BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 BS EN 16307-1:2013 BSI Standards Publication Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification Part 1: Supplementary requirements for self-propelled industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks, variable-reach trucks and burden-carrier trucks BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 It supersedes BS EN 16307-1:2013 which is withdrawn The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MHE/7, Industrial trucks A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © The British Standards Institution 2015 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 580 88448 ICS 53.060 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2013 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected 31 August 2015 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2015 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 16307-1:2013+A1 NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM July 2015 ICS 53.060 Supersedes EN 16307-1:2013 English Version Industrial trucks - Safety requirements and verification - Part 1: Supplementary requirements for self-propelled industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks, variable-reach trucks and burdencarrier trucks Chariots de manutention - Exigences de sécurité et vérification - Partie 1: Exigences supplémentaires pour les chariots de manutention automoteurs, autres que les chariots sans conducteur, les chariots portée variable et les chariots transporteurs de charges Sicherheit von Flurförderzeugen - Sicherheitsanforderungen und Verifizierung - Teil 1: Zusätzliche Anforderungen für motorkraftbetriebene Flurförderzeuge mit Ausnahme von fahrerlosen Flurförderzeugen, Staplern mit veränderlicher Reichweite und Lasten- und Personentransportfahrzeugen This European Standard was approved by CEN on November 2012 and includes Amendment approved by CEN on 20 June 2015 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 E BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) Contents Page European foreword .3 0.1 0.2 Introduction General Assessment of hazards Scope Normative references Terms and definitions 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9.1 4.9.2 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.13.1 4.13.2 4.13.3 4.13.4 4.14 4.15 4.16 Safety requirements and/or protective measures General Electrical requirements Travel speed Brakes .7 Additional operation from alongside pedestrian-controlled and stand-on trucks Lift chains .7 Mast tilt and carriage isolation .7 Operator's seat .8 Protection against crushing, shearing and trapping General Pedestrian and stand-on end-controlled trucks with mast .8 Load control Lateral stability .8 Visibility Reduction of noise by design .9 General Main source of noise .9 Measures to reduce noise at the operator's position Determination of noise emission values .9 Vibration Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Operation in potentially explosive atmospheres 10 Verification of safety requirements and/or protective measures 10 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.2 6.2.1 Information for use 10 Instruction handbook(s) 10 Truck/attachments 10 Operation of truck 10 Transportation, commissioning and storage 10 Marking 11 Information plates 11 Annex A (informative) List of significant hazards 12 Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC 15 Bibliography 16 BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) European foreword This document (EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 150 “Industrial trucks - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2016 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document includes Amendment approved by CEN on 20 June 2015 This document supersedes EN 16307-1:2013 The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !" This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s) For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document This document is based on ISO/TS 3691-7 "Industrial trucks - Safety requirements and verification - Part 7: Regional requirements for countries within the European Community " and is limited to self propelled industrial trucks EN 16307 consists of the following parts, under the general title 'Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification': — Part 1: "Supplementary requirements for self-propelled industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks, variable-reach trucks and burden-carrier trucks" — Part 2: "Supplementary requirements for self-propelled variable-reach trucks" — Part 3: "Supplementary requirements for trucks with elevating operator position and trucks specifically designed to travel with elevated loads (additional requirements to EN 16307-1)" — Part 4: "Supplementary requirements for driverless industrial trucks and their systems" — Part 5: "Supplementary requirements for pedestrian-propelled trucks" — Part 6: "Supplementary requirements for burden and personnel carriers" This document is to be used with EN ISO 3691-1 " Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification Part 1: Self-propelled industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks, variable-reach trucks and burden-carrier trucks" According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) 0.1 Introduction General This document is a type-C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100 The machines concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events are covered are indicated in the Scope of this document When requirements of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or B standards, the requirements of this type-C standard take precedence over the requirements of the other standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the requirements of this type-C standard The EN 16307 series of standards covers safety requirements and their verification for industrial trucks as defined in ISO 5053 that are not covered exhaustively by EN ISO 3691- series 0.2 Assessment of hazards The product needs to be designed in such a way that it is fit for its purpose or function and can be adjusted and maintained without putting persons at risk when used under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer In order to properly design a product and to cover all specific safety requirements, the manufacturer will have to identify the hazards that apply to his product and carry out a risk assessment The manufacturer will then need to design and construct the product taking this assessment into account The aim of this procedure is to eliminate the risk of accidents throughout the foreseeable lifetime of the machinery, including the phases of assembling and dismantling where risks of accidents could also arise from foreseeable abnormal situations In selecting the most appropriate methods, the manufacturer will need to apply the following principles, in the order given here: a) eliminate or reduce risks as far as possible by design (inherently safe machinery design and construction); b) take the necessary protective measures in relation to risks that cannot be eliminated by design; c) inform users of any shortcoming of the protective measures adopted; d) indicate whether any particular training is required; e) specify any need to provide personal protection equipment; f) refer to the appropriate user's document for proper operating instructions Industrial trucks need to be designed to prevent foreseeable misuse wherever possible, if such would engender risk In other cases, the instructions will need to draw the user's attention to ways shown by experience in which the machinery ought not be used This part of EN 16307 does not repeat all the technical rules which are state-of-the art and which are applicable to the material used to construct the industrial truck Reference will also need to be made to EN ISO 12100 BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) Scope This European Standard gives requirements for the types of industrial trucks specified in the scope of EN ISO 3691-1 This European Standard is intended to be used in conjunction with EN ISO 3691-1 These requirements are supplementary to those stated in EN ISO 3691-1 with the addition of hazards, which can occur when operating in potentially explosive atmospheres This European standard covers the following requirements: • Electrical requirements • Noise emissions • Vibration • Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) This European standard defines supplementary requirements to EN ISO 3691-1: • Travel speed • Brakes • Travel and breaking controls - Additional operation from alongside pedestrian-controlled and stand-on trucks • Lift chains • Mast tilt and carriage isolation • Operator's seat • Protection against crushing, shearing and trapping • Visibility • Information for use (instruction handbook and marking) Annex A (informative) contains the list of significant hazards covered by this European Standard Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 953, Safety of machinery — Guards — General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards EN 1175 (all parts):1998+A1:2010, Safety of industrial trucks — Electrical requirements EN 1755, Safety of industrial trucks — Operation in potentially explosive atmospheres — Use in flammable gas, vapour, mist and dust BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) EN 12053, Safety of industrial trucks — Test methods for measuring noise emissions EN 12895, Industrial trucks — Electromagnetic compatibility EN 13059, Safety of industrial trucks — Test methods for measuring vibration EN 13490, Mechanical vibration — Industrial trucks — Laboratory evaluation and specification of operator seat vibration ! EN 16203:2014, Safety of Industrial Trucks — Dynamic tests for verification of lateral stability — Counterbalanced Trucks" EN ISO 3691-1:2012, Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification — Part 1: Self-propelled industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks, variable-reach trucks and burden-carrier trucks (ISO 36911:2011) EN ISO 11688-1, Acoustics — Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment — Part 1: Planning (ISO/TR 11688-1) ISO 5053:1987, Powered industrial trucks — Terminology ISO 6292:2008, Powered industrial trucks and tractors — Brake performance and component strength ISO 13564-1:2012, Powered industrial trucks — Test methods for verification of visibility — Part 1: Sit-on and stand-on operator trucks up to and including 10 t capacity Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5053:1987 and EN ISO 3691-1:2012 apply 4.1 Safety requirements and/or protective measures General The following applies to the self-propelled industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks, variable-reach trucks and burden-carrier trucks, dealt with in EN ISO 3691-1 These are additional to the requirements of EN ISO 3691-1 and, in certain instances, replace them 4.2 Electrical requirements Electrical systems and equipment shall be in accordance with the relevant part(s) of EN 1175 4.3 Travel speed The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 4.2.3 shall apply, except the reference to ISO/TS 3691-8, with the following addition: The travel speed of variable-speed pedestrian-controlled trucks operating on level ground shall not exceed km/h BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) The maximum speed on level ground of stand-on trucks and pedestrian-controlled trucks fitted with a foldable platform when the operator is on the platform shall not exceed 16 km/h 4.4 Brakes The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 4.3.1 shall apply, except the reference to ISO/TS 3691-8, with the following addition: The parking and service brakes of trucks that can travel with an elevated operator position and/or elevated load above 500 mm, and up to and including 200 mm, are subject to the following requirements: — for travel speeds up to and including km/h, parking brakes shall be in accordance with ISO 6292:2008, 6.1.2 a), and service brakes shall comply with the specifications of ISO 6292:2008, Table 2, Group C; — for travel speeds above km/h, parking brakes shall be in accordance with ISO 6292:2008, 6.1.2 b) and service brakes shall comply with the specifications of ISO 6292:2008, Table 2, Group A1 4.5 Additional operation from alongside pedestrian-controlled and stand-on trucks The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 4.4.2.7 shall apply, except the reference to ISO/TS 3691-8, with the following addition: Low-lift order-picking trucks provided with a system that allows operating while walking alongside the truck are subject to the following requirements: — activation of the travel control device from outside of the truck shall only be possible when the truck is stationary; — the travel control shall be a hold-to-run control and the speed shall not exceed km/h while operating the travel control from outside of the truck; — braking function shall be automatically applied when travel control device is released 4.6 Lift chains The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 4.6.1 shall apply, except the reference to ISO/TS 3691-8, with the following addition: The minimum safety factor of the lifting mechanism, K1, shall be as follows: — for trucks ≤ 10 000 kg rated capacity: K1 ≥ — for trucks > 10 000 kg rated capacity: K1 ≥ − 0,2(Q′ − 10), but not less than where Q′ is the rated capacity of the truck, in tonnes 4.7 Mast tilt and carriage isolation The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 4.6.3.5 shall apply, with the following addition: BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) For ride-on trucks, the movement of powered attachments shall not be possible through operation of the control when the operator is not in the normal operating position 4.8 Operator's seat The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 4.7.4 shall apply with the following addition: The operator's seat shall be specified and marked in accordance with EN 13490 4.9 Protection against crushing, shearing and trapping 4.9.1 General The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 4.7.7.1 shall apply with the following addition: Where fixed and/or removable guard systems are needed, the requirements of EN 953 shall be met When a fixed guard is removed, its fixing system shall remain on the guard or on the truck This requirement applies to any fixed guards that are liable to be removed by the user with a risk of loss of the fixings, e.g fixed guards that are liable to be removed during routine maintenance or setting operations carried out at the place of use 4.9.2 Pedestrian and stand-on end-controlled trucks with mast The mast shall be guarded at the side facing the operating controls, e.g by a transparent cover The guard shall, as a minimum, cover the whole width of the hazardous zone and the full length of the non-elevated mast, or up to 2,2 m from the ground, whichever is less 4.10 Load control NOTE Taking into account the state of the art, it is not possible to meet the objectives for load control and load moment indicators ! 4.11 Lateral stability The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 4.8.1 shall apply In addition, counterbalanced lift trucks that have a centre control, sit down, non-elevating operator, with a rated capacity up to and including 000 kg shall comply with EN 16203:2014." 4.12 Visibility The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 4.10.1 shall apply with the following modifications: Replace the requirement given in ISO 13564-1:2012, 9.2.2 a) with the following: forward direction 25 % of the vertical surface of the test body rearward direction 20 % of the vertical surface of the test body BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) Replace the required minimum illuminated area of test surface as required by ISO 13564-1:2012, Table 3, Test No.1, with the following: 25 % of the vertical surface of the test body ISO 13564-1:2012 will be replaced by a European visibility standard which is under development based on ISO 13564-1:2012 4.13 Reduction of noise by design 4.13.1 General Industrial trucks shall be designed and constructed such that risks resulting from the emission of airborne noise are reduced according the state of the art When noise is a significant hazard, there is need for a low-noise design In this case, the methodology for low-noise design given in EN ISO 11688-1 shall be considered NOTE EN ISO 11688-2 gives useful information on noise generation mechanisms in machinery Normally, noise is not a significant hazard for battery-powered trucks 4.13.2 Main source of noise On industrial trucks, the main sources of noise are components, such as the following, in a high-speed operation mode: — combustion engines, including air intake, cooling fan and exhaust system; — hydraulic pumps/motors 4.13.3 Measures to reduce noise at the operator's position Typical measures to reduce noise include: — selection of low-noise components; — use of elastic mountings that prevent the transmission of structure born noise from the components to the structures; — the use of improved noise insulation in the cabin, if fitted These and other measures of identical or better efficiency may be used 4.13.4 Determination of noise emission values The value of noise emission shall be measured using the test method given in EN 12053 4.14 Vibration Whole body vibration shall be measured using the test method given in EN 13059 4.15 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) The truck's EMC shall comply with EN 12895 BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) 4.16 Operation in potentially explosive atmospheres Trucks operating in potentially explosive atmospheres shall comply with EN 1755 Verification of safety requirements and/or protective measures The requirements specified in Clause shall be verified in accordance with the referenced standard and the principles defined in EN ISO 3691-1:2012, Clause Information for use 6.1 Instruction handbook(s) 6.1.1 Truck/attachments The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 6.2.1 shall apply with the following addition: The instruction handbook(s) shall include, as applicable, the following: — information on stability; — the noise value in accordance with EN 12053; — the vibration value in accordance with EN 13059; — the static test coefficient used for lifting accessory 6.1.2 Operation of truck The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 6.2.2 shall apply with the following addition: In addition, the instruction handbook(s) shall include, as applicable, the following: — information about specific protective devices (e.g protective screen) and their use 6.1.3 Transportation, commissioning and storage The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 6.2.6 shall apply with the following addition: Further to EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 6.2.6 c), the instruction handbook(s) shall include, as applicable, the procedure for truck mounting 10 BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) 6.2 Marking 6.2.1 Information plates The requirements of EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 6.3.1 shall apply, except the reference to ISO/TS 3691-8, with the following modifications: Replace EN ISO 3691-1:2012, 6.3.1.1 b) with the following: — designation of the machinery, designation of series or type and the mandatory marking 1) 1) For industrial trucks intended to be put on the market in the EEA, CE marking as defined in the applicable European directive(s), e.g Machinery, Outdoor Noise and Explosive Atmospheres (ATEX) 11 BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) Annex A (informative) List of significant hazards This Annex contains all the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, as far as they are dealt with in this part of EN 16307, identified by risk assessment for industrial trucks and which require action to eliminate or reduce the risk See Table A.1 NOTE The structure of the table is based on that of EN ISO 14121-1:2007, Table A.1 The order of lines within a group corresponds to the truck functionalities Table A.1 — List of significant hazards No Type or group/origin Potential consequences Corresponding requirement Mechanical hazards — Acceleration, deceleration — (kinetic energy) — — Machinery mobility — — Moving elements — — Rotating elements — Angular parts Being run over 4.3 Travel speed Crushing 4.4 Brakes Drawing-in or trapping 4.5 Additional operation from alongside pedestrian-controlled and stand-on trucks 4.6 Lift chains 4.7 Mast tilt and carriage isolation 4.12 Visibility 6.1.1 Truck/attachments 6.1.2 Operation of truck 6.1.3 Transportation, commissioning and storage 4.9 Protection against crushing, shearing and trapping 6.1.1 Truck/attachments 6.1.1 Truck/attachments Impact — Crushing — Approach of a moving — element to a fixed part — — Cutting parts — — Sharp edges — Cutting or severing Drawing-in or trapping Entanglement Shearing — Stabbing or puncture — Falling objects — Crushing — Impact — Stability — Being thrown — Crushing — Impact 12 Electrical hazards BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) No Type or group/origin Potential consequences Corresponding requirement — Arc — Burn 4.2 Electrical requirements — Electromagnetic phenomena — Chemical effects 4.15 Electromagnetic compatibility — Electrostatic phenomena — Live parts — Electrocution — Falling, being thrown — Fire — Not enough distance to live — Projection parts under high voltage particles — Overload — Shock — Parts which have become live under fault conditions of molten — Short-circuit — Thermal radiation Thermal hazards No origin of these kind of hazards in industrial trucks is covered Noise hazards — Exhausting system — Discomfort 4.13 Reduction of noise by design — Moving parts — Loss of awareness 4.13.1 General — Loss of balance 4.13.2 Main source of noise — Permanent hearing loss 4.13.3 Measures to reduce noise at the operator's position 4.13.4 Determination values 6.1.1 Truck/attachments — Discomfort 4.14 Vibration — Low-back morbidity 6.1.1 Truck/attachments 4.16 Operation in potentially explosive atmospheres — Stress — Tinnitus — Tiredness of noise emission Vibration hazards — Mobile equipment — Neurological disorder — Osteo-articular disorder — Trauma of the spine — Vascular disorder Radiation hazards No origin of these kinds of hazards in industrial trucks is covered Material/substance hazards — Combustible — Explosion — Explosive — Fire — Flammable — Fluid — Fume — Gas Ergonomic hazards 13 BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) No Type or group/origin Potential consequences — Design, location or — Discomfort identification of control — Fatigue devices — Musculoskeletal disorder — Effort Corresponding requirement 4.8 Operator's seat 4.12 Visibility — Stress Hazards associated with environment in which the machine is used No origin of these kind of hazards in industrial trucks is covered 10 Combination of hazards No origin of these kind of hazards in industrial trucks is covered 14 BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive and has been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations WARNING: Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the products falling within the scope of this standard 15 BS EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 EN 16307-1:2013+A1:2015 (E) Bibliography [1] EN ISO 11688-2:2000, Acoustics - Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment - Part 2: Introduction to the physics of low-noise design (ISO/TR 11688-2:1998) [2] EN ISO 14121-1:2007, Safety of machinery — Risk assessment — Part 1: Principles (ISO 141211:2007) !deleted text" [3] EN ISO 12100, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100) [4] ISO/TS 3691-8, Industrial trucks — Safety requirements and verification — Part 8: Regional requirements for countries outside the European Community 16 This page deliberately left blank NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW British Standards Institution (BSI) BSI is the 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