An integrated approach to policy, informed by the nexus will therefore be needed to redress the security challenge (10)

109 Assumptions in the Energy Food Water nexus scenarios (SC6) are compiled from all assumptions in each food water energy scenario, in which investments would be allocated for all three sectors after[.]

109 Assumptions in the Energy-Food-Water nexus scenarios (SC6) are compiled from all assumptions in each food-water-energy scenario, in which investments would be allocated for all three sectors after considering their cross-sectoral connections Consequently, technological changes and price elasticity would be induced in all three sectors Moreover, the low-carbon target for fewer negative environmental impacts is derived from the maximising of the economic growth policy in the E-F-W nexus in SC5 and SC6 These scenarios propose alternative pathways that consider decreasing CO2 emissions from economic sectors by increasing investments in technological changes This would eventually investigate possible impacts on socio-economic growth, underpinned by the environmental impacts from this increased investment purpose in SC6, which are greater than those in the other scenarios Step 6-a: Assessment of energy, food, and water security impacts Identification of the major attributes of energy-food-water security The major attributes to measure energy, food and water security are identified as follows: This study calculates energy intensity as the ratio between the total energy supplied and gross domestic product, noted in US dollars as of 2014 Similarly, water intensity is also expressed as the amount of water demand in litres per dollar of GDP These indicators reveal the economy’s reliance on energy and water resources Energy efficiency is expressed as the ratio of primary energy (total energy demand, final household consumption and exports) to the gross domestic product in US dollars Further, water efficiency is expressed as the ratio of final household consumption to the total water supplied The energy import dependency is expressed as the proportion of total energy supply in the import sector to the total energy supply in US dollars as of 2014 These indicators are represented in the water and food scenarios by the total domestic water and food in the import sector, respectively, which indicates a country’s reliance on its balance of energy, food and water imports Food accessibility provides information on the physical access to the market, and is defined in this study by the proportion of transport services as a percentage of the total