BS EN 15440:2011 Incorporating corrigendum October 2011 BSI Standards Publication Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the determination of biomass content BS EN 15440:2011 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15440:2011, incorporating corrigendum October 2011 It supersedes DD CEN/TS 15440:2006 and DD CEN/TS 15747:2008, which are withdrawn The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © The British Standards Insitution 2012 ISBN 978 580 77044 ICS 75.160.10 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2011 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected 31 January 2012 Implementaion of CEN corrigendum October 2011: Replacement of figures A.2 and A.3 EN 15440 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15440:2006, CEN/TS 15747:2008 Incorporating corrigendum October 2011 English Version Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of biomass content Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthode de détermination de la teneur en biomasse Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Biomasse This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 15440:2011: E BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions 5 4 Symbols and abbreviations 8 5 Principle 8 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 Determination of biomass content .8 Sampling 8 Applicable methods .8 Selection of methods for the determination of the biomass content .9 7 Calculation 11 8 8.1 8.2 Expression of results 12 Example for biomass carbon values 12 Performance characteristics 12 9 Test report 13 Annex A (normative) Determination of biomass content using the selective dissolution method 14 Annex B (normative) Determination of biomass content using the manual sorting method 23 14 Annex C (normative) Determination of the biomass content based on the C method 29 Annex D (informative) Limitations of the determination methods 48 Annex E (informative) Materials considered as CO2-neutral 52 Annex F (informative) Performance data 53 Bibliography 56 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Foreword This document (EN 15440:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2011 This document supersedes CEN/TS 15440:2006 and CEN/TS 15747:2008 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document differs from CEN/TS 15440:2006 mainly as follows: 14 a) the method based on b) results of interlaboratory tests supplemented as an informative Annex F; c) whole document editorially revised C and presented earlier in CEN/TS 15747:2008 is added to the standard; This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Introduction This European Standard specifies the methods for the determination of biomass content in solid recovered fuels This European Standard specifies three normative methods that are: the method of selective 14 dissolution, the manual sorting method and the method based on the C content The method of selective dissolution is based on the reaction of biomass material with a mixture of sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide The manual sorting method is based on the separation of different fractions by 14 visual inspection The determination of the biomass content using the C method is based on the well established analytical procedures that are used for the determination of the age of carbon containing objects With this European Standard the fraction of biomass is expressed: by weight; by energy content (gross or net calorific value); by carbon content This European Standard is primarily geared toward laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid recovered fuels, but is also useful for the authorities and inspection organizations BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Scope This European Standard specifies three normative methods for the determination of the biomass fraction in solid recovered fuel, and when to use each method The methods are the selective dissolution in a hydrogen 14 peroxide/sulphuric acid mixture, the manual sorting method and the method based on the C content Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 15400, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of calorific value EN 15403, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of ash content ) EN 154071 , Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the determination of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) content 1) EN 15413 , Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the preparation of the test sample from the laboratory sample EN 15442, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for sampling EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the preparation of the laboratory sample CEN/TS 15414-1:2010, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method — Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply 3.1 ash content inorganic mass remaining after complete combustion of a solid recovered fuel under specified conditions expressed as a percentage of the mass of the dry matter in the solid recovered fuel 3.2 biodegradable material capable of undergoing biological anaerobic or aerobic decomposition under conditions naturally occurring in the biosphere NOTE (Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of biodegradable waste; any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper and paperboard.) 1) To be published BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) 3.3 biogenic produced in natural processes by living organisms but not fossilized or derived from fossil resources 3.4 biomass2) NOTE This term is defined in several Directives and Decisions For the purpose of this European Standard the following are relevant: a) Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market: ‘biomass’ shall mean the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture (including vegetable and animal substances) forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste b) COMMISSION DECISION (2007/589/EC) of 18 July 2007 establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, as: ‘biomass’ means non-fossilised and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and micro-organisms, including products, by-products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and related This term is defined in Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market NOTE Also see CEN/TR 14980 3.5 calorific value energy amount per unit mass or volume released on complete combustion 3.6 gross calorific value measured value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen in calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified NOTE The results of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature and at constant volume NOTE The old term for gross calorific value is higher heating value 3.7 increment portion of solid recovered fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device 3.8 isotope abundance fraction of atoms of a particular isotope of an element 3.9 laboratory sample sample sent to or received by the laboratory NOTE When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample A test portion is removed from the test sample for the performance of the test or for analysis NOTE The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory 2) No definition BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) NOTE Several laboratory samples may be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same laboratory for different purposes When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample 3.10 total moisture moisture in a solid recovered fuel removable under specific conditions NOTE The old term for total moisture is moisture content 3.11 net calorific value calculated value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen in calorimetric bomb under such conditions that all the water remains as water vapor at 0,1 MPa NOTE The old term for net calorific value is lower heating value 3.12 nominal minimum size aperture size of the sieve used for determining the particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels through which no more than % by mass of the material passes 3.13 nominal top size aperture size of the sieve used for determining the particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels through which at least 95 % by mass of the material passes 3.14 percentage modern Carbon (pmC) percent modern carbon relative to the NIST Oxalic acid standard reference material SRM4990B NOTE The internationally accepted radiocarbon dating reference value is 95 percent of the activity, in AD 1950, of this NBS oxalic acid SRM4990B NOTE In 2008 the value of 100 % biogenic carbon is set at 107 pmC 3.15 sample quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the property is to be determined 3.16 sample preparation all actions taken to obtain representative analyses samples or test portions from the original sample 3.17 sub-sample sample obtained by procedures in which the items of interest are randomly distributed in parts of equal or unequal size NOTE A sub-sample can be: d) a portion of the sample obtained by selection or division; e) the final sample of multistage sample-preparation NOTE The definition for sub-sample is adopted from CEN/TC 292 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply C Symbol for element carbon D Diameter (mm) 14 C Carbon isotope with an atomic mass of 14 MS Manual sorting method RES-E Directive 2001/77/EC of the European parliament and council of 27 September 2001 RSD Relative standard deviation SDM Selective dissolution method SRF Solid recovered fuel TC Total carbon content X Fraction expressed as a percentage by weight Expressions to different bases employed in this document are given with the suffixes: as received: (d) for dry: (daf) for dry and ash free, where appropriate Example; (ad) for air-dried: (ar) for cal x NB(d) means the fraction of energy content in the non-biomass fraction, on dry basis Principle 14 The determination of the biomass content is based on selective dissolution, manual sorting or C measurement of biomass in solid recovered fuel The choice for the method to be used is described in the next clause The biomass content gives an estimation of the content of the biodegradable/biogenic fraction in solid recovered fuel Determination of biomass content 6.1 Sampling Sampling, transport, storage of the solid recovered fuel and sample preparation in the field shall be conducted according to EN 15442 and EN 15443 Preparation of the test sample shall be conducted according to EN 15413 6.2 Applicable methods For the determination of biomass content three methods are available: 1) the determination of the biomass content based on the selective dissolution method (SDM) (see Annex A) The determination of the biomass content based on the selective dissolution method is based on the property of biomass that it can be dissolved in a sulphuric acid / hydrogen peroxide mixture; 2) the determination of the biomass content based on the manual sorting method (MS) This method is suitable for samples with a particle size > 10 mm (see Annex B); BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Key sample ampoule as CO2 pressure sensor electronic cooling element at -18 °C to trap H2O quartz tube graphite oven at 600 °C Fe powder Figure C.4 — Graphitization rig The graphite is pressed into a target and mounted on a wheel before it is loaded into the accelerator mass spectrometer In the ion source a high current beam of caesium ions (Cs+) is focused on the target This liberates negatively charged target atoms, producing a 36 keV beam of C- ions Targets are kept 10 mm away from each other to avoid cross-contamination and moved during sputtering to avoid cratering, which causes fractionation The negative ion beam is then focused by a lens into a recombinator Here a series of magnets 12 13 14 remove non-carbon ions from the beam and separate the three carbon isotopes ( C, C and C) The 12 chopper wheel then physically blocks most of the C, allowing a much reduced beam of carbon ions to be recombined for simultaneous injection into the accelerator In the tandem accelerator the C- ions are 3+ accelerated to the terminal (at +2,5 MeV) then changed to C ions by collision with Ar atoms in the gas stripper These positive ions are accelerated to 10 MeV A charge state of 3+ is chosen because the 14 3+ mass/charge ratio of C is truly unique, allowing its accurate separation in the high-energy mass spectrometer The first element of the high-energy mass spectrometer is a 110 bending magnet, separating 12 13 14 12 13 in the accelerated C, C and C ions The C and C beams are measured in Faraday cups (typical 14 3+ currents 250 nA) The C ions are further purified by a 33° electrostatic deflector an a 90° magnet They are measured in an isobutene-filled ionization chamber, isolated from the accelerator vacuum by a thin metal foil (density 250 µg/cm ) Typically a sample is counted for one hour 46 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) C.10.6 Calculation of the results 14 12 13 12 The isotopic ratios of C/ C and C/ C are determined relative to the appropriate primary reference material All percent modern carbon (pmC) values obtained from the radiocarbon analyses measurements shall be 13 12 corrected for isotopic fractionation using stable isotope data ( C/ C ratios) obtained on CO2 derived from 13 12 combustion of the sample Do not determine C/ C ratios on the raw product material itself, since that approach can lead to erroneous results in some cases 47 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Annex D (informative) Limitations of the determination methods D.1 General A method that determines a certain property by separating two or more fractions, uses the differences of one or more properties between those fractions However, separation methods never achieve a perfect separation because they tend to model the most common chemical and/or physical features instead of performing a perfect separation This applies for virtually all determination and separation methods Any method has its own situations in which its precision decreases, because of interfering components and properties This European Standard intends to measure the biomass content of a sample Biomass is no intrinsic property of substance, but it is a classification of origin The number of different materials that is present in waste is vast and many materials are transformed or modified chemically and/or physically numerous times Traces of their origin may vanish and therefore exceptions in the classification of origin occur always Only when the 14 total (organic) carbon content of biomass is determined by the C method no exceptions occur The methods described in this standard are developed to determine the biomass content in mixture of biomass and non-biomass substances Problems with the reliability of the selective dissolution method and the manual sorting method can occur specially for biomass concentrations below % and above 95 % The influence of non-regular substances might modify the results significantly in these regions Verification with the 14 C method will solve these problems This annex intends to give some information on how and when care should be taken when using this European Standard D.2 and D.3 are describing the limitations of the selective dissolution method and D.4 14 gives some limitations in the use of the C method D.2 Influence of biodegradability on the selective dissolution method The influence of biodegradability affects the selective dissolution method, since this method relies on the presence of reactive groups, which are also vulnerable for biodegradability The basic assumption of the selective dissolution method is a complete biodegradation of biomass materials and no biodegradation at-all of non-biomass materials For most materials, this assumption is sufficient, but unfortunately, nature is not that black and white Most biomass materials have biodegradability of almost 100 % and the performance of the selective dissolution test is likewise Some materials show larger deviations Some of these materials are completely biomass but dissolve only partly during selective dissolution This mostly coincides with biomass materials which show a high resistance against biodegradation as well Most non-biomass materials are not biodegradable and the performance of the selective dissolution test is quite well, revealing almost % dissolution Some non-biomass materials are chemically modified for their biodegradable properties and are therefore completely biodegradable Other non-biomass materials such as polyamide and polyurethane also dissolve during selective dissolution Besides dissolving, these non-biomass materials are more biodegradable than most common non-biomass materials Tables D.1a and D.1b show the performance of the selective dissolution method on a large number of respectively biomass and non-biomass materials (4) 48 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Table D.1a — Performance of selective dissolution method on biomass materials (4) Biomass/non-biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass biomass Material Tropical hard wood (Bankirai) Pine Fir Oak Duck feathers Linen MDF residues Cotton BIOPAC® (based on starch) Copy paper Shea nut residues Pulverized cacao shell residues Coconut residues Waste wood pellets Willow Olive pit residues Pelletized cacao shell residues Newspaper Seeds of grass Palm pit residues Glossy paper Cherry pits Leather NR (natural rubber) Viscose (based on cellulose) Wool Frying fat Charcoal ECOPLA® (based on corn) Biomass content according to the dissolution test Maximum difference observed 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 99 % 99 % 99 % 99 % 99 % 99 % 98 % 98 % 98 % 98 % 98 % 97 % 97 % 97 % 97 % 97 % 94 % 93 % 84 % 83 % 82 % 41 % 2% 0% 0,0 % 0,0 % 0,3 % 0,1 % n.a 0,0 % 0,0 % 0,0 % 0,1 % 0,5 % 0,9 % 0,9 % 0,7 % 1,6 % 0,4 % 8,4 % 0,8 % 0,2 % n.a n.a 0,2 % 5,2 % 0,1 % 3,3 % 0,2 % 36,2 % 2,5 % n.a 0,2 % 49 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Table D.1b — Performance of selective dissolution method on non-biomass materials (4) Biomass/non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass non-biomass Material PS foam (Polystyrene) PC (Polycarbonate) IIR (Butyl Rubber) PS dense (Polystyrene) PS nonexpanded (Polystyrene) LDPE (Low density polyethylene) PP (Polypropylene) PET (Polyethyleneterephtalate) HDPE (High density polyethylene) PVC (Polyvinylchloride) CR (Chloroprene rubber) SBR (Styrene-butadiene rubber) Hard coal Silicon rubber Lignite PUR non-expanded (Polyurethane) Nylon (i.e polyamide) PUR foam (Polyurethane) Biomass content according to the dissolution test -2 % -1 % 0% Maximum difference observed 1,5 % 0,1 % 13,7 % 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 2% 10 % 14 % 43,5 % 86 % 93 % 95 % 97 % 98 % 0,1 % 0,7 % 0,3 % 0,9 % 1,4 % 0,9 % 1,1 % 3,6 % 10,6 % 6,1 % 1,5 % 0,4 % 3,1 % 0,1 % The results show that most common materials present in mixed waste streams are handled adequately with the selective dissolution method For those samples with significant amounts of deviant substances, a correction should be made Unfortunately, this is impossible due to the complexity and diversity of substances present in many types of solid recovered fuel In general, for solid recovered fuels comprising of a mix of biomass and non-biomass materials, the selective dissolution method is rather reliable, but outside the concentration range 10 % to 90 % the relative reliability decreases for some materials Hints for this are given in Table D.1 D.3 Influence of physical shape and composition of materials/particles The influence of the physical shape and composition of materials/particles affects the manual sorting method, because it is based on differences in the physical appearance and properties of biomass or non-biomass materials Three sources of error exist that affect the performance of the manual sorting method These sources of error are: 1) the potential presence of mixed materials that are not feasible to separate manually These mixed materials are particles which are made of both biomass and non-biomass indistinguishably connected together; 2) minimum particle size, below which effective manual separation is impossible without using a microscope; 3) the presence of materials which mimic the physical appearance or properties of the complementary material class, such as biodegradable plastics The quantitative implications of these sources of error are difficult to predict and therefore the selective dissolution method prevails as the main sorting method 50 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) D.4 Limitations to the 14C-method 1) Conversion of the sample to CO2 can be done at every well equipped analytical lab, however the measurements requires highly specialized instruments and personnel 14 C 2) 14 14 C C releases in the 1950’s (hydrogen bomb experiments) has diminished the accuracy of the method The quantitative implications of these limitations are difficult to predict and should be considered when using this method NOTE At this moment the amount of skilled ± 40 AMS) 14 C lab’s is limited (global: dating / climate lab’s: ± 100 LSC+BI, 51 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Annex E (informative) Materials considered as CO2-neutral The text in this annex is obtained from Commission Decision 2004/156/EC of 29/01/2004 establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European parliament and of the Council Annex I paragraph under Plants and parts of plants, inter alia or Biomass wastes, products and by-products, inter alia The exemplary but not exhaustive list below contains a number of materials, which are considered biomass for the application of this Standard and shall be weighted with an emission factor of [t CO2/TJ or t or m ] Peat and fossil fractions of the materials listed below shall not be considered biomass a) Plants and parts of plants, inter alia: straw; hay and grass; leaves, wood, roots, stumps, bark; crops, e.g maize and triticale b) Biomass wastes, products and by-products, inter alia: industrial waste wood (waste wood from woodworking and wood processing operations and waste wood from operations in the wood materials industry); used wood (used products made from wood, wood materials) and products and by-products from wood processing operations; wood-based waste from the pulp and paper industries, e.g black liquor; forestry residues; animal, fish and food meal, fat, oil and tallow; primary residues from the food and beverage production; manure; agricultural plant residues; sewage sludge; biogas produced by digestion, fermentation or gasification of biomass; harbour sludge and other water body sludge’s and sediments; landfill gas 52 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Annex F (informative) Performance data F.1 Performance data for the selective dissolution method A inter-laboratory study, named Quovadis was carried out by laboratories in Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom For the description of sample type see Tables F.1 The performance data according to ISO 5725-2 are presented in Table F.1, F.1.3 and F.1.4 Table F.1.1 — description of sample types nr Sample Matrix QV-B SRF produced from demolition wood QV-D SRF produced from Municipal waste QV-E SRF produced from Municipal waste (paper and plastic rich) Table F.1.2 — Performance data for biomass content with SDM by mass content xm CVR CVr 95,93 0,97 0,93 57 67,79 3,43 2,34 54 54,17 7,04 2,37 Sample l n 54 o Table F.1.3 — Performance data for biomass content with SDM by calorific value content Sample l n xm CVR CVr 99,03 NA NA 19 77,53 6,26 6,26 19 69,92 14,3 14,3 o 53 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Table F.1.4 — Performance data for biomass content with SDM by carbon content Sample l n xm CVR CVr 16 99,47 0,51 0,51 24 71,94 6,45 5,85 24 54,31 12,6 12,6 o where l is the number of outlier-free individual analytical values per level; n is the number of laboratories after outlier elimination; o is the percentage of outlying values from the replicate determinations; xm is the overall mean, expressed in %; CVR is the coefficient of the variation of the reproducibility; CVr is the coefficient of the variation of the repeatability F.2 Performance data for the 14C-method This inter-laboratory study was carried out by laboratories in Austria, Germany, United Kingdom and The Netherlands For the description of sample type see Table F.2.1 The performance data according to ISO 5725-2 are presented in Table F2.2 Table F.2.1 — description of sample types Sample Matrix Nr-1 SRF from industrial waste Nr-2 SRF from household waste Nr-3 Reconstructed SRF [15 % paper/cardboard, 44 % wood, 18 % hard plastics, 12 % soft plastics(foils), % carpets, % fabrics, % tissue] Nr-4 Synthetic SRF [20 % paper/cardboard, 20 % wood, 20 % hard plastics (PET), 20 % soft plastics (foils), 20 % tissue (Zellstoff)] 54 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Table F.2.2 — Performance data for alternative Nr-1 Nr-2 Nr-3 Nr-4 AMS F xm 12,6 61,0 56,6 64,0 s AMS B xm s 1,3 0,02 1,6 2,9 15,6 60,4 56,5 50,5 1,0 1,0 1,8 1,7 AMS L xm 18,9 14 s BI B xm s BI L xm 1,4 14,1 0,6 16,4 56,0 49,3 1,0 0,8 C methods LSC B s 1,1 LSC L xm s 55,5 1,4 xm s 46,2 AMS F = Furnace combustion and AMS measurement AMS B = Calorimetric bomb combustion and AMS measurement AMS L = Lab scale combustion and AMS measurement BI B = Calorimetric bomb combustion and BI measurement BI L = Lab scale Combustion and BI measurement LSB B = Calorimetric bomb combustion and LSC measurement LSC L = Lab scale combustion and LSC measurement xm = mean value s = standard deviation 55 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) Bibliography [1] Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market Official Journal L 283 , 27/10/2001 P 0033 – 0040 [2] VTT/Tekes Streams Program Research, Nr 40135/03 [3] NTA 8204:2003, Determination of the biomass content [4] 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Physics education 39-(2), March 2004 [10] Status report: The Groningen AMS facility, J van der Plicht, S Wijma, A.T Aerts, M.H Peruisot, H.A.J Meijer, Nucl Instr and Meth in Phys Res B 172(2000) 58-65 [11] Kromer, B and K.-O Münnich (1992) CO2 gas proportional counting in radiocarbon dating - review and perspective Radiocarbon after Four Decades R E Taylor, A Long and R S Kra New York, Springer: 184-197 [12] Stuiver, M and H Pollach (1977), Discussion: Reporting of 14C data, Radiocarbon 19: 355-363 [13] M Stuiver, "Workshop on 14C Data Reporting," Radiocarbon, 22, 964-966 (1980) [14] Suess, H.E (1955): Science, 122; pp 415-417 [15] Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Beck, J.W., Burr, G.S., Hughen, K.A.,Kromer, B., McCormac, G., van der Plicht, J., and Spurk, M INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP Radiocarbon40(3): 1041-1083 (1998) [16] Fellner, J., Rechberger, H., Abundance of 14C in biomass fractions of wastes and solid recovered fuels, Waste Management (2009), doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.023 [17] Staber, S., Flamme, S., Fellner, J., Methods for determining the biomass content of waste : Waste Management & Research, Vol 26, No 1, 78-87 (2008) [18] Hämäläinen, K., Jungner, H., Antson, O., Räsänen, J., Tormonen, K., Roine, J., Measurement of biocarbon in flue gases using 14C: Congrès International Radiocarbon Conference No19, Oxford, ROYAUME-UNI (03/04/2006) 2007, vol 49, no 56 BS EN 15440:2011 EN 15440:2011 (E) [19] Phyllis database for biomass and waste, http://www.ecn.nl/phyllis, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands [20] ASTM D 6866-05, Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Natural Range Materials Using Radiocarbon and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Spectrometry Analysis [21] ASTM D 7026-04, Standard Guide for Sampling and Reporting of Results for Determination of Biobased content of materials via Carbon Isotope Analysis [22] CEN/TR 15591, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of the biomass content based on the method [23] Sushil K Gupta and Henry Polach, 1985, Radiocarbon Dating Practices at A.N.U., HandBook, Radiocarbon Laboratory, Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU, Canberra [24] Levin, I., and B Kromer (2004), The tropospheric 14CO2 level in mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere (1959–2003), Radiocarbon, 46, 1261-1272 [25] Szidat, S., T M Jenk, H.-A Synal, M Kalberer, L Wacker, I Hajdas, A Kasper-Giebl, and U Baltensperger (2006), Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass burning, and biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zürich as traced by 14C, J Geophys Res., 111, D07206, doi:10.1029/2005JD006590 [26] Lewis, C.W., G.A Klouda, W.D Ellenson (2004), Radiocarbon measurement of the biogenic contribution to summertime PM-2.5 ambient aerosol in Nashville, TN, Atmospheric Environment 38, 6053–6061 [27] Flamme, S.; Hams, S.; Bakker, F (2009): Comparison of methods for the determination of the biomass content in solid recovered fuels On behalf of BGS, DEHSt, ERFO, SenterNovem, RWE, VDZ unpublished [28] QUOVADIS Deliverable 7.4 – 2007 – Report on the validation of the sampling procedures including recommendations to TC 343 for the eventual revision of the TS before its upgrade to a European standard (EN) EU-Project number EIE 2003 031 - Grant Agreement EIE/031/S07.38597, 2007 [29] EN 15296, Solid biofuels — Calculation of analyses to different bases [30] EN 14775, Solid biofuels — Determination of ash content [31] Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste [32] 2007/589/EC: Commission Decision of 18 July 2007 establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document number C(2007) 3416) (Text with EEA relevance) [33] Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (Text with EEA relevance) [34] 2004/156/EC: Commission Decision of 29 January 2004 establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2004) 130) 14 C 57 This page deliberately left blank This page deliberately left blank NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW British Standards Institution (BSI) BSI is the national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other standards-related publications, information and services BSI is incorporated by Royal Charter British Standards and other standardization products are published by BSI Standards Limited About us Revisions We bring together business, industry, government, consumers, innovators and others to shape their combined experience and expertise into standards -based solutions Our British Standards 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