I E C TR 62001 -4 ® Edition 201 6-05 TE CH N I CAL R E POR T H i g h -vo l tag e d i rect cu rren t (H VDC) system s – G u i d an ce to th e speci fi cati on an d d esi g n eval u ati on of AC fi l ters – IEC TR 62001 -4:201 6-05(en) Part 4: Eq u i pm en t TH I S P U B L I C ATI O N I S C O P YR I G H T P R O TE C TE D C o p yri g h t © I E C , G e n e va , Sw i t z e rl a n d All rights reserved Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information IEC Central Office 3, rue de Varembé CH-1 21 Geneva 20 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 91 02 1 Fax: +41 22 91 03 00 info@iec.ch www.iec.ch Abo u t th e I E C The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies Ab o u t I E C p u b l i c a t i o n s The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC Please make sure that you have the latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published I EC C atal og u e - webstore i ec ch /catal o g u e E l ectro ped i a - www el ectro ped i a org The stand-alone application for consulting the entire bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other documents Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and iPad The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and electrical terms containing 20 000 terms and definitions in English and French, with equivalent terms in additional languages Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) online I EC pu bl i cati on s search - www i ec ch /search pu b I E C G l o ssary - s td i ec ch /g l ossary The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical committee,…) It also gives information on projects, replaced and withdrawn publications 65 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of IEC publications issued since 2002 Some entries have been collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and CISPR I EC J u st Pu bl i s h ed - webstore i ec ch /j u stp u bl i s h ed Stay up to date on all new IEC publications Just Published details all new publications released Available online and also once a month by email I E C Cu s to m er S ervi ce Cen tre - webstore i ec ch /csc If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre: csc@iec.ch I E C TR 62001 -4 ® Edition 201 6-05 TECH N I CAL R E POR T H i g h -vo l tag e d i rect cu rren t (H VDC) system s – G u i d an ce to th e speci fi cati o n an d d esi g n eval u ati o n o f AC fi l ters – Part 4: Eq u i pm en t INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-3400-6 Warn i n g ! M ake su re th at you obtai n ed th i s pu bl i cati on from an au th ori zed d i stri bu tor ® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission –2– I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 CONTENTS FOREWORD I N TRODU CTI ON Scope Steady state rati n g Gen eral 2 Cal cu lati on m eth od 2 General 2 AC system pre-exi sti n g h arm on i cs 1 2 Com bi n ati on of verter and pre-existin g harmon i cs 1 2 Equ ipm en t rati ng cal cu lation s 2 Appli cati on of vol tag e rati n g s AC n etwork dition s De-tu n in g effects N etwork i m pedan ce for rati n g calcu l ati on s 6 Ou tag es Tran sien t stresses an d rati n g Gen eral Switch in g i m pu l se stu di es En erg i zation an d swi tch i n g 2 Fau l ts external to th e fil ter 3 Fau l ts i n tern al to th e fi l ter 21 Transform er i n ru sh cu rren ts 21 3 Fast fron ted waveform stu dies 21 3 General 21 3 Li g h tn i ng stri kes 21 3 Bu sbar flash over stu di es 22 I nsu l ati on co-ordi n ation 22 Losses 23 Backg rou n d 23 AC fil ter compon en t l osses 24 General 24 2 Fi l ter/shu n t capaci tor losses 24 Reactor an d resi stor losses 25 General 25 Fi l ter resistor l osses 26 3 Sh u n t reactor l osses 26 4 Criteri a for l oss eval u ation 27 4 General 27 4 Fu n damen tal frequ en cy AC fil ter bu sbar vol tag e 27 4 Fu n damen tal frequ en cy an d am bi en t temperatu re 27 4 AC system h arm on ic im pedan ce 28 4 H arm on ic cu rren ts g en erated by th e converter 28 4 Pre-exi sti n g h arm on i c di stortion 29 4 Th e an ti ci pated load profi l e of th e converter stati on 29 Desi g n issu es an d speci al appli cati ons 29 Gen eral 29 I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 –3– Perform an ce aspects 30 5 Low order harmon i c fi l teri n g and resonan ce diti ons wi th AC system 30 2 Defi n ition of i n terferen ce factors to in cl u de harmon i cs u p to kH z 31 Tripl e-tu n ed fi l ter circu i ts 31 H arm on ic AC fi lters on terti ary wi n din g of converter tran sform ers 32 Ratin g aspects 33 Li m i ti ng hi g h h arm oni c cu rren ts i n paral lel -reson an t fi l ter circu i ts 33 Transi en t rati ng s of paral lel ci rcu its i n m u ltipl e tu n ed fi lters 33 3 Overload protection of h ig h -pass harmon i c fi l ter resi stors 34 Back-to-back switch in g of fi lters or sh u n t capacitors 34 5 Sh ort ti m e overload – reason able speci fi cati on of requ i rem en ts 34 Low voltag e fil ter capaci tors wi th ou t fu ses 36 Fil ters for special pu rposes 36 H arm on ic fi lters for dam pi n g transi en t overvoltag es 36 N on -l in ear fil ters for l ow order harmon i cs/transi en t overvoltag es 36 Seri es fil ters for H VDC verter stati on s 37 4 Re-tu n able AC fi lters 40 5 I mpact of n ew H VDC station i n vi cin i ty of an exi sti n g station 41 Redu n dan cy i ssu es an d spares 42 Redu n dan cy of fil ters – savi ng s in rati n g s and losses 42 I n tern al fil ter redu n dan cy 43 Spare parts 43 Protecti on 44 Overvi ew 44 Gen eral 44 Ban k an d su b-ban k overall protecti on 46 General 46 Sh ort ci rcu it protection 46 3 Overcu rren t protecti on 46 Th erm al overload protection 46 Di fferen tial protection 47 6 Earth fau l t protecti on 47 Overvol tag e an d u n dervol tag e protection 47 Special protection fu nction s an d h arm on ic measu rem ents 48 Bu sbar an d breaker fail u re protecti on 48 Protecti on of in di vi du al fil ter com pon en ts 48 U n bal an ce protecti on for fi l ter an d sh u n t capaci tors 48 Protecti on of l ow voltag e tu n in g capacitors 50 Overload protection an d detecti on of fi lter detu n in g 50 4 Tem peratu re measu rem ent for protection 50 M easu rem en t of fu n damen tal frequ en cy com pon en ts 50 6 Capaci tor fu ses 51 Protecti on an d rati ng of i n stru m en t tran sform ers 51 Exam pl es of protecti on arran g em en ts 52 Personn el protection 52 Au di ble n oi se 55 Gen eral 55 Sou n d acti ve com pon en ts of AC fil ters 55 Sou n d requ i rem ents 56 –4– I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 N oi se redu cti on 57 Sei sm ic requ iremen ts 58 Gen eral 58 Load speci fi cati on 59 Seism i c l oads 59 2 Addition al loads 59 Soil qu ali ty 60 M eth od of qu al ification 60 General 60 Qu al i fi cation by an alytical m eth ods 60 3 Desig n criteri a 61 Docu men tation for qu ali fi cati on by an al ytical m eth ods 62 Exam ples of i m provem en ts in th e m ech an ical desig n 62 Equ i pmen t desig n an d test param eters 62 Gen eral 62 Tech n ical i n form ati on an d requ irem en ts 62 Tech n ical i n form ati on to be provi ded by th e cu stom er 63 Cu stom er requ i rem ents 63 Tech n ical i n form ati on to be presen ted by th e bidder 65 Rati n g s 65 Capacitors 66 General 66 2 Desig n aspects 66 El ectri cal data 67 Tests 68 Reactors 68 General 68 Desig n aspects 69 3 El ectri cal data 70 Tests 71 Resi stors 72 General 72 Desig n aspects 72 El ectri cal data 73 4 Tests 74 Arresters 75 General 75 Desig n aspects 76 El ectri cal data 76 Arresters: Tests 77 I nstru m ent tran sform ers 77 Vol tag e tran sform ers 77 Cu rren t transform ers 78 Fil ter swi tch i ng equ i pmen t 80 Fi l ter switch in g equ ipm ent: I n trodu cti on 80 Desig n aspects 80 El ectri cal data 83 Test requ iremen ts 84 An n ex A (in formative) Backg rou n d to loss eval u ation 86 I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 –5– An n ex B (in form ative) Exam ple of respon se spectra (from I EEE Std 693-2005) 88 Bi bli og raph y 89 Fi g u re – Circu it for ratin g evalu ati on Fi g u re – I n ru sh cu rrent i n to a 2/24 th dou bl e-tu n ed fi lter Fi g u re – Voltag e across th e l ow vol tag e capaci tor of a 2/24 th dou bl e-tu n ed fil ter at switch -on Fi g u re – Voltag e across th e H V capacitor ban k of a 2/24 th dou ble-tu ned fil ter u n der fau lt di ti on s 20 Fi g u re – Typical arrang em ents of su rg e arresters 22 Fi g u re – N on-li n ear l ow order fi lter for Vien n a Sou th east H VDC station 37 Fi g u re – Si ng l e-tu n ed seri es fi l ter an d i m pedan ce plot 38 Fi g u re – Tripl e-tu n ed series fi lter an d i mpedance pl ot 38 Fi g u re – Mi xed seri es and shu n t AC fi lters at U ru g u aian a H VDC stati on 39 Fi g u re – Re-tu n abl e AC fil ter bran ch 41 Fi g u re 1 – Exam pl e of a protecti on sch em e for an u nearth ed shu n t capaci tor 53 Fi g u re – Exam pl e of a protecti on sch em e for a C-type fi lter 54 Fi g u re – Electri cal spectru m 56 Fi g u re – Force spectru m 56 Fi g u re B – Respon se spectra 88 Tabl e Tabl e Tabl e Tabl e Tabl e Tabl e Tabl e Tabl e – 2– 3– 4– 5– 6– 7– A Typi cal losses i n an all -fi l m capaci tor u ni t 24 El ectrical data for capacitors 67 El ectrical data for reactors 71 El ectrical data for resi stors 73 El ectrical data for arresters 77 El ectrical data for cu rrent tran sform ers 79 El ectrical data for fil ter swi tch in g equ i pm en t 84 – Capitali zed costs of th e fu tu re l osses 86 –6– I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 I NTERNATI ON AL ELECTROTECHN I CAL COMMI SSI ON HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) SYSTEMS – GUIDANCE TO THE SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN EVALUATION OF AC FILTERS – Part 4: Equipment FOREWORD ) Th e I n tern ati on al El ectrotech n i cal Com m i ssi on (I EC) i s a worl d wi d e org an i zati on for stan d ard i zati on com pri si n g al l n ati on al el ectrotech n i cal com m i ttees (I EC N ati on al Com m i ttees) Th e obj ect of I EC i s to prom ote i n tern ati on al co-operati on on al l q u esti on s cern i n g stan d ard i zati on i n th e el ectri cal an d el ectron i c fi el d s To th i s en d an d i n ad d i ti on to oth er acti vi ti es, I EC pu bl i sh es I n tern ati on al Stan d ard s, Tech n i cal Speci fi cati on s, Tech n i cal Reports, Pu bl i cl y Avai l abl e Speci fi cati on s (PAS) an d G u i d es (h ereafter referred to as “I E C Pu bl i cati on (s) ”) Th ei r preparati on i s en tru sted to tech n i cal com m i ttees; an y I EC N ati on al Com m i ttee i n terested i n th e su bj ect d eal t wi th m ay parti ci pate i n th i s preparatory work I n tern ati on al , g overn m en tal an d n on g overn m en tal org an i zati on s l i si n g wi th th e I EC al so parti ci pate i n th i s preparati on I EC col l aborates cl osel y wi th th e I n tern ati on al Org an i zati on for Stan d ard i zati on (I SO) i n accord an ce wi th d i ti on s d eterm i n ed by ag reem en t between th e two org an i zati on s 2) Th e form al d eci si on s or ag reem en ts of I EC on tech n i cal m atters express, as n earl y as possi bl e, an i n tern ati on al sen su s of opi n i on on th e rel evan t su bj ects si n ce each tech n i cal com m i ttee h as represen tati on from al l i n terested I EC N ati on al Com m i ttees 3) I EC Pu bl i cati on s h ave th e form of recom m en d ati on s for i n tern ati on al u se an d are accepted by I EC N ati on al Com m i ttees i n th at sen se Wh i l e al l reason abl e efforts are m ad e to en su re th at th e tech n i cal ten t of I E C Pu bl i cati on s i s accu rate, I EC can n ot be h el d respon si bl e for th e way i n wh i ch th ey are u sed or for an y m i si n terpretati on by an y en d u ser 4) I n ord er to prom ote i n tern ati on al u n i form i ty, I EC N ati on al Com m i ttees u n d ertake to appl y I EC Pu bl i cati on s tran sparen tl y to th e m axi m u m exten t possi bl e i n th ei r n ati on al an d reg i on al pu bl i cati on s An y d i verg en ce between an y I EC Pu bl i cati on an d th e correspon d i n g n ati on al or reg i on al pu bl i cati on sh al l be cl earl y i n d i cated i n th e l atter 5) I EC i tsel f d oes n ot provi d e an y attestati on of form i ty I n d epen d en t certi fi cati on bod i es provi d e form i ty assessm en t servi ces an d , i n som e areas, access to I EC m arks of form i ty I EC i s n ot respon si bl e for an y servi ces carri ed ou t by i n d epen d en t certi fi cati on bod i es 6) Al l u sers sh ou l d en su re th at th ey h ave th e l atest ed i ti on of th i s pu bl i cati on 7) N o l i abi l i ty sh al l attach to I E C or i ts d i rectors, em pl oyees, servan ts or ag en ts i n cl u d i n g i n d i vi d u al experts an d m em bers of i ts tech n i cal com m i ttees an d I EC N ati on al Com m i ttees for an y person al i n j u ry, property d am ag e or oth er d am ag e of an y n atu re wh atsoever, wh eth er d i rect or i n d i rect, or for costs (i n cl u d i n g l eg al fees) an d expen ses ari si n g ou t of th e pu bl i cati on , u se of, or rel i an ce u pon , th i s I EC Pu bl i cati on or an y oth er I EC Pu bl i cati on s 8) Atten ti on i s d rawn to th e N orm ati ve referen ces ci ted i n th i s pu bl i cati on U se of th e referen ced pu bl i cati on s i s i n d i spen sabl e for th e correct appl i cati on of th i s pu bl i cati on 9) Atten ti on i s d rawn to th e possi bi l i ty th at som e of th e el em en ts of th i s I EC Pu bl i cati on m ay be th e su bj ect of paten t ri g h ts I EC sh al l n ot be h el d respon si bl e for i d en ti fyi n g an y or al l su ch paten t ri g h ts Th e mai n task of I EC techn i cal comm i ttees is to prepare I ntern ati on al Standards H owever, a tech n ical com m ittee m ay propose the pu bl ication of a tech ni cal report wh en it h as col lected data of a differen t ki n d from th at wh ich is n orm all y pu bli sh ed as an I n tern ati onal Stan dard, for exam ple "state of th e art" I EC TR 62001 -4, whi ch is a Techn i cal Report, h as been prepared by su bcom m ittee 22F: Power el ectron i cs for electri cal tran sm issi on an d di stri bu ti on system s, of I EC tech ni cal com m ittee 22: Power el ectron i c system s an d equ i pm en t I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 –7– Th i s fi rst edition of I EC TR 62001 -4, tog ether with I EC TR 62001 -1 , I EC TR 62001 -2 and I EC TR 62001 -3 , can cel s an d repl aces I EC TR 62001 pu bl i shed i n 2009 Th i s edition sti tu tes a techni cal revi sion Thi s edi ti on in cl u des I EC TR 62001 : th e fol lowi n g sig n i fi can t tech n ical ch an g es with respect to a) Cl au ses to 6, 8, An n exes F and G h ave been expan ded an d su ppl emen ted The text of th i s docu m ent i s based on th e fol l owin g docu men ts: En q u i ry d raft Report on voti n g 22F/379/DTR 22F/385A/RVC Fu l l i n form ati on on the votin g for th e approval of th is docu m en t can be fou n d i n th e report on votin g i n dicated i n the above tabl e Th i s pu bli cati on has been drafted i n accordan ce with th e I SO/I EC Di recti ves, Part High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems – Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters, can be fou nd on th e I EC websi te A l i st of al l parts i n the I EC TR 62001 seri es, pu bl ish ed u n der th e g eneral title Th e com mi ttee h as deci ded th at th e ten ts of th i s pu bli cati on wil l rem ain u n ch an g ed u n ti l th e stabil ity date i n di cated on th e I EC websi te u nder "h ttp://webstore iec ch " i n th e data related to the speci fi c pu bli cati on At thi s date, th e pu bli cati on wi ll be • reconfirm ed, • wi th drawn , • replaced by a revi sed edition , or • ded A bi l in g u al version of th i s pu bl i cation m ay be i ssu ed at a l ater date _ To be pu bl i sh ed –8– I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 I NTRODUCTI ON I EC TR 62001 i s stru ctu red in fou r parts: Part – Overvi ew Th is part cern s speci fi cati on s of AC fi lters for h i g h -voltag e di rect cu rren t (H VDC) system s with l in e-com m u tated verters, perm i ssibl e di stortion l i mi ts, harmon i c g en erati on , fil ter arran g em ents, fil ter performan ce calcu l ati on , fi lter swi tch i n g an d reactive power m an ag em ent an d cu stom er speci fi ed param eters an d requ irem en ts Part – Perform an ce Th i s part deals with cu rren t-based i nterferen ce cri teria, desi g n i ssu es an d special appl i cation s, fi eld m easu rem en ts an d verification Part – M odel li n g Thi s part addresses th e h arm on ic i nteracti on across verters, pre-existin g h arm on ics, AC network i mpedance model li n g , si m u l ati on of AC fi lter perform an ce Part – Equ i pm en t Thi s part cern s steady-state an d tran si ent rati n g s of AC fil ters an d th ei r com pon en ts, power l osses, au di bl e noi se, desi g n i ssu es an d speci al appl i cation s, fil ter protection , sei smi c requ iremen ts, equ i pm en t desi g n and test param eters – 80 – I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 • Veri ficati on of tran si en t cu rren t capabil i ty Th e tractor or h i s su b-contractor shou l d verify by cal cu lation th at th e tran sform er wi ll wi th stan d th e mech an ical an d th erm al stresses i m posed by th e speci fi ed tran sien t cu rren t • Sei sm ic qu al ification To be performed by th e contractor or h is su b-con tractor, if appl i cabl e (see Cl au se 8) 9.7 Fi l ter sw i tch i n g eq u i pm en t Fi l ter swi tch i n g eq u i pm en t: I n tro d u cti o n Th e switch in g of fi lter ban ks i n g eneral an d those for H VDC system s i n parti cu lar h ave n ot speci fical ly been covered by an y stan dard to date Th e nu m ber of di fferent si tu ati on s, cu rren ts, su peri mposed frequ en ci es and possi bl e recovery voltag es i s diffi cu lt to bri n g u nder g en eral ru les for worst dition s I n g en eral, th e system stresses i n n orm al operation an d fau lt ci rcu m stan ces h ave to be determ i n ed du rin g dedicated system stu dies, wh i ch n orm all y form an im portan t part of an H VDC project Th e resu lts of th ose stu di es wi ll reveal if the stresses on th e fi lter breakers wi ll be covered by existin g stan dards or if addi ti on al requ i rem en ts are n ecessary As expl ain ed earli er AC fi lters are bi -fu n cti on al : fil teri n g h arm on ics an d provi din g reacti ve power Therefore th e du ties an d stresses of fil ter an d capaci tor ban k swi tch in g equ i pmen t sh ow man y si m il ari ti es Du e to th e rel ativel y h ig h valu e of th e in du ctan ce present i n fi lter banks, the am pl i tu de of i nru sh cu rren ts wil l be m i ti g ated and frequ en cies of tran sien ts wi ll be lower On th e other han d it sh ou l d be real ized that th ese relatively h i g h i n du ctan ces cou ld cau se overvol tag es u n der (fau l t) di ti on s wi th a h ig h rate of rise of th e cu rren t Th ese overvol tag es form part of th e in su l ation co-ordi n ati on of the H VDC station For th e above-m en tion ed reason s, th e l i sted desig n aspects i n wil l be approach ed qu al i tati vel y Th ey sh ou l d be si dered as th e m n rel evan t item s an d as a g u i de in speci fyi n g fi lter swi tch in g equ ipm en t I f appl i cabl e, two types of swi tch in g equ ipm ent cou ld be distin g u ish ed: ci rcu i t breakers an d H V (l oad) switches Th e l atter wil l be referred to as "swi tch " h ereafter For econom i cal reasons the appl i cation of load switch es cou ld be si dered i n fil ter bran ch es an d su bban ks Th e m ost si g n ifican t di fferen ce wi th ci rcu it breakers is th e capabi li ty of th e latter to break sh ort-ci rcu i t cu rren ts, whereas a (load) switch can onl y break l oad cu rren ts and, occasi on al ly, a l im i ted val u e of sh ort-ci rcu it cu rren t, i f specified I n g en eral, th e above i m pl i es th e n eed for a circu i t breaker in order to protect th e bank as a wh ole ag ain st sh ort circu itfau lts Th e siderati on wh eth er to appl y breakers or swi tch es depen ds, amon g st oth ers, on econ om ics, the parti cu lar H VDC sch em e and operation al requ i rem en ts Oth er swi tch i n g equ ipm en t i nstall ed i n fi lter ban ks, n ot pri m aril y in ten ded to swi tch cu rren ts, su ch as i solators an d earthi n g swi tch es, in g en eral, n ot need special requ i rem en ts oth er th an th ose rel ated to ven ti on al AC su bstation s For th i s reason they are n ot di scu ssed in th i s docu m en t 9 Desi g n aspects G en eral Su bclau ses 2 to are g en eral aspects, su bcl au ses to are m ore specific for breakers an d swi tch es i n fil ters 2 E xi s ti n g i n tern ati o n al stan d ard s Th ere are two m n in ternation al standards deali n g wi th ci rcu it breakers, in cl u di n g test requ iremen ts for capaci ti ve swi tch i ng : I EC 62271 -1 00 and th e AN SI /I EEE C37 seri es For H V switch es, I EC 62271 -1 04 cou ld be appli ed H owever, the standards n ot cover th e I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 – 81 – requ iremen ts of AC fi lter ban k swi tch i ng Therefore, i n stal li n g an I EC/AN SI tested breaker does n ot n ecessaril y en su re a g ood worki n g , trou ble-free in stal lation 9.7.2.3 Environmental conditions Referen ce can be m ade to I EC 62271 -1 an d I EC TR 62001 -1 :201 6, Cl au se For circu i t breakers speci al consi derati ons are recom m en ded i n relation with ou tdoor am bi en t temperatu re (see I EC TR 62001 -1 :201 6, ) , poll u ti on (see I EC TR 62001 -1 :201 6, 2) an d seism i c requ iremen ts (Clau se above) 9.7.2.4 System parameters I m portan t AC system param eters, i n rel ation with th e presen t case, are: • nom i nal system voltag e, vol tag e ran g e an d speci al voltag e requ irem en ts beyon d the li m its of th e steady state ran g e, as m en ti on ed i n I EC TR 62001 -1 :201 6, An y temporary overvoltag e di ti on s u n der wh i ch th e fil ter sh ou ld be di sconn ected sh ou l d al so be speci fi ed; • nom i nal power frequ ency; • short ci rcu i t power l evel ; • du ration of sh ort circu it; • system earth i ng ; • exi sten ce of oth er paral l el n ected capaci tor an d fi lter ban ks; • th e ratio of X/ R; • i n su lati on l evel s H VDC system param eters are i m portan t as wel l si n ce th e Th éven i n equ ival en t to wh ich th e breaker or swi tch i s n ected tog ether wi th th e fil ter ban k i s al so depen den t on th e H VDC verter, with control ch aracteri sti cs pl ayi n g a rol e i n th e l oad rejection beh avi ou r, etc 9.7.2.5 Continuous current Th e ti nu ou s cu rrent sists of a su perposi ti on of th e reactive cu rren t at power frequ en cy an d th e h arm on ic cu rren ts Th e fi lter in qu estion i s drawn from th e AC system u n der al l speci fi ed dition s I n g eneral thi s l oad cu rrent wi ll h ave a rel ativel y l ow rated val u e as com pared to breakers/switches i n th e m n power ci rcu i t H owever, i t sh ou ld be reali zed th at, du e to th e m en tion ed su per-im posed cu rren t h arm on ics, more zero-crossi ng s th an th ose du e to the fu n damen tal frequ en cy al on e cou l d occu r Th ei r occu rren ce i s rel evan t to the cu rren t breaki n g capaci ty i n normal operati n g di ti on s I t is recomm en dabl e to specify th e specific pu rpose of th e breaker/switch expl i citly 9.7.2.6 Short circuit current of the circuit breaker Th e rated sh ort ci rcu it capabil i ty sh ou ld be at least equ al to th e system short ci rcu i t level as defi n ed in and shou l d take i n to accou n t fu tu re developm en t I f a short ci rcu i t occu rs at th e n ecti on s between the breaker an d fil ter, fu l l sh ort ci rcu i t cu rren t h as to be in terru pted by th e circu it breaker I n case of fau l ts, su ch as fl ashovers, i n side th e fi lter branch , th e fau l t cu rren t th rou g h th e breaker wil l be m ore or l ess redu ced by th e rem ain i ng fi lter im pedan ce, dependi n g on th e locati on of th e fau l t A switch wil l be abl e to carry th e short circu it cu rren t for on ly a l im i ted tim e; h owever, as n oted i n , a li mited short-ci rcu it breaki ng capabil i ty m i g h t be avai l abl e – 82 – 9.7.2.7 I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 Switching duties and sequences Depen din g on th e parti cu lar stati on sch eme, an d du e to operati ng dition s, su ch as fau lt recovery strateg ies, switchi n g du ti es an d sequ en ces of a ci rcu it breaker differen t from th ose speci fi ed in standards are possibl e I t is recom men ded to speci fy su ch du ti es I n som e excepti onal cases, a fau l t in si de the fi l ter ban k can occu r du rin g switchi n g of n orm al l oad cu rren t Th i s case, th ou g h rare, cau ses an extra stress an d th erefore cou l d be specified as a speci al du ty of th e breaker Th e rated swi tch i ng du ty of a l oad swi tch , i n g eneral , i s l im i ted to an open in g an d cl osin g openi n g operati ng sequ en ce 9.7.2.8 Dielectric withstand of the arcing medium Du e to th e relati vely h i g h n u m ber of swi tch i ng operati on s, wh i ch are, i n g eneral , normal practice in H VDC-station s, i t is recom m en ded to requ ire th e breakers to h ave th e l owest possibl e restri ke-probabi l ity Restri kes, occu rri n g du rin g swi tch i n g operation s of fil ter (an d capacitor) ban ks, can cau se h i g h overvoltag es wi th rel ati vel y hi g h frequ en ci es The occu rren ce of restrikes i s stron g ly depen den t on th e mom en t of contact separati on rel ated to th e next cu rrent-zero an d the desi g n of th e breaker I n I EC 60056 breakers were assu med to be restrike free after (on l y) a l im i ted n u m ber of tests wi th ou t restri ke H owever, i n I EC 62271 -1 00 (revisi on of I EC 60056) , di sti n cti on h as been m ade between breakers wi th l ow an d very l ow expected restri ke probabi li ty, even after a h i g her n u m ber of tests com pared wi th I EC 60056 9.7.2.9 Number of switching operations Thi s criteri on is im portan t for th e fol l owin g two reason s: • Dependi n g on th e sch em e, operati n g strateg i es, nu m ber of capaci tor an d fi lter ban ks, (very) frequ en t swi tch in g may be n orm al practi ce Thi s im poses h ig h mech an ical stresses on th e breaker/swi tch and therefore it is recom m en ded to g i ve du e si derati on to th is aspect I n su ch cases special -pu rpose swi tch g ear cou ld be si dered • I n case of a h ig h n u m ber of switchi n g operation s th e probabi li ty of u n favou rable arci n g tim es wi ll in crease and wi th th i s, th e probabil i ty of restrikes I n g eneral short arcin g ti mes tend to be m ore u n favou rable th an lon g er on es 9.7.2.1 (Transient) recovery voltage (TRV) Th e cu rren t i nterru pti on capabil ity of swi tch in g equ i pmen t i s hi g h ly depen dent on the (tran si en t) recovery voltag e across th e tacts after arc exti n cti on Fi rst of all thi s vol tag e is depen den t on the earth i n g of the n eu tral s of th e AC system an d th e fil ter ban k Th e l atter i s g en erall y earth ed Th e rel evan ce of th e TRV-cri teri on in relation wi th H VDC i s, i n parti cu lar, determi n ed by: • the val u e of th e TOV at load rejecti on (blocki n g of th e converter) , • the stren g th /weakn ess of th e AC system after recovery from a sh ort circu it or com mu tation failu re, • possibl e satu ration of th e verter tran sformers du ri ng fau lt recovery, • reson ances with th e AC system im pedan ce du ri n g fau l t recovery, • rate of di sch arg e of th e capaci tor ban k, • swi tch i ng strateg i es of oth er fil ter breakers i n parall el, • h arm oni cs du e to fi lter ban k cu rrents, • AC fil ter arresters, I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 • – 83 – AC bu s arresters A su stai n ed DC vol tag e across an opened breaker can in flu en ce th e voltag e with stan d capabil i ty of som e breaker types Therefore i t i s recom m ended to specify th e di scharg e ti me stan t of th e fi lter ban ks Th e disch arg e is depen den t on th e valu e of disch arg e resistors and th e presen ce of (in du cti ve) PTs System stu dies shou l d prove i f th e TRV-stresses wi ll exceed those speci fi ed i n I EC an d or AN SI /I EEE I n th at case, addi ti on al tests are recom m en ded As an al tern ati ve, a breaker wi th a hi g h er ratin g th an th e system voltag e cou l d be consi dered 9.7.2.1 Making current After closi ng on a fil ter ban k an i nru sh cu rren t wil l fl ow Th e cu rren t i s l im i ted by the fil ter reactor Th e i n ru sh cu rren t from capacitor ban ks depen ds on th e dam pi ng effects of th e effective sou rce impedan ce The paral l el operati on of two or m ore sh u n t capacitor ban ks and/or fil ters, wh i ch are switched separatel y, m ay cau se problem s wi th very h i g h u n balan ce cu rren ts du ri n g switch in g Wh en on e ban k i s swi tch ed on , all th e others al ready on -l in e disch arg e i n to th e newl y en erg i zed ban k Th e possibl y very h ig h transi en t cu rrent i s dam ped onl y by the im pedances i n th e di sch arg in g ci rcu i t Wi th reg ard to th e makin g cu rrent the foll owi ng shou l d be born e in mi n d • Wh en closi n g on a fil ter ban k, prestri kes are probabl e Th e am pli tu de an d frequ ency of th e su bsequ en t i nru sh cu rren t wi ll be determ i ned by the param eters of th e fi lter itsel f, th e station config u ration , th e oth er ban ks actu all y n ected to th e bu s and th e AC system Du ri n g a prestri ke, the i n ru sh cu rren t wi ll fl ow th rou g h th e n ot yet closed contacts an d th e arci n g medi u m for a certain tim e Som e types of breakers/swi tch es cou ld be sen sitive to thi s ph en om en on • I n ru sh cu rren ts can cau se overvol tag es, the am pli tu de an d frequ ency of wh ich are determ i n ed by the above-men ti on ed param eters an d th e m om en t of prestri ke • Atten tion sh ou l d al so be pai d to th e tran sien ts i n th e AC system occu rrin g wh en closi n g on a ban k with (partly) ch arg ed capaci tors • I n order to m eet th e requ irem en ts th e tractor cou ld choose, if n ecessary, differen t m eans to li m it i nru sh cu rrents an d overvol tag es at closi n g of th e breaker Th ese sist of the appl i cation of resi stors or in du ctors or syn ch ron ou s cl osin g sch em es With syn ch ron ized switch in g th e ci rcu it breaker cl oses at a opti m al in stan t an d th u s i n ru sh cu rren t an d componen t stresses wi ll be m i n im i zed Th e perform an ce of syn ch ron ou s closi ng schem es i s affected by th e properties of th e ci rcu it breaker itsel f an d the trol in terface Sin ce th e breaker h as to cl ose arou n d zero vol tag e, su ffi cien t m arg i n h as to be al lowed for variati on s in voltag e am pl i tu de, system frequ en cy, an d th e presen ce of h arm on ic distorti on Fu rth er th e cl osi n g accu racy wi ll be affected by th e stabi li ty of the cl osin g ti m e of th e breaker and cl osin g order of th e trol in terface an d m easu ri n g errors • Breakers/switches sh ou l d be capabl e of m akin g a specified sh ort ci rcu i t cu rren t wh en closi ng on a sh ort circu it 9.7.3 Electrical data Table i s a checkl ist of data wh ich cou ld be u sed by th e tractor for pu rch asi n g th e equ ipm en t or to in form th e cu stom er of th e desi g n param eters – 84 – I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 Table – Electrical data for filter switching equipment Fi l ter swi tch i ng eq u i pment parameter Rated vol tag e Rated freq u en cy Rated n orm al cu rren t U ni t kV(RM S) Hz A(RM S) I n su l ati on l evel to earth an d across open swi tch i n g d evi ce Rated AC vol tag e kV(RM S) Li g h tn i n g i m pu l se wi th stan d l evel kV Swi tch i n g i m pu l se wi th stan d l evel (for rated vol tag e > 300 kV) kV Rated sh ort-ti m e wi th stan d cu rren t kA(RM S) Rated peak wi th stan d cu rren t kA Rated d u rati on of sh ort-ci rcu i t s Rated sh ort-ci rcu i t breaki n g cu rren t Rated tran si en t recovery vol tag e for term i n al fau l ts Rated sh ort-ci rcu i t m aki n g cu rren t kA(RM S) a kA(peak) Rated operati n g seq u en ce Rated si n g l e capaci tor ban k breaki n g cu rren t A(RM S) Rated back-to-back capaci tor ban k breaki n g cu rren t A(RM S) M axi m u m perm i ssi bl e swi tch i n g overvol tag e wh en swi tch i n g capaci tor ban ks kV Rated su ppl y vol tag e of cl osi n g an d open i n g d evi ces an d of au xi l i ary ci rcu i ts V d c or V rm s Rated su ppl y freq u en cy of cl osi n g an d open i n g d evi ces an d of au xi l i ary ci rcu i ts Rated pressu res of com pressed g as su ppl y for operati on an d for i n terru pti on M axi m u m d evi ati on from cl osi n g ti m e (i f syn ch ron ou s swi tch i n g i s u sed ) a Hz M Pa ms Determ i n ed by several param eters – see I EC 62271 -1 00 9.7.4 Test requirements Type tests performed i n accordan ce wi th I EC an d/or AN SI /I EEE may n ot always cover th e real stresses of th e presen t case CI GRE WG 04 prepared a docu m ent (CI GRE WG 04) on sh u nt capacitor switchi n g As stated earl i er, som e of th e stresses on breakers, i n th i s case in H VDC stati on s, can exceed those specified in stan dards I t i s therefore recom men ded to eval u ate carefu l ly the relevant cri teri a and com pare th e resu lts of system stu di es wi th th ose in th e stan dards Addition al requ i rem en ts m ay be n ecessary Th ese i n parti cu lar refer to • th e requ i red n u m ber of swi tch i n g operati on s in fi eld dition s with reg ard to m ech an ical load an d probabi li ty of restri ke, • swi tch in g du ti es an d sequ en ces, • TRV-com pon en ts, especial ly in relati on wi th TOV-con dition s i n fau l t or speci al dition s The defin ed requ i rem en ts in I EC an d AN SI /I EEE reg ardin g capacitive swi tch i ng offer vari ou s possibi li ti es for test circu i ts, test du ti es an d test vol tag es to be ch osen Becau se of th e station sch em e, operati n g strateg i es, speci fi ed fau l t di ti on s an d AC system parameters, th e test requ i rem en ts of th e breaker/swi tch shou l d reflect as cl osel y as possi ble th e actu al situ ation I f appl icabl e, th e accu racy of syn ch ron ou s switch in g in rel ati on to th e affecti n g factors, men tion ed in 1 , sh ou l d be verified by l aboratory tests or oth erwi se by speci fi c I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 – 85 – comm i ssi on i n g tests u n der real operati n g di ti on s Th e test dition s sh ou ld take accou n t of i n fl u en ci ng factors su ch as ag ein g , en viron m en tal dition s and th e n u m ber of previou s swi tch i ng operation s – 86 – I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 Annex A (informative) Background to loss evaluation Th e n eed to evalu ate l osses i n H VDC tran sm i ssion sch em es i s im portan t becau se of the h ig h cost of losses on the su pply system With i n creasin g en erg y costs in th e fu tu re, th e im portance of losses wil l becom e more cri ti cal Each su ppl y au th ori ty determ in es th e cost of losses for its own particu l ar operatin g condi ti ons Becau se th ese di ffer from au th ori ty to au th ori ty th e cost of capi tal ized losses wil l also vary su bstan ti all y between th em an d i t is g en eral l y th erefore in appropri ate to di scu ss g en eral ized l oss fi g u res Th e cost of losses i s g en erall y based on several com m on factors: a) a cost to reflect th e g en erati n g capacity requ ired to su ppl y the peak losses i n th e su pply system so th at in tu rn it can su ppl y th e power l osses in the H VDC verter equ i pm en t Th e cost of capaci ty i s g en erall y assu m ed to be th e lowest cost m eans of provi di n g th e peaki n g capaci ty, for exam pl e g as tu rbi n e peaki n g u n its, or al ternatively i t may be based on th e i n crem ental cost or averag e costs of new g en eratin g capacity; b) an en erg y cost to reflect th e actu al cost of su pplyi ng th e en erg y su med Becau se energ y i s consu m ed th rou g h th e en ti re l ife of th e converter stati on , fu rth er factors n eed to be consi dered to determ in e a presen t val u e worth of th e fu tu re losses Th ese i n clu de: ) th e an ti cipated operati n g li fe of the verter station , 2) th e l oad factor, 3) th e discou n t rate for presen t evalu ati on of fu tu re costs I n determi n in g a capital i zed loss factor, th e di scou n t rate [i tem 3) above] can be a very sen si ti ve factor For exam ple, an ann u al loss cost of say $350/kW (i e kW val u ed at $40/M Wh) tog eth er with 00 % avai labil i ty an d no du ty cycl e, capital i zes as shown in Tabl e A for cu rrent typi cal di scou nt rates Table A.1 – Capitalized costs of the future losses Di scount rate Capi tal i zed over 20 years Capi tal i zed over 30 years 5, % $4 367 $5 387 7, % $3 573 $4 37 9, % $3 088 $3 446 Tabl e A sh ows that pl an t l ife, h owever, i s n ot a very sen si ti ve factor, becau se even wi th a % discou n t rate, th e tri bu tion to th e presen t val u e decreases rapidl y in later years Al th ou g h th e capi tal cost of el ectrical equ ipm ent h as in creased over recent years, th e cost of en erg y h as g en erall y i n creased at hi g h er rates, wi th th e resu l t th at for early H VDC sch em es th e capi tal ized cost of the verter stati on losses (exclu di ng the tran smi ssi on l in es) typi call y represented % of th e verter station costs, wh ereas they can n ow typical ly be in th e order of 30 % to 50 % Thi s in creasi ng im portan ce in losses h as led to a chan g e i n converter stati on equ ipm ent desi g n ph il osoph y wh ereby equ ipm en t wi th hi g h er capi tal costs bu t l ower th rou g h li fe l osses i s often specified I t is th erefore apparent th at th e treatm en t of l osses shou l d be g iven a h i g h profi le an d form an im portan t part in th e preparati on of th e H VDC verter stati on ten der an d bi d adju di cati on I t i s equ al l y im portan t th at th e cri teri a speci fi ed for determ i n in g l osses are si sten t an d not u nfairly ben efit or di sadvan tag e a parti cu lar m an u factu rer These criteri a are di scu ssed i n 4 in respect of AC h arm on i c fil ters associ ated with H VDC verter sch emes I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 – 87 – I n an H VDC verter station th ere are m any i tem s of equ ipm ent whi ch m ake a sig n i fi can t contri bu ti on to th e total losses Fu rth erm ore, m any plan t items h ave th ei r own l oss versu s load relati on shi ps an d some equ ipm en t, in particu l ar certain h arm on ic fil ters, m ay onl y be requ ired u n der h ig h DC l oad di ti on s An accu rate assessm en t of l osses shou l d th erefore in cl u de operation at several operatin g poin ts between stan dby (n o l oad) an d fu ll l oad – 88 – I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 An n ex B (informative) Respon se spectra accel erati on i n u n i ts of g * E xam p l e o f resp o n se spectra (fro m I E E E Std 69 3- 00 5) 0, Dam pi n g 0, 2% 0, 5% 0, 10 % 0, 0, 0, 0, 25 0, 0, 0, 10 50 00 freq u en cy f, H ertz IEC g accel erati on of g ravi ty Fi g u re B – R es p o n s e s pectra Th e above respon se spectra are deri ved by th e em pirical form u l a: β = ( 21 − 0, 68 ⋅ ln( D )) 2,1 wh ere D is th e percen tag e of cri ti cal dam pin g expressed as 2, 5, 0, etc Th e factor β i n th is formu l a h as n o ph ysical m ean in g I t i s u sed to cal cu l ate th e valu e of th e accel erati on (i n u n i ts of g ) by the foll owi ng : H z to , H z 0, 572 β f , H z to H z 0, 625 β H z to 33 H z 33 H z an d over (6, β – 2, 64) /f – 0, β + 0, 33 0, 25 I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 – 89 – Bibliography I EC 60034-1 , Rotating electrical machines – Part 1: Rating and performance I EC 60071 -1 , Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules I EC 60071 -2, Insulation co-ordination – Part 2: Application guide I EC TR 60071 -4, Insulation co-ordination – Part 4: Computational guide to insulation coordination and modelling of electrical networks I EC 60071 -5, Insulation co-ordination – Part 5: Procedures for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converter stations I EC 60076-6, Power transformers – Part 6: Reactors I EC 60076-1 0, Power transformers – Part 10: Determination of sound levels I EC 60076-1 0-1 , guide Power transformers – Part 10-1: Determination of sound levels – Application I EC 60099-4, Surge arresters – Part 4: Metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c I EC 60099-5, Surge arresters – Part 5: Selection and application recommendations systems I EC 60099-9, Surge arresters – Part 9: Metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations I EC TR 601 46-1 -2, Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated converters – Part 1-2: Application guide I EC 601 68, Tests on indoor and outdoor post insulators of ceramic material or glass for systems with nominal voltages greater than 000 V Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage ceramic and glass insulators to be used on a.c systems I EC 60507, I EC 60549, High-voltage fuses for the external protection of shunt capacitors I EC TS 6081 5-1 , Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions – Part 1: Definitions, information and general principles I EC TS 6081 5-2, Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions – Part 2: Ceramic and glass insulators for a.c systems I EC 60871 (al l parts) , 000 V Shunt capacitors for a.c power systems having a rated voltage above Shunt capacitors for a.c power systems having a rated voltage above 000 V – Part 1: General I EC 60871 -1 :201 4, Shunt capacitors for a.c power systems having a rated voltage above 000 V – Part 3: Protection of shunt capacitors and shunt capacitor banks I EC TS 60871 -3, – 90 – I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 Shunt capacitors for AC power systems having a rated voltage above 000 V – Part 4: Internal fuses I EC 60871 -4, Performance of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems with line commutated converters – Part 1: Steady-state conditions I EC TR 6091 9-1 , I EC TR 6091 9-2, Performance of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems with line commutated converters – Part 2: Faults and switching I EC TR 6091 9-3, Performance of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems with line commutated converters – Part 3: Dynamic conditions Shunt capacitors of the non-self-healing type for AC power systems having a rated voltage up to and including 000 V – Part 3: Internal fuses I EC 60931 -3, I EC TR 61 000-2-1 , Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2: Environment – Section 1: Description of the environment – Electromagnetic environment for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public power supply systems Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-6: Limits – Assessment of emission limits for the connection of distorting installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems I EC TR 61 000-3-6, I EC 61 000-4-7, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-7: Testing and measurement techniques – General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto I EC 61 672-1 , Electroacoustics – Sound level meters – Part 1: Specifications I EC 61 672-2, Electroacoustics – Sound level meters – Part 2: Pattern evaluation tests I EC 61 803:1 999, converter stations Determination of power losses in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) I EC 61 803:1 999/AM D1 :201 I EC 61 869-2, Instrument transformers – Part 2: Additional requirements for current I EC 61 869-3, Instrument transformers – Part 3: Additional requirements for inductive voltage I EC 61 869-5, Instrument transformers – Part 5: Additional requirements for capacitor voltage transformers transformers transformers I EC TS 61 973, I EC 61 975, High voltage direct current (HVDC) substation audible noise High-voltage direct current (HVDC) installations – System tests High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems – Guidebook on the specification and design evaluation of AC filters – Part 1: Overview I EC TR 62001 -1 :201 6, I EC 62271 -1 , High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 1: Common specifications I EC 62271 -1 00, circuit-breakers High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100: Alternating current I EC TR 62001 -4:201 © I EC 201 – 91 – I EC 62271 -1 04, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 104: Alternating current switches for rated voltages higher than 52 kV I EC TR 62543, converters (VSC) I EC TR 62544, High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission using voltage sourced High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems – Application of active filters An An n otated Bibl iog raph y of H ig h Voltag e Direct Cu rren t Tran sm issi on an d Fl exibl e ACTran sm i ssion (FACTS) Devi ces, Bon n evi ll e Power Adm i ni strati on , Western Area Power Adm in i strati on , U SA 991 , 993 an d 994-1 995 AN SI C57 00, “General Requirements for Liquid Immersed Power, Distribution and Regulating Transformers”, 980 AN SI /I EEE C37, Series of Standards by the IEEE and ANSI on Switchgear J ARRI LLAGA, E ACH A, T J DEN SEN , “Ineffectiveness of transmission line transpositions at harmonic frequencies”, I EE Proceedi n g s, Vol 33, Pt C, N o 2, M arch 986 CCI TT, “Danger And Disturbance”, Di rectives Volu m e VI , Gen eva, 989 CEA 337 T 750, “Harmonic Effects on HVDC Control and Performance, Study Guide”, prepared by M an itoba H VDC Research Centre, prin ci pal i n vestig ator R S Bu rton , Pu bl i shed by Can adi an El ectrical Associ ati on , Febru ary 994 CEA 337 T 750, “Harmonic Effects on HVDC Control and Performance, Main Report”, prepared by M an itoba H VDC Research Centre, prin ci pal i n vestig ator R S Bu rton , Pu bl ish ed by Can adi an El ectrical Associ ati on , Febru ary 994 CI GRE Task Force 03 02, “DC Side Harmonics Systems”, Tech n ical Broch u re N o 92, April 995 and Filtering in HVDC Transmission CI GRE WG1 03/CC 02 (J TF 02) , “Connection of Harmonic Producing Installations in AC High-Voltage Networks with Particular Reference to HVDC Guide for Limiting Interference Caused by Harmonic Currents with Special Attention for Telecommunication Systems”, El ectra N o 59, April 995 CI GRE WG 03, “AC Harmonic Filter Survey”, Electra N o 63, M arch 979 and Reactive Compensation for HVDC – A General “AC Harmonic Filter and Reactive Compensation for HVDC with Particular Reference to Non-Characteristic Harmonics”, Com plem en t to th e paper 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