77 energy–food–water security challenges in the long term Hence, the results cannot be easily applied to reflect on long term policy analysis Optimisation, quantitative, and linear regression models a[.]
77 energy–food–water security challenges in the long-term Hence, the results cannot be easily applied to reflect on long-term policy analysis Optimisation, quantitative, and linear regression models are applied in the reviewed studies to provide a quantitative perspective as a major input for developing sectoral policies for energy, food, or water Do (2011), for example, deploys optimisation models to address the existing energy security issues relative to their economic and environmental aspects to propose an energy pathway for Vietnam Further, Damerau et al (2016) apply optimisation models to decrease water consumption without adverse impacts on energy generation and food production Byers et al (2014) use a quantitative model to develop a profile of cooling water usage in electricity generation in the United Kingdom toward the year 2050; Bieber et al (2018) also use this model to analyse the energy–food–water connections in planning and decision making to promote sustainable development in the energy, food and water sectors relative to their economic and environmental contexts Mukherji (2007) uses a linear regression tool to quantitatively analyse water irrigation and energy linkages and their impacts on India’s groundwater market Further Zaman et al (2012) use linear regression to quantify the links between energy utilization and technology applied in agriculture, such as fertilizers, cereal production, irrigated land for agriculture, high-technology exports, and livestock, among others The authors also examine the impacts of this link on energy demand in Pakistan Similar to the LCA, these are data-intensive tools and require high levels of engineering data for such technical analyses Moreover, existing linear planning models not allow substitutions between different types of sectoral inputs, such as those pertaining to the energy–food–water nexus, and not reflect the constant elasticity substitution in the production function Meanwhile, technological changes would inevitably and constantly change sectoral input prices and demand, and eventually impact sectoral policies Quantitative assessment of socio-economic impacts: the typical method employed in the studies to assess socio-economic impacts is IO modelling, which can be applied as a key modelling technique in policy analyses Marsh (2008), for example, uses an IO analysis to empirically investigate the links between is, electricity, and other economic sectors in New South Wales, Australia Do (2011) deploys an IO technique to model different scenarios for Vietnam’s energy policy pathways during the period of 2000 to 2050, to explore the potential trade-offs and analyse the economic impacts of future