113 The total CO2 emissions convey information regarding the greenhouse gases released from using fossil fuel energy in different sectors It is defined by multiplying the energy consumption by the CO2[.]
113 The total CO2 emissions convey information regarding the greenhouse gases released from using fossil fuel energy in different sectors It is defined by multiplying the energy consumption by the CO2 emissions factor for each fuel type, ultimately to indicate Vietnam’s future contribution to global warming The CO2 intensity is calculated by the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced over the nation’s GDP This compares the environmental impacts of various energy types, while in this study this demonstrates information on the different environmental impacts in each scenario The carbon tax is the level of taxes imposed on CO2 emissions and intensity in the previous year This tax increases the price of factor inputs proportionate to their CO emissions, expressed as: Tn = µ.W where µ: the level of tax on CO2 emissions, measured in dollars per tonne of CO2 W: the CO2 intensity based on the previous year’s polluter pay principle, measured as the tonnes of CO2 per dollar of sectoral production The carbon tax’s price impact helps to estimate the increase in energy and material prices after the tax’s introduction (Sandu, 2007) This price impact is represented by the valueadded costs (or V, measured in millions of dollars) and the input-output price model, which is quantified by the equation (I – A’)-1 ; collectively, this is expressed as: P = (I – A’)-1 V Similar to the carbon tax’s price impacts, the carbon tax’s employment impact is calculated based on the (I – A’)-1 matrix and the corresponding number of employees, as E = (I –A’)-1 e 4.5 Data Sources and Preparation 4.5.1 Data Preparation for the Input-Output Model It is necessary to identify the values of the entire economy’s primary and intermediate demands, as well as the imports and final demand in the base year using published statistics This will enable a gathering of reliable data required for the input-output model, which can be used for emissions allocations and in determining prices and other economy-