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Bsi bs en 12974 2000 (2009)

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/home/gencode/cen/w12974/w129 1 17705 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[.]

BRITISH STANDARD Surface active agents Ð Determination of the 1,4-dioxane content in alkyl-ethoxy-sulfate products by GLC/head space procedure The European Standard EN 12974:1999 has the status of a British Standard ICS 71.100.40 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BS EN 12974:2000 Confirmed June 2009 BS EN 12974:2000 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 12974:1999 The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CII/34, Methods of test for surface active agents, which has the responsibility to: Ð aid enquirers to understand the text; Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages to 12, an inside back cover, and a back cover The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 March 2000  BSI 03-2000 ISBN 580 35774 Amendments issued since publication Amd No Date Comments (1 (8523($167$1'$5' 1250((8523e(11( (8523b,6&+(1250 'HFHPEHU ,&6 (QJOLVKYHUVLRQ 6XUIDFHDFWLYHDJHQWV'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHGLR[DQHFRQWHQW LQDON\OHWKR[\VXOIDWHSURGXFWVE\*/&KHDGVSDFHSURFHGXUH $JHQWVGHVXUIDFH'pWHUPLQDWLRQGHODWHQHXUHQ GLR[DQHGDQVOHVDON\OVXOIDWHVpWKR[\OpVSDU&*/(VSDFH GHWrWH *UHQ]IOlFKHQDNWLYH6WRIIH%HVWLPPXQJGHV*HKDOWHVYRQ 'LR[DQLQ$ON\OHWKR[\VXOIDWSURGXNWHQGXUFKHLQ */&+HDG6SDFH9HUIDKUHQ 7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGZDVDSSURYHGE\&(1RQ2FWREHU &(1PHPEHUVDUHERXQGWRFRPSO\ZLWKWKH&(1&(1(/(&,QWHUQDO5HJXODWLRQVZKLFKVWLSXODWHWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUJLYLQJWKLV(XURSHDQ 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