Bsi bs en 00410 2011

BS EN 410:2011 BSI Standards Publication Glass in building — Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing BS EN 410:2011 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 410:2011 It supersedes BS EN 410:1998 which is withdrawn The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/520/4, Properties and glazing methods A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © BSI 2011 ISBN 978 580 71227 ICS 81.040.20 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2011 Amendments issued since publication Date Text affected BS EN 410:2011 EN 410 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2011 ICS 81.040.20 Supersedes EN 410:1998 English Version Glass in building - Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing Verre dans la construction - Détermination des caractéristiques lumineuses et solaires des vitrages Glas im Bauwesen - Bestimmung der lichttechnischen und strahlungsphysikalischen Kenngrưßen von Verglasungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on January 2011 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 410:2011: E BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions 5 4 Symbols 6 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6 5.5 5.6 5.7 Determination of characteristics 8 General 8 Light transmittance 8 Light reflectance 11 Total solar energy transmittance (solar factor) 12 Calculation 12 Division of incident solar radiant flux 12 Solar direct transmittance 14 Solar direct reflectance 14 Solar direct absorptance 14 Secondary heat transfer factor towards the inside 14 UV-transmittance 19 Colour rendering 19 Shading coefficient 22 6 Expression of results 23 7 Test report 23 Annex A (normative) Procedures for calculation of the spectral characteristics of glass plates with a different thickness and/or colour 33 Annex B (normative) Procedure for calculation of the spectral characteristics of laminated glass 38  Annex C (informative) Procedure for calculation of the spectral characteristics of screen printed glass 59 Annex D (informative) Example of calculation of colour rendering index 60 Bibliography 64 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Foreword This document (EN 410:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 129 “Glass in building”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2011 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document supersedes EN 410:1998 The main changes compared to the previous edition are: a) A procedure is provided for the calculation of the spectral properties of laminated glass b) A formula is introduced for determining the total shading coefficient c) Table has been updated to make it more practical d) Table has been updated in line with the 2004 edition of the publication CIE No 15 e) The external and internal heat transfer coefficients have been amended slightly to reflect changes to EN 673 f) Guidance is also given on how to determine the spectral characteristics of screen printed glass g) New drawings have been introduced for improved clarity and to conform with CEN rules This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s) According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Introduction While this European Standard presents the formulae for the exact calculations of the spectral characteristics of glazing, it does not consider the uncertainty of the measurements necessary to determine the spectral parameters that are used in the calculations It should be noted that, for simple glazing systems where few measurements are required, the uncertainty of the results will be satisfactory if correct measurements procedures have been followed When the glazing systems become complex and a large number of measurements are required to determine the spectral parameters, the uncertainty is cumulative with the number of measurements and should be considered in the final results The term interface used in this European Standard, is considered to be a surface characterized by its transmission and reflections of light intensities That is, the interaction with light is incoherent, all phase information being lost In the case of thin films (not described in this European Standard), interfaces are characterized by transmission and reflections of light amplitudes, i.e the interaction with light is coherent and phase information is available Finally, for clarity, a coated interface can be described as having one or more thin films, but the entire stack of thin films is characterized by its resulting transmission and reflection of light intensities In Annex B, the procedure for the calculation of spectral characteristics of laminated glass makes specific reference to coated glass The same procedure can be adopted for filmed glass (e.g adhesive backed polymeric film applied to glass) BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Scope This European Standard specifies methods of determining the luminous and solar characteristics of glazing in buildings These characteristic can serve as a basis for lighting, heating and cooling calculations of rooms and permit comparison between different types of glazing This European Standard applies both to conventional glazing and to absorbing or reflecting solar-control glazing, used as vertical or horizontal glazed apertures The appropriate formulae for single, double and triple glazing are given This European Standard is accordingly applicable to all transparent materials except those which show significant transmission in the wavelength region µm to 50 µm of ambient temperature radiation, such as certain plastic materials Materials with light-scattering properties for incident radiation are dealt with as conventional transparent materials subject to certain conditions (see 5.2) Angular light and solar properties of glass in building are excluded from this standard However, research work in this area is summarised in Bibliography [1], [2] and [3] Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 673, Glass in building — Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) — Calculation method EN 674, Glass in building — Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) — Guarded hot plate method EN 675, Glass in building — Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) — Heat flow meter method EN 12898, Glass in building — Determination of the emissivity Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply 3.1 light transmittance fraction of the incident light that is transmitted by the glass 3.2 light reflectance fraction of the incident light that is reflected by the glass 3.3 total solar energy transmittance (solar factor) fraction of the incident solar radiation that is totally transmitted by the glass BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) 3.4 solar direct transmittance fraction of incident solar radiation that is directly transmitted by the glass 3.5 normal emissivity ratio, in a direction normal to the surface, of the emissive power of the surface of the glass to the emissive power of a black body NOTE Normal emissivity is determined in accordance with EN 12898 3.6 solar direct reflectance fraction of the incident solar radiation that is reflected by the glass 3.7 ultraviolet transmittance fraction of the incident UV component of the solar radiation that is transmitted by the glass 3.8 colour rendering index (in transmission) change in colour of an object as a result of the light being transmitted by the glass 3.9 shading coefficient ratio of the solar factor of the glass to the solar factor of a reference glass (clear float) Symbols Sym Deutsch/German/Allemand Englisch/English/Anglais Franzửsisch/French/Franỗais D65 Normlichtart D65 standard illuminant D65 illuminant normalisé D65 UV Ultravioletter Strahlungsbereich ultraviolet radiation rayonnement ultraviolet Ultravioletter Transmissionsgrad ultraviolet transmittance facteur de transmission de l'ultraviolet Spektraler Transmissionsgrad spectral transmittance facteur de spectrale Spektraler Reflexionsgrad spectral reflectance facteur de réflexion spectrale Lichtransmissionsgrad light transmittance facteur de lumineuse Lichtreflexionsgrad light reflectance facteur lumineuse direkter Strahlungstransmissionsgrad solar direct transmittance facteur de transmission directe de l'énergie solaire direkter reflexionsgrad solar direct reflectance facteur de réflexion directe de l'énergie solaire UV Strahlungs- de transmission transmission réflexion BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Gesamtenergiedurchlaß- grad total solar transmittance factor) energy (solar facteur de transmission totale de l'énergie solaire ou facteur solaire Ra allgemeiner gabeindex Farbwieder- general colour rendering index indice général de rendu des couleurs D relative spektrale Vertei- lung der Normlichtart D65 relative spectral distribution of illuminant D65 répartition spectrale relative de l'illuminant normalisé D65 V( ) spektraler keitsgrad Hellempfindlich- spectral efficiency efficacité lumineuse relative spectrale direkter tionsgrad Strahlungsabsorp n SC luminous solar direct absorptance facteur d'absorption directe de l'énergie solaire Strahlungsleistung (Strahlungsfluß) incident solar radiant flux flux énergétique incident sekundärer Wärmeabgabegrad nach innen secondary internal heat transfer factor facteur de réémission thermique vers l'intérieur sekundärer Wärmeabgabegrad nach außen secondary external heat transfer factor facteur de réémission thermique vers l'extérieur relative spektrale Vertei- lung der Sonnenstrahlung relative distribution radiation spectral solar répartition spectrale relative du rayonnement solaire Wärmeübergangsnach außen koeffizient external heat coefficient transfer coefficient d'échange thermique extérieur Wärmeübergangsnach innen koeffizient internal heat coefficient transfer coefficient d'échange thermique intérieur of solaire korrigierter Emissionsgrad corrected emissivity émissivité corrigée normaler Emissionsgrad normal emissivity émissivité normale Wärmedurchlaßkoeffizient thermal conductance conductance thermique Wellenlänge wavelength longueur d'onde Wellenlängenintervall wavelength interval intervalle de longueur d'onde relative spektrale Vertei- Lung der UV-Strahlung der Sonne relative spectral distribution of UV in solar radiation répartition spectrale relative du rayonnement ultraviolet solaire Durchlassfaktor shading coefficient coefficient d’ombrage BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Determination of characteristics 5.1 General The characteristics are determined for quasi-parallel, near normal radiation incidence (see Bibliography, [4]) using the radiation distribution of illuminant D65 (see Table 1), solar radiation in accordance with Table and ultraviolet (UV) radiation in accordance with Table The characteristics are as follows:  the spectral transmittance 300 nm to 2500 nm;  the light transmittance and the spectral reflectance and the light reflectance  the solar direct transmittance in the wavelength range from for illuminant D65; and the solar direct reflectance ;  the total solar energy transmittance (solar factor) g ;  the UV-transmittance ;  the general colour rendering index Ra;  the total shading coefficient, SC To characterize glazing, the principal parameters are additional information and g; the other parameters are optional to provide If the value of a given characteristic is required for different glass thicknesses (in the case of uncoated glass) or for the same coating applied to different substrates, it can be obtained by calculation (in accordance with Annex A) A procedure for the calculation of the spectral characteristics of laminated glass is given in Annex B Guidelines on determining the spectral characteristics of screen printed glass are given in Annex C 5.2 Light transmittance The light transmittance of the glazing is calculated using the following formula: (1) where is the relative spectral distribution of illuminant D65 (see Bibliography [5]); is the spectral transmittance of the glazing; is the spectral luminous efficiency for photopic vision defining the standard observer for photometry (see Bibliography [5]); is the wavelength interval BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Key 52 clear glass pane (3,8 mm) interlayer (0,76 mm) tinted glass pane (3,8 mm) air Figure B.4 — Non existent sample A whose properties are to be determined BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) where are the interface transmission and reflections of the indicated interface is the internal transmission of the clear glass pane is the internal transmission of the tinted glass pane is the internal transmission of the interlayer Several parameters can be eliminated by noting the following properties of the interfaces: The air/glass interfaces are uncoated Equation (B.4) can be adopted in this case as follows: 1,000000 – t1 and r1 1,000000 – t2 and r2 The refractive indices of the both glass panes and interlayer are equivalent This effectively means that these interfaces can be ignored or: 1,000000 – r3 and r′3 = 0,00000 t4 = 1,000000 and r4 = r′4 = 0,000000 Noting that interfaces and can be ignored, the sample can be treated a as system of two interfaces separated by one medium (see Figure B.1) Using Equation (B.3) the total internal transmission can be given as: Where is the internal transmission of the entire sample A For a system of two interfaces separated by one medium, Equations (B.5), (B.6) and (B.7) can be used for calculations of the total luminous properties after resolving the unknown parameters ) ( Although Sample A does not exist, Samples 1, and as described in Figure B.5 exist 53 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Key clear glass pane (3,8 mm) tinted glass pane (6,0 mm) same interlayer (0,76 mm) air Figure B.5 — Structure of sample 1, and Measured values of the total transmissions and reflections of these samples, the unknown parameters to be determined, and the relevant equations are given in the Table B.1 Note that only the reflection from one side is given as all samples are uncoated and symmetric Table B.1 — Description of samples 1, and [41] Sample [42] Unknown parameters determine to [43] use Equations to [44] Measured reflection values [45] ( ) Transmission transmission and [46] Reflection [47] ( ) [48] [49] [50] (B.9) (B.8) and [51] 0,895300 [52] 0,074738 [53] [54] [55] (B.8), and (B.2) (B.9) [56] 0,719548 [57] 0,062450 [58] [59] [60] [61] 0,824831 [62] Not needed (B.20) Using the corresponding equations with the measured values, the unknown parameters can be determined as indicated below:  Sample Using Equations (B.8) and (B.9), the result is as follows: = 0,970000 and 54 0,040000 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E)  Sample Using Equations (B.8) and (B.9), the result is as follows: Equation (B.2) can be used to find the internal transmission of a 3.8 mm tinted glass pane from the internal transmission of the mm tinted glass pane, resulting in:  Sample The method outlined in B.4.2.3 can be used to determine the internal transmission of the interlayer The exterior interface reflections and transmissions and the internal transmission of the clear glass sample have been determined using sample Therefore, Equation (B.20) can be used to determine the internal transmission of sample 3, resulting in: = 0,893855 (note that corresponds to Noting that determined, resulting in: of Equation (B.20)) the internal transmission of the interlayer can finally be = 0,950000 All of the parameters needed to determine the total luminous properties of the original non existent sample A have been resolved In summary, the following have determined: 0,040000 and 1,000000 – 0,40000 and 0,960000 1,000000 – 0,960000 = 0,970000 = 0,854397 = 0,950000 Thus the total internal transmittance of the non existent sample A is: Equations (B.5), (B.6) and (B.7) thus become: 55 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Note that note that corresponds to of Equations (B.5), (B.6), (B.7) Thus, for the original non existent sample A: 0,726321 0,062874 B.6.3 Example 2: Case of a laminated glass with an absorbing coating between the interlayer and the second glass pane with the external surfaces uncoated For this example the same system as described in example can be used, but with an absorbing coating between the interlayer and the tinted glass pane, i.e., a 3,8 mm clear float glass pane, a 0,76 mm interlayer, an absorbing coating an finally a 3,8 mm tinted glass pane Again, suppose this sample does not physically exist, but its total luminous properties are required This sample can be designated as sample B (see Figure B.6) Note, all parameters have been previously determined using samples 1, 2, and with the exceptions of and Key coated interface clear glass pane (3,8 mm) tinted glass pane (3,8 mm) interlayer (0,76 mm) air Figure B.6 — Non existent sample B whose properties are to be determined 56 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) To determine and there physically exists sample with the same absorbing film properties (interface 2) as sample B It is described in Figure B.7 Key clear glass pane (3,8 mm) interlayer (0,76 mm) air Figure B.7 — Description of sample For the same reason as sample A, the interface between the interlayer and the first glass pane can be ignored making both sample B and sample cases of media between interfaces as described in B.5 and detailed in B.5.3 Measured values of the total transmissions and reflections, the unknown parameters to be determined, and the relevant equations are given for sample in the Table B.2 57 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Table B.2 — Description of sample [76] [73] Sample [74] Unknown parameters to determine [75] Equations to use Measured transmission and reflection values [77] Transmis sion ( ) [78] Front Reflection [79] [82] [84] (B.24), (B.25), and (B.26) [83] and [85] 0,649055 ( ) [86] 0,168273 [80] Back Reflection [81] ( ) [87] 0,162711 Using Equations (B.24), (B.25), and (B.26) the following can be found: 0,780000 0,140000 0,120000 Note that the terms and were replaced with and interface of sample is equivalent to exterior interface of sample A respectively Also, the exterior In summary, the following parameters are known: 0,40000 and 0,140000, 1,000000 – 0,120000, and 0,040000 and 1,000000 – 0,960000 0,780000 0,960000 = 0,970000 = 0,854397 = 0,950000 The total properties of sample B can be determined using Equations (B.21), (B.22), and (B.23) Noting that the were replaced with and respectively, this results in: terms and 0,571020 0,164180 0,135092 58 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Annex C (informative) Procedure for calculation of the spectral characteristics of screen printed glass This Annex provides general guidance on calculation of the spectral characteristics of screen printed glass, i.e glass to which ceramic ink finish has been applied to one surface NOTE In some countries, screen printed glass may be referred to as enamelled or fritted glass The amount of area covered by the finish is calculated as a fraction of the whole surface area by measuring suitable geometric features of the finish (e.g lines, dots, mesh, etc.) Separate spectral measurements are undertaken on an area of the glass with and without the finish Finally, the spectral characteristics are determined by average weighting based on the fraction of the surface covered by the finish For finishes with complex geometries, it may be possible to determine the fraction of the surface covered by the finish by using appropriate computer software to count the number of black and white pixels in a black and white photograph of the glass 59 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Annex D (informative) Example of calculation of colour rendering index Example of the calculation of the colour rendering index of daylight defined by illuminant D65 which has been transmitted through a typical absorbing glass Step 1: Calculate the trichromatic components for illuminant D65 through the sample An example of the spectral transmittance data for a typical green absorbing glass is given in Table D.1 The calculated components are determined from Equations (26), (27), (28), (32), (33), (38) and (39) Xt 766,143 Yt 814,400 Zt 811,715 ut 0,199 vt 0,317 - 60 ct 1,993 dt 2,054 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Table D.1 — Spectral transmittance for a typical green absorbing glass from 380 nm to 780 nm Transmittance nm 380 390 0,592 0,652 400 410 0,678 0,683 420 430 0,684 0,687 440 450 0,690 0,699 460 470 0,709 0,717 480 490 0,726 0,735 500 510 0,744 0,752 520 530 0,760 0,766 540 550 0,773 0,779 560 570 0,782 0,784 580 590 0,784 0,784 600 610 0,783 0,779 620 630 0,776 0,771 640 650 0,766 0,761 660 670 0,755 0,749 680 690 0,743 0,734 700 710 0,726 0,717 720 730 0,707 0,698 740 750 0,686 0,676 760 770 0,665 0,654 780 0,642 Step 2: Calculate for each of the eight test colours the following terms sequentially in accordance with the formulae in 4.6 The calculated components are reported in Table D.2 61 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Table D.2 — Calculated components Test colour number Component 62 Xt,i 267,531 224,130 195,584 165,682 200,141 223,849 265,824 302,177 Yt,i 243,155 236,285 249,106 239,959 250,449 241,346 238,572 255,081 Zt,i 182,875 111,807 74,613 159,929 301,437 430,649 394,758 337,279 ut,i 0,240 0,218 0,188 0,156 0,165 0,174 0,211 0,235 vt,i 0,327 0,345 0,360 0,339 0,309 0,282 0,285 0,298 ct,i 1,504 0,946 0,599 1,333 2,407 3,569 3,309 2,645 dt,i 1,858 1,941 2,056 2,217 2,226 2,225 2,027 1,895 u't,i 0,238 0,217 0,186 0,155 0,164 0,175 0,211 0,234 v't,i 0,323 0,343 0,358 0,336 0,304 0,275 0,278 0,292 W*t,i 60,557 59,820 61,185 60,216 61,325 60,364 60,067 61,805 U*t,i 31,813 14,725 -9,162 -33,531 -26,607 -18,101 10,321 29,149 V*t,i 8,554 23,845 36,379 18,325 -6,805 -29,044 -26,508 -16,109 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Table D.2 (continued) Test colour number Component −Ei 0,196 0,510 0,834 0,398 0,343 0,757 0,556 0,392 Ri 99,100 97,653 96,166 98,169 98,422 96,519 97,443 98,195 NOTE Some small discrepancies in the calculated values of the above terms may arise according to the number of decimals used in the calculations However, the influence on the final value is negligible The general colour rendering index Ra is given by: to be rounded as 98 63 BS EN 410:2011 EN 410:2011 (E) Bibliography [1] Equivalent models for the prediction of angular glazing properties – M Rubin, E Nichelatti and P Polato [2] Measurement and prediction of angle-dependent optical properties of coated glass products: results of an inter-laboratory comparison of spectral transmittance and reflectance – M.G Hutchins et al [3] Report on the activities of the ADOPT and ALTSET European projects – A Maccari and P Polato [4] Publication CIE No 38 (TC-2.3), Radiometric and photometric characteristics of materials and their measurement (1977) [5] Publication CIE No 15, Colorimetry, 3rd ed (2004) [6] Publication CIE No 85, Solar spectral irradiance, technical report (1989) [7] P Bener, Approximate values of intensity of natural UV radiation for different amounts of atmospheric ozone, Final Technical Report 1972, Contract No DAJA 37-68 C-1077 [8] Publication CIE No 13.3, Method of measuring and specifying colour rendering properties of light sources (1995) [9] M Rubin, Optical properties of soda lime silica glasses, Solar Energy Materials 12 (1985) pp 275-288 64 This page deliberately left blank NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW British Standards Institution (BSI) BSI is the national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other standards-related publications, information and services BSI is incorporated by Royal Charter British Standards and other standardization products are published by BSI Standards Limited About us Revisions We bring together business, industry, government, consumers, innovators and others to shape their combined experience and expertise into standards -based solutions Our British Standards and other publications are updated by amendment or revision The knowledge embodied in our standards has been carefully assembled in a dependable format and refined through our open consultation process 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