Api publ 4589 1993 scan (american petroleum institute)

A P I PUBL*4589 93 m 0732290 0517489 9Lb m Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas Production Operations HEiALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4589 DEXEMBER 1993 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street Northwest Washington, D.C 20005 Environmental Purtnership Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 11’ A P I P U B L * 33 0732290 0537490 638 W Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas Production Operations Health and Environmental Sciences Department PUBLICATION NUMBER 4589 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACTBY: STAR ENVIRONMENTAL P.O BOX 13425 TORRANCE, CA 90503 DECEMBER 1993 American Petroleum Institute `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBL*45B9 93 0732290 0.537493 m FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES,LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED API ISNOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS To WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNINGHEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKINGTHEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, ORFEDERAL LAWS NOTHING CONTAINED INANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINEDIN THE PUBLICATION BECONSTRUEDAS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETERS PATENT Copyright O 1993 American Petroleum Institute `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS II Not for Resale A P I PUBLX4589 93 0732290 0537472 400 m ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLEARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT MI STAFF CONTACT(s’L Dr Paul Martino, Health andEnvironmental Sciences Department MEMBERS OF THE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS PROJECT GROUP John Bourke, ARCO Oil andGas Company Kerry Mire, Texaco E&P, Inc Vick Newsom, Amoco Corporation Mark Pike, Exxon Corporation Dr Raghavan Ramanan, Mobil Exploration & Production Andy Shah, Conoco Inc Jim Suong, Unocal Corporation Charles Tixier, Shell Oil Company Dr Jenny Yang, Mamthon OilCompany `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - STAR Environmental would also like to thank Dr Paul Wakim (American Petroleum Institute) for conducting the statistical analysis of thedata and assistance in developing the correlation equations and emission factorspresented in the appendix of this report The valuable guidance of Robert Lott (Gas Research Institute) both during the course of the study andthe review of the final repon is gratefully acknowledged, 111 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale API P U B L X 9 m 2 0 347 PREFACE `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - This report presents final resultsof an APVGRI study entitled "Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas Production Operations" The data collection efforts and development of correlation equations and emission factors for fugitive hydrocarbon emissions fromoil and gas production operations described in this report include onshore light crude facilities, onshore heavy crude facilities,onshore gas production facilities, and offshore oil and gasfacilities A gas processing plant correlation equation is included, but emission factors for gas processing plants are not Emission factors for gas processing plants will be determined in 1994 and reported in a separate report after more field data are collected ina joint research effort with the EPA The statistical analysis of the data gatheredin this study was conducted in accordance with the US EPA Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates (EPA-453/R-93-026, June1993) to facilitate acceptance by the EPA The American Petroleum Institute does not necessarily endorse the EPA protocol as the best method for analyzing the data inthis study There may be other methods of statistical analysis that are more appropriate In this study, as in the EPA protocol, the common convention of reporting emission factors to three significant figures has been followed, even though it may not be warranted given the inherent variation in the precision and accuracy of emissions measurements Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I P U B L * 93 m 0732290 0537494 283 m `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - ABSTRACT In 1980, the American Petroleum Institutepublished emission factors for fugitive hydrocarbon emissions from onshoreand offshore petroleum production sites The new emission factors developed fromthis joint study by API and the Gas Research Institute replace the existing1980 API factors More than 180,000 components were screened using EPAMethod 21 guidelines and over 700 leaks were speciated to determinenew emission rates of total hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds,and individual air toxics (¡.e., benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes) The new study has also produced emission correlation equations that can be usedto predict mass emission rates from individualinstrument screening values These equations allow operators to more accurately quantify actual emissions from their site rather than relying on generalized emission factors This greatly improves assessment of control tech nologies and selection of equipment to lower fugitive hydrocarbon emissions As the new leak definition imposed by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 becomes effective, results of this study will be indispensable to operators Results of the study are summarizedin easy-to-read graphics and easyto-use factors A workbook presented at theend of the report allows site operators to tailor the new factors and equations to their individual use V Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBL*4589 m 0732290 TABLE OF 0537495 LLT CONTENTS SECTION PAGE Scope DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY 1-1 1-2 Study Site Selection Screening Procedures Bagging Procedures Laboratory Procedures Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures DATA MANAGEMENT Development of Correlation Equations 1-3 1-4 1-6 1-8 1-8 1-9 1-9 Development of Emission Factors 1-10 ONSHORE RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 2-1 DATA COLLECTION 2-1 2-5 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL CORRELATION EQUATIONS 2-16 EMISSION FACTORS 2-21 2-21 Average Emission Factors LeaWNo Leak Emission Factors 2-22 Stratified Emission Factors 2-22 SPECIATION OF EMISSIONS 2-22 REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN FUGITIVE EMISSIONS 2-36 CONTROL EFFICIENCY OF INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS 2-36 OFFSHORE RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 3-1 DATA COLLECTION 3-1 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 3-4 CORRELATION EQUATIONS 3-5 EMISSION FACTORS 3-7 3-7 Average Emission Factors LeaWNo Leak Emission Factors 3-7 Stratified Emission Factors 3-7 SPECIATION OF EMISSIONS 3-8 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY e5-1 STUDY METHODOLOGY 1-1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1-1 Objectives A P I PUBLJ4587 73 0732270 05L7476 056 T A B L E OF CONTENTS (Continued) PAGE SECTION OFFSHORE RESULTS AND ANALYSIS (Continued) REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN FUGITIVE EMISSIONS 3-14 CONTROL EFFICIENCY OF INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS 3-15 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS WORKBOOK W-1 LIST OF A P P E N D I C E S APPENDIX A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA A.1 APPENDIX B: FIELD INVENTORY SHEET DATA B-1 APPENDIX C EMITTER DATA C-1 APPENDIX D NONAROMATIC SPECIATION DATA APPENDIX E AROMATIC SPECIATION DATA D-1 E-1 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBLa4589 93 W 0732290 0517Y97 T W LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE ES-1 Number of Components Screened Emitters Found.and Samples Collectedand Analyzed during APVGRI Study Equations ES-2 Correlation ES-3 Default Zero THC Emission Factors ES-4 Average THC Emission Factors (Overall) ES-5 Average THC Emission Factors (ComponentSpecific) e5-2 e5-5 e5-5 e5-6 e5-6 e5-6 e5-7 e5-7 ES-6 LeaWNo Leak THC Emission Factors ES-7 Stratified THC EmissionFactors ES-8 Speciated Hydrocarbon Factors 1-1 Sites Included in the 1993 APVGRI Study 1-4 2- Components Screened and Emitters Found at Onshore Sites 2-2 Onshore Emitters by Screening Range 2-2 2-2 Contribution of Each Screening Rangeto Total Emissions 2-4 2-3 2-4 First and Second Analyses for Nonaromatic Hydrocarbons 2-6 First and Second Analyses for Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2-12 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2- 2-1 o 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 Correlation of Repeated Laboratory Analyses Correlation Equations Default Zero THC Emission Factors Average THC Emission Factors (Overall) Average THC Emission Factors (Component specific) LeaWNo-Leak THC Emission Factors Stratified THC Emission Factors Weight Fractionof Emissions by Number ofCarbons 2-15 2-17 2-21 2-21 2-21 2-22 2-22 2-36 Average Emission Rate of Components with lSVs of 00,O00 ppmv (By region) 2-36 Components Screenedand Emitters Found at Offshore Platforms 3-1 Offshore Emitters by Screening Range 3-2 Contribution of Each Screening Rangeto Total Emissions 3-4 Correlation Equations 3-5 Default Zero THC Emission Factors 3-5 Average THC Emission Factors (Overall) 3-7 Average THC Emission Factors (Component specific) 3-7 LeaWNo-Leak THC Emission Factors 3-7 Stratified THC Emission Factors 3-8 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale LIST OF TABLES (Continued) PAGE SECTlON 3-1O 3-1 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 3-12 Weight Fraction of Emissions by Number of Carbons 3-8 Number of Components Installed on Pacific OCS Platforms Monitored by the MMS, and the Average Leak Rates 3-14 Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions Predicted by MMS and API/GRI Correlation Equations .3-14 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBL*4589 m 0732290 0537727 311 D-18 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBLX4589 m 2 00 7 82 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - D-19 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale m m 0732290 7 L94 D `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A P I PUBL*458q D-20 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale m 0732290 0537730 906 m `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A P I PUBL*4589 93 D-21 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale D732290 0537733 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A P I PUBL*4589 93 D-22 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - API PUBLU458S 93 m 0732290 0537732 789 D-23 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I P U B L U 93 m 0732290 0537733 b L H `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - D-24 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - D-25 A P I PUBL*4589 m 0732290 0537735 498 W APPENDIX E `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - AROMATíC SPECIATION DATA Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBL*4589 D O732290 0517736 32Ll W ORIG SITE TYPE PREBAG ISV VL CN CN VL VL 75 10000 CN VL VL 1 HYDROCARBON EMlSSlONS (cc/min) 450 Toluene 0.000098 0.000046 0.000376 0.000046 O W675 0.333709 0.729778 0.233147 0.001 887 0.026402 0.003397 2375 0.01 5559 0.004944 0.01 0.002730134 0.0031 91 0.004004 0.001 0.000728 0.001677 0.001374 O 0.000702 0.00051 0.001 647 0.002493 0.0021 0.006248 0.003063 40000 20 750 40 200 500 900 100000 2500 125 750 2000 OEL 300 7000 0.026668 VENT 200 2000 VL 100000 60000 VL OEL VL 90000 15000 6000 6000 0.00071O 0.008354 0.002857 0.000343 1 0.000449 0.029208 0.001 140 3500 Xylenes `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - E-Benzene Benzene 2 I I I I I 21 OEL VL 21 CN 21 21 VL 21 VENT 3000 70 I I roooool I 50001 I I 501 1O0 3500 701 3001 50001 50000l VL 1O000 1O0 800 OEL 100000 100000 BACK NA 2 CN VL NA NA 300 VL 1O000 3 3 BOX BOX BOX BOX BOX OEL VL VL VL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4 4 L4 VL I Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS NAI 0.076936 0.000067 0.004885 0.000530 0.000343 0.000078 0.000078 0.000078 0.0000451 0.0000 40 50 l004Sl 0.000045/ 0.0000451 0.000045l 0.0000901 0.0012611 0.0046521 0.001571( 0.0009971 0.0005451 0.00101.50501005.4050110901 0.032072' 0.0001 33 0.000935 0.0004 0.001 059 0.000530 0.000685 0.000343 0.000155 0.0000901 300 75 1ooc 1oooc moa 12 ooooc 1O00 ~~ 12 400 0.000342 0.000031 0.000469 0.000425 0.000425 0.000425 0.0000671 0.000067l 0.000067l 0.0001081 0.0001891 0.000031 I 0.0008591 0.0004131 0.0004131 E-1 Not for Resale 0.000062 0.000850 0.0001331 0.000062) 0.0008261 A P I PUBL+4589 93 m 0732270 7 260 m 11 VL 150 1500 0.009730 0.019035 0.000256 0.001406 11 VL 300 9000 0.000178 0.0001 90 0.000087 0.000175 11 1200 3000 0.001293 0.002409 0.000473 0.000723 20 300 0.001136 0.001590 100000 2000 0.000064 0.003880 0.0001 36 0.000158 11 VL OEL VL 0.000081 0.000 163 11 OEL 40 I 12001 0.004284 0.000069 I 0.000620 NAJ 500 0.004382I 0.000561 11 I I E-2 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 0.002297 0.000672] 0.002977 2 9005 7 318T m `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A P I P U B L * B S 93 E-3 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale I I I 171 171 181 19 VL VL 191 VL 18 I II VL CN CN 191 191 VL CN I I I NA1 NA1 lOOOOl 0.0000251 1000001 0.0591741 0.0125421 ~oooool ~oooool na I 40000 100000 0.080125 50000 0.014424 10000 SOO] I I 1O000I 1O000 10000 NA Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 100001 100000 I 1O000 I O000 100000 0.000013l 0.000011I 0.0108861 0.0000231 0.0217731 O.OO0003I 0.031657 0.036687 na I na1 0.0031 99 0.010614 0.012833 0.021228 0.0023781 0.002016~ 0.4729331 0.2543761 0.0021?5( 0.001844~ 0.01 4794 0.01 2542 0.201994 0.082675 Not for Resale 0.001750l 0.0035001 0.01 1227 0.033680 0.001600~ 0.003201 0.021 773 0.010886 0.015377 0.007689 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A P I PUBLX9589 D 0732290 0517739 033 APP I UBL*45BS 93 W 0732290 7 5 H I PRE- HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS kc/min) ~ CN CN 191 I 201 I 201 ~ L'L L'L UL VL I 201 I 201 -0EL NA I NA 0.0157181 0.022211 I 5000 iaooot I loo00 10000 201 I NA NA NA ~ ~ E-Benzene Xylenes 0.01 152 0.002304 0.0 10274 0.067076 0.020548 I I 0.0448391 I I I 0.0053061 I I 0.0089811 0.0096621 0.019323 0.017962 O.OOlO77l 0.002154 0.0115671 0.023134 0.006998~ U.Wl302l 0.002603 O 1933361 0.010274 I 0.020548 100000 0.046538 100000l 0.0000021 0.000001 I 0.000001 I 0.000002 0.079435 I 0.0108861 0.02 1773 100000 O 167661 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - I CN ~~ Toluene 0.019907 0.001464) 0.001241 3501 100000~ I 201 lOOOOO] 400 loo00 I I OEL 201 0.0528871 0.0131291 0.011131 0.0144241 0.0122291 0.02122e 0.010614t 201 I 100000~ 100000~ I OEL VL Benzene 0.060527 O 102384 ~~ OEL I BAG 10000 lo000 E-5 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBLX4589 m 0732290 U5L77YL m Order No 841-45890 12933C1P `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale