25 of new equipments, techniques in mining, and small coal power stations were built in An Nam by the Chinese (Le, 2014) For most of the first millennium of the common era, the northern part of modern[.]
25 of new equipments, techniques in mining, and small coal power stations were built in An Nam by the Chinese (Le, 2014) For most of the first millennium of the common era, the northern part of modern Vietnam was subject to Chinese over-lordship Since being dominant by China, the culture and mind-set of Vietnam has been influenced by Chinese, including in institutions for deploying water, land, and natural resources (Pham, 2006; Neil L Jamieson, Gerald C Hickey, Milton Edgeworth Osborne, et al 2018) For example, Chinese introduced largescale rice field, or making use of new strain of fast-ripening rice to allow the two-cropsproduction per year and construction of dikes and irrigations works (Neil L Jamieson, Gerald C Hickey, Milton Edgeworth Osborne, et al 2018) Consequently, despite the growing economic outputs, typically in agriculture - were always surplus, the Vietnamese fell into misery and malnutrition, and were oppressed due to the over-exploitation by the Chinese state Besides, despite this Chinese dominance in all socio-economic-cultural aspects, the “acculturation” program to eliminate the Viet culture and language never succeeded which was primarily due to the strong ethnic pride and aspiration for independence and autonomy This was marked by the first battle led by Trung sisters in AD 43 (Neil L Jamieson, Gerald C Hickey, Milton Edgeworth Osborne, et al 2018), which formed the initiation for independent movements of the Viet people to withstand the Chinese governance in later centuries Chinese rule, although challenged several more times, remained secure so long as China itself was effectively controlled by its own emperors In the early 10th century, the Tang dynasty (618–907) in China declined their administration and control, many revolutions and independent movements took place in Vietnam, and finally restore Vietnamese independence, ended the long millennium of Chinese dominance over Vietnam in the year 939 (Le, 2014) Vietnam history was blended between a long history of resisting against being dominated by foreign invasion for freedom and independence and an historical evolution of adopting innovative administration over agriculture from China in firstly Red River delta and then spreading out to the whole country (Tsuboi, 2014) Trưng Sisters were two women milatary leaders of the 1st movement against Chinese dominance in Vietnam