," Cellulose, vol 22, no 2, pp 935-969, 2015 [176] K Qiu and A Netravali, "In situ produced bacterial cellulose nanofiber-based hybrids for nanocomposites," Fibers, vol 5, no 3, p 31, 2017 [177] I Reiniati, A N Hrymak, and A Margaritis, "Recent developments in the production and applications of bacterial cellulose fibers and nanocrystals," Critical reviews in biotechnology, vol 37, no 4, pp 510-524, 2017 [178] M A Woehl, C D Canestraro, A Mikowski, M R Sierakowski, L P Ramos, and F Wypych, "Bionanocomposites of thermoplastic starch reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanofibres: effect of enzymatic treatment on mechanical properties," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol 80, no 3, pp 866-873, 2010 [179] R M Viana, N M Sá, M O Barros, M de Fátima Borges, and H M Azeredo, "Nanofibrillated bacterial cellulose and pectin edible films added with fruit purees," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol 196, pp 27-32, 2018 [180] C Jiang, G S Oporto, T Zhong, and J Jaczynski, "TEMPO nanofibrillated cellulose as template for controlled release of antimicrobial copper from PVA films," Cellulose, vol 23, no 1, pp 713-722, 2016 [181] M J Fabra, A López-Rubio, J Ambrosio-Martín, and J M Lagaron, "Improving the barrier properties of thermoplastic corn starch-based films containing bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers by means of PHA electrospun coatings of interest in food packaging," Food Hydrocolloids, vol 61, pp 261-268, 2016 [182] J George, K Ramana, and A Bawa, "Bacterial cellulose nanocrystals exhibiting high thermal stability and their polymer nanocomposites," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol 48, no 1, pp 50-57, 2011 [183] D C Rodrigues, C A Caceres, H L Ribeiro, R F de Abreu, A P Cunha, and H M Azeredo, "Influence of cassava starch and carnauba wax on physical properties of cashew tree gum-based films," Food hydrocolloids, vol 38, pp 147-151, 2014 [184] S Galus, "Functional properties of soy protein isolate edible films as affected by rapeseed oil concentration," Food Hydrocolloids, vol 85, pp 233-241, 2018 [185] M Schaffner, P A Rühs, F Coulter, S Kilcher, and A R Studart, "3D printing of bacteria into functional complex materials," Science advances, vol 3, no 12, p eaao6804, 2017 [186] C Galdino et al., "Evaluation of the potential of bacterial cellulose in the treatment of oily waters," vol 74, pp 313-318, 2019 [187] S S Nielsen, "Chapter 14: Total Carbohydrate by Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method," in Food Analysis Laboratory Manual, D R Heldman, H Associates, and O Mason, USA, Eds New York: Springer, 2017 [188] S S Nielsen, "Chapter 13: Protein Nitrogen Determination," in Food Analysis Laboratory Manual, D R Heldman, H Associates, and O Mason, USA, Eds New York: Springer, 2017 [189] M Gama, P Gatenholm, and D Klemm, Bacterial nanocellulose: a sophisticated multifunctional material CRC press, 2012 99 [190] R P Jaya, "Porous concrete pavement containing nanosilica from black rice husk ash," in New Materials in Civil Engineering: Elsevier, 2020, pp 493-527 [191] A J O M o A o t A o t A Chemists, " Official Method 981.12‐Ph of acidified foods," p 1200, 2012 [192] Y Hu and J M J B Catchmark, "Formation and characterization of spherelike bacterial cellulose particles produced by Acetobacter xylinum JCM 9730 strain," vol 11, no 7, pp 1727-1734, 2010 [193] R L Richardson Jr, Optimization of open path Fourier transform infrared spectrometry University of Idaho, 1996 [194] Z Bacsik, J Mink, and G J A s r Keresztury, "FTIR spectroscopy of the atmosphere I Principles and methods," vol 39, no 3, pp 295-363, 2004 [195] P Fei, L Liao, B Cheng, and J J A M Song, "Quantitative analysis of cellulose acetate with a high degree of substitution by FTIR and its application," vol 9, no 43, pp 6194-6201, 2017 [196] A Vejdan, S M Ojagh, A Adeli, M J L.-F S Abdollahi, and Technology, "Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the physico-mechanical and ultraviolet light barrier properties of fish gelatin/agar bilayer film," vol 71, pp 8895, 2016 [197] H A Abd El-Rehim, N M El-Sawy, E.-S A Hegazy, E.-S A Soliman, and A M J I j o b m Elbarbary, "Improvement of antioxidant activity of chitosan by chemical treatment and ionizing radiation," vol 50, no 2, pp 403-413, 2012 [198] F A dos Santos, G C Iulianelli, M I B J M S Tavares, and Applications, "The use of cellulose nanofillers in obtaining polymer nanocomposites: properties, processing, and applications," vol 7, no 05, p 257, 2016 [199] T C Trevisol, L Scartazzini, A Valério, S M A Guelli Ulson de Souza, A C K Bierhalz, and J A B J C Valle, "Diclofenac release from alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose mono and bilayer films for wound dressing applications," vol 27, no 11, pp 6629-6642, 2020 [200] H Li, J Yang, X Hu, J Liang, Y Fan, and X J J o B M R P A Zhang, "Superabsorbent polysaccharide hydrogels based on pullulan derivate as antibacterial release wound dressing," vol 98, no 1, pp 31-39, 2011 [201] M J J o T Kumaran and Evaluation, "Interlaboratory Comparison of the ASTM Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials (E 96 95)," vol 26, pp 83-88, 1998 [202] L Z Wang, L Liu, J Holmes, J F Kerry, J P J I j o f s Kerry, and technology, "Assessment of film‐forming potential and properties of protein and polysaccharide‐based biopolymer films," vol 42, no 9, pp 1128-1138, 2007 [203] A J A B o A S T Methods, "Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting, D882‐10," 2010 [204] M Preis, K Knop, and J J I j o p Breitkreutz, "Mechanical strength test for orodispersible and buccal films," vol 461, no 1-2, pp 22-29, 2014 [205] T P International, "CHAPTER 3: COMPOSITION," in COCONUT HANDBOOK, S L C P Ltd, Ed Singapore: Tetra Pak South East Asia Pte Ltd, 2016 [206] D T Burns, E.-L Johnston, and M J Walker, "Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review," Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, vol 103, no 3, pp 800-806, 2020 [207] D Ciecholewska-Juśko et al., "Potato juice, a starch industry waste, as a cost-effective medium for the biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose," vol 22, no 19, p 10807, 2021 100 [208] K E Cook and J R J C M Colvin, "Evidence for a beneficial influence of cellulose production on growth ofAcetobacter xylinum in liquid medium," vol 3, no 4, pp 203-205, 1980 [209] T K A Nguyen, B N Huynh, H N V Thai, T N H Tran, T T Truong, and T K L J J o T E S Vu, "Production of bacterial cellulose films by Gluconoacetobacter xylinus for lipase immobilization," no 67, pp 1-13, 2021 [210] N Noro, Y Sugano, M J A m Shoda, and biotechnology, "Utilization of the buffering capacity of corn steep liquor in bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum," vol 64, no 2, pp 199-205, 2004 [211] A F Jozala et al., "Bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus by employing alternative culture media," vol 99, no 3, pp 1181-1190, 2015 [212] M E Embuscado, J S Marks, and J N J F H Bemiller, "Bacterial cellulose I Factors affecting the production of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum," vol 8, no 5, pp 407-418, 1994 [213] S S Muthu and R Rathinamoorthy, Bacterial Cellulose: Sustainable Material for Textiles Springer Nature, 2021 [214] W Borzani and S J de Souza, "Mechanism of the film thickness increasing during the bacterial production of cellulose on non-agitaded liquid media," Biotechnology Letters, vol 17, no 11, pp 1271-1272, 1995 [215] C Tokoh, K Takabe, M Fujita, and H J C Saiki, "Cellulose synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum in the presence of acetyl glucomannan," vol 5, no 4, pp 249-261, 1998 [216] L Ogrizek, J Lamovšek, F Čuš, M Leskovšek, and M J P Gorjanc, "Properties of bacterial cellulose produced using white and red grape bagasse as a nutrient source," vol 9, no 7, p 1088, 2021 [217] M A Mohamed, J Jaafar, A Ismail, M Othman, and M Rahman, "Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy," in Membrane characterization: Elsevier, 2017, pp 3-29 [218] C Berthomieu and R J P r Hienerwadel, "Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy," vol 101, no 2, pp 157-170, 2009 [219] H Zhao et al., "Production of bacterial cellulose using polysaccharide fermentation wastewater as inexpensive nutrient sources," vol 32, no 2, pp 350-356, 2018 [220] V Revin, E Liyaskina, M Nazarkina, A Bogatyreva, and M J b j o m Shchankin, "Cost-effective production of bacterial cellulose using acidic food industry by-products," vol 49, pp 151-159, 2018 [221] D Hermawan et al., "Development of seaweed-based bamboo microcrystalline cellulose films intended for sustainable food packaging applications," BioResources, vol 14, no 2, pp 3389-3410, 2019 [222] H Haghighi et al., "Characterization of bio-nanocomposite films based on gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol blend reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers for food packaging applications," Food Hydrocolloids, vol 113, p 106454, 2021 [223] X Wang et al., "Development and characterization of agar-based edible films reinforced with nano-bacterial cellulose," International journal of biological macromolecules, vol 118, pp 722-730, 2018 [224] A Dirpan, I Kamaruddin, A Syarifuddin, A Rahman, R Latief, and K Prahesti, "Characteristics of bacterial cellulose derived from two nitrogen sources: Ammonium sulphate and yeast extract as an indicator of smart packaging on fresh 101 meat," in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019, vol 355, no 1, p 012040: IOP Publishing [225] P Cazón, M Vázquez, and G Velazquez, "Composite films with UVbarrier properties based on bacterial cellulose combined with chitosan and poly (vinyl alcohol): study of puncture and water interaction properties," Biomacromolecules, vol 20, no 5, pp 2084-2095, 2019 [226] P Cazón, G Velazquez, and M Vázquez, "Characterization of mechanical and barrier properties of bacterial cellulose, glycerol and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) composite films with eco-friendly UV-protective properties," Food Hydrocolloids, vol 99, p 105323, 2020 [227] N Intawiwat, E Myhre, H Øysæd, S H Jamtvedt, and M K Pettersen, "Packaging materials with tailor made light transmission properties for food protection," Polymer Engineering and Science, vol 52, no 9, pp 2015-2024, 2012 [228] M R Kosseva, S Zhong, M Li, J Zhang, and N A Tjutju, "Biopolymers produced from food wastes: a case study on biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose from fruit juices," in Food industry wastes: Elsevier, 2020, pp 225-254 [229] H N Nguyen, K D Dinh, and L T Vu, "Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Aloe Vera Gel Edible Films For Food Preservation," in 2020 5th International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development (GTSD), 2020, pp 203-208: IEEE [230] W Tang, S Jia, Y Jia, and H Yang, "The influence of fermentation conditions and post-treatment methods on porosity of bacterial cellulose membrane," World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol 26, no 1, pp 125-131, 2010 [231] Y Hu et al., "Engineering of porous bacterial cellulose toward human fibroblasts ingrowth for tissue engineering," Journal of Materials Research, vol 29, no 22, pp 2682-2693, 2014 [232] V K Thakur, Nanocellulose polymer nanocomposites: fundamentals and applications John Wiley & Sons, 2014 [233] A Fillat et al., "Bacterial cellulose for increasing barrier properties of paper products," vol 25, no 10, pp 6093-6105, 2018 [234] M Ul-Islam, T Khan, and J K Park, "Water holding and release properties of bacterial cellulose obtained by in situ and ex situ modification," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol 88, no 2, pp 596-603, 2012 [235] L Fu, J Zhang, and G Yang, "Present status and applications of bacterial cellulose-based materials for skin tissue repair," Carbohydrate polymers, vol 92, no 2, pp 1432-1442, 2013 [236] S.-P Lin, I Loira Calvar, J M Catchmark, J.-R Liu, A Demirci, and K.-C J C Cheng, "Biosynthesis, production and applications of bacterial cellulose," vol 20, no 5, pp 2191-2219, 2013 [237] M Phisalaphong and N Jatupaiboon, "Biosynthesis and characterization of bacteria cellulose–chitosan film," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol 74, no 3, pp 482488, 2008 [238] J E Arikibea, R Latab, and D Rohindrab, "Bacterial Cellulose/Chitosan Hydrogels Synthesized In situ for Biomedical Application," Journal of Applied Biosciences, vol 162, pp 16675-16693 [239] S Ju, F Zhang, J Duan, and J Jiang, "Characterization of bacterial cellulose composite films incorporated with bulk chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles: A comparative study," Carbohydrate polymers, vol 237, p 116167, 2020 102 [240] L Indrarti, "Incorporation of citrus essential oils into bacterial cellulosebased edible films and assessment of their physical properties," in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2017, vol 60, no 1, p 012018: IOP Publishing [241] Y Dahman, "Nanostructured biomaterials and biocomposites from bacterial cellulose nanofibers," Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol 9, no 9, pp 5105-5122, 2009 [242] T Janjarasskul and J M Krochta, "Edible packaging materials," Annual review of food science and technology, vol 1, no 1, pp 415-448, 2010 [243] W He, J Wu, J Xu, D A Mosselhy, Y Zheng, and S Yang, "Bacterial cellulose: functional modification and wound healing applications," Advances in wound care, vol 10, no 11, pp 623-640, 2021 [244] P Cazón, M Vazquez, and G Velazquez, "Environmentally friendly films combining bacterial cellulose, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol: Effect of water activity on barrier, mechanical, and optical properties," Biomacromolecules, vol 21, no 2, pp 753-760, 2019 [245] L C Tomé et al., "Preparation and characterization of bacterial cellulose membranes with tailored surface and barrier properties," Cellulose, vol 17, no 6, pp 1203-1211, 2010 [246] P Cazón, G Velazquez, and M Vázquez, "UV-protecting films based on bacterial cellulose, glycerol and polyvinyl alcohol: Effect of water activity on barrier, mechanical and optical properties," Cellulose, vol 27, no 14, pp 8199-8213, 2020 [247] O.-A Saibuatong and M Phisalaphong, "Novo aloe vera–bacterial cellulose composite film from biosynthesis," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol 79, no 2, pp 455-460, 2010 [248] J.-F Su, Z Huang, Y.-H Zhao, X.-Y Yuan, X.-Y Wang, and M Li, "Moisture sorption and water vapor permeability of soy protein isolate/poly (vinyl alcohol)/glycerol blend films," Industrial Crops and Products, vol 31, no 2, pp 266-276, 2010 [249] L Z Wang, L Liu, J Holmes, J F Kerry, and J P Kerry, "Assessment of film‐ forming potential and properties of protein and polysaccharide‐based biopolymer films," International journal of food science and technology, vol 42, no 9, pp 1128-1138, 2007 [250] G Scionti, "Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose implants," 2010 [251] V D Alves, S Mali, A Beléia, and M V E Grossmann, "Effect of glycerol and amylose enrichment on cassava starch film properties," Journal of Food Engineering, vol 78, no 3, pp 941-946, 2007 [252] R Banerjee, H Chen, and J Wu, "Milk protein‐based edible film mechanical strength changes due to ultrasound process," Journal of Food Science, vol 61, no 4, pp 824-828, 1996 [253] L Jaiswal, S Shankar, and J.-W Rhim, "Carrageenan-based functional hydrogel film reinforced with sulfur nanoparticles and grapefruit seed extract for wound healing application," Carbohydrate polymers, vol 224, p 115191, 2019 [254] R Paramawati, T Yoshino, and S Isobe, "Properties of plasticized-zein film as affected by plasticizer treatments," Food Science and Technology Research, vol 7, no 3, pp 191-194, 2001 [255] S Yano, H Maeda, M Nakajima, T Hagiwara, and T Sawaguchi, "Preparation and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose nanocomposites loaded with silica nanoparticles," Cellulose, vol 15, no 1, pp 111-120, 2008 103 [256] W.-C Lin, C.-C Lien, H.-J Yeh, C.-M Yu, and S.-h Hsu, "Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose–chitosan membranes for wound dressing applications," Carbohydrate polymers, vol 94, no 1, pp 603-611, 2013 [257] J Kim, Z Cai, H S Lee, G S Choi, D H Lee, and C Jo, "Preparation and characterization of a bacterial cellulose/chitosan composite for potential biomedical application," Journal of Polymer Research, vol 18, no 4, pp 739-744, 2011 [258] P Cazón, G Velázquez, and M Vázquez, "Bacterial cellulose films: Evaluation of the water interaction," Food Packaging and Shelf Life, vol 25, p 100526, 2020 [259] T Mekonnen, P Mussone, H Khalil, and D Bressler, "Progress in biobased plastics and plasticizing modifications," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol 1, no 43, pp 13379-13398, 2013 [260] R Y Aguirre-Loredo, A I Rodríguez-Hernández, E Morales-Sánchez, C A Gómez-Aldapa, and G Velazquez, "Effect of equilibrium moisture content on barrier, mechanical and thermal properties of chitosan films," Food chemistry, vol 196, pp 560-566, 2016 [261] P Cazón, G Velázquez, and M Vázquez, "Regenerated cellulose films combined with glycerol and polyvinyl alcohol: Effect of moisture content on the physical properties," Food Hydrocolloids, vol 103, p 105657, 2020 [262] F Bamdad, A H Goli, and M Kadivar, "Preparation and characterization of proteinous film from lentil (Lens culinaris): Edible film from lentil (Lens culinaris)," Food research international, vol 39, no 1, pp 106-111, 2006 [263] J Malinauskaite et al., "Municipal solid waste management and wasteto-energy in the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe," Energy, vol 141, pp 2013-2044, 2017 [264] P M Coelho, B Corona, R ten Klooster, and E Worrell, "Sustainability of reusable packaging–Current situation and trends," Resources, Conservation and Recycling: X, vol 6, p 100037, 2020 [265] V Lofthouse, "A creative approach to investigating refillable packaging systems," Proceedings from CIWM, 2007 [266] J Potting, M Hekkert, E Worrell, and A Hanemaaijer, "Circular economy: measuring innovation in the product chain," Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, no 2544, 2017 [267] D Reike, W J Vermeulen, and S Witjes, "The circular economy: new or refurbished as CE 3.0?—exploring controversies in the conceptualization of the circular economy through a focus on history and resource value retention options," Resources, Conservation and Recycling: X, vol 135, pp 246-264, 2018 [268] J Kirchherr, D Reike, and M Hekkert, "Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions," Resources, Conservation and Recycling: X, vol 127, pp 221-232, 2017 104