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An integrated approach to policy, informed by the nexus will therefore be needed to redress the security challenge (19)

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73 generation This study aims to investigate the effects of policy changes relative to the energy–food nexus in general, and energy use and agricultural production, employment, and income in particula[.]

73 generation This study aims to investigate the effects of policy changes relative to the energy–food nexus in general, and energy use and agricultural production, employment, and income in particular, while considering the heterogeneity among household members and types of households as well as the interactions between households The authors also identify policies that improve the livelihoods of heterogeneous households by considering policies’ direct and indirect effects within the nexus, which combines energy use and agricultural production, employment, and income The research model’s results indicate that households improved their energy use patterns by using solar panels However, despite the solar-oriented electricity policy’s positive impacts on improving nonagricultural and non-farm work, which increased incomes among poor households, this policy contends that declining agricultural production primarily occurs due to land acquisition for photovoltaic farms Alternatively, wealthy households also experienced loss from non-farm employment’s improving of incomes, which decreased the labour forces necessary for agricultural activities The authors deployed a policy analysis method combined with agricultural household dynamic-programming models to assess the nexus’ impacts on key research indicators, such as energy demands, income, and food production This study’s key outcomes provide significant insights for policymakers to weigh households’ heterogeneity in analysing their impacts on energy, agriculture, employment, and income However, this study did not include the impact of water security’s impact on energy and food production Hence, the model is not highly applicable in a policy analysis with broader, cross-sectoral considerations, which would eventually fail to address the key challenges and impacts on the entire economic system Despite the emerging, growing global trends in the energy–food–water nexus notwithstanding, especially those that involve Asian perspectives, studies with a focus on Vietnam have been limited A few major, significant studies that involve Vietnam include Do (2011), Xie and Napasintuwong (2014), and Foran (2015) Do (2011) aims to develop alternative energy pathways for Vietnam to the year 2050, to address the challenges in meeting increasing energy demands while ensuring positive impacts on society, the economy, and the environment The author developed three longterm scenarios that represent Vietnam’s various energy policy pathways for the period of 2011 to 2050 This study applies an integrated research framework that combines a scenario analysis, IO analysis, and MARKAL optimisation model to assess the impacts of the three scenarios on economic output, and particularly energy security in terms of

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