Api publ 4650 1997 scan (american petroleum institute)

~ STD.API/PETRO ~~ PUBL 4b50-ENGL ~ 1997 2 0 b 4 il39 I American Petroleum Institute ANALYSIS OF HIGH-MILEAGEVEHICLE EMISSIONSDATA FROM LATE-MODEL, FUEL-INJECTED VEHICLES Health and Environmental Sciences Department Publication Number 4650 February 1997 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ ~ STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b50-ENGL 9 073229U b T A nalysis of High=MiIeage-VehicIe Emissions Data from Late-Model, Fuel-Injected Vehicles Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4650 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: SIERRA RESEARCH, INC 1801 J STREET SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95814 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - FEBRUARY 1997 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ S T D - A P I / P E T R O PUBL 4b50-ENGL 1777 2 05b1i20b 901 FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED API IS NOT UNDERTAKINGTO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LE'ITERS PATENT All rights reserved No part of rhis work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, withour prior written permission from the publishel: Contact the publishe6 API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street N W ,Washington, D.C 20005 Copyright O 1997 American Petroleum Institute 111 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale S T D - A P I / P E T R O PUBL 4b50-ENGL 1977 0732270 ü5b4207 848 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONSOF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: M I STAFF CONïACT David Lax, Health and Environmental SciencesDepartment MEMBERS OF THE THE VEHICLE EMISSIONS TASK FORCE J Steve Welstand, Chairperson, Chevron Research and Technology Co John C Eckstrom, Ammo Research Center King Eng, Texaco, Inc Dennis Feist, Shell Development Co Ana Rodriguez Forker, Arco Products Co Frank S Gerry, BP America, Inc George S Musser, Exxon Research & Engineering Co Mani Natarajan,Marathon Oil Co Rick Riley, Phillips Petroleum Charles Schleyer, Mobil Research & Development iv `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ABSTRACT A recent analysis of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) on-road vehicle emission factors model, MOBILESa, suggested that exhaust emissions of newer model, fuel-injected vehicles were over-predicted at high mileage That over-prediction, which results in overpredictions of fleet-average emission rates for future calendar years, was related to the paucity of data from modem technology, high-mileage vehicles available for the development of `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - MOBILESa To bolster the database available for the next version of the MOBILE model, the American Petroleum Institute (API)sponsored a test program to investigate the exhaust emission control system deterioration characteristics of late-model, fuel-injected vehicles Seventy-five light-duty vehicles were procured and tested over the Federal Test Procedure in this program Vehicles included in the program were from the 1985 to 1992 model years, had accumulated at least 100,000 miles, and had never been subject to an inspection and maintenance (UM) program Vehicles were recruited at a site in Chicago Heights (CH), Illinois, and two separate sites in Phoenix, Arizona The test program was conducted from April 1995 to August 1996 Analysis of the data collected in this High-Mileage Vehicle (HMV) project revealed that model year was a more important determinant of emissions than fuel-injection technology (i.e.’ port fuel injection versus throttle body injection), with vehicles in the 1988 and later model year group demonstrating substantially lower emissions than vehicles in the 1985 to 1987 model year group A comparison of emissions results from vehicles tested in this program to predictions from EPA’s TECH5 model (which was used to generate base emission rate equations for MOBILESa) indicated that TECH5 may be overpredicting emissions of late-model vehicles at high mileage, which has a significant impact on fleet-average emission rates calculated by MOBILESa for future analysis years Finally, a comparison of high-mileage vehicle emissions data from this project to data collected by EPA in Hammond, Indiana (which were collected approximately four to five years prior to the HMV project and were the basis of MOBILESa) indicated that newer model year vehicles are more durable (from an emissions perspective) at equivalent age and mileage Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ ~~ STD.API/PETRO P U B L 4b50-ENGL 1997 ~ ~- 2 0 b bLO TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) wÍ% Section IMPACT OF NEW DATA ON MOBILESa BASE EMISSION RATES (continued) COMPARISON TO EMFAC7F EMISSION FACTORS 4-9 INFLUENCE OF MILEAGE A C C m A T I O N RATES AND VEHICLE AGE 5-1 REFERENCES R-1 Appendix A VEHICLE-SPECIFIC TEST RESULTS `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A-1 ~ STD.API/PETRO ~ PUBL qbSO-ENGL 1997 H 0732290 O5bq210 3 = TABLE OF CONTENTS Section las EXECUTIVESUMMARY e5-1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATABASE ES- DEVELOPMENT OF BASE EMISSION RATE EQUATIONS e5-2 IMPACT OF HMV EMISSION FACTORS ON MOBILE5a PREDICTIONS e5-3 INFLUENCE OF MLEAGE ACCUMULATION RATES AND VEHICLE AGE ON EMISSIONS e5-5 INTRODUCTION 1-1 BACKGROUND 1-1 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT 1-2 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION AND SUMMARY STATISTICS 2-1 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 2-1 SUMMARY STATISTICS 2-2 COMPARISON TO HAMMOND DATA 2-8 COMPARISON OF HIGH-MILEAGE-VEHICLE DATABASE TOTECH5 3-1 BACKGROUND 3-1 HC AND CO EMISSIONS 3-1 NOxEMISSIONS 3-3 IMPACT OF NEW DATA ON MOBILESa BASE EMISSION RATES 4-1 DISTRIBUTION OF EMITTER CATEGORIES BY MILEAGE FOR HIGH-MILEAGE VEHICLES 4-1 EMISSION RATES BY EMITTER CATEGORY 4-2 COMPOSITE EMISSION RATES FOR VEHICLES WITH MORE THAN 100.O00 MILES 4-3 COMPOSITE EMISSION RATES FOR VEHICLES WITH LESS THAN 100.O00 MILES 4-3 FLEET-AVERAGE EMISSION RATES 4-6 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ ~~ STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b50-ENGL 9 W 2 05b1i2LL M LIST OF FIGURES ms Fieure ES-1 Comparison of HC Emission Factors from TECH5 and the High-Mileage-Vehicle Study ES-3 ES-2 Comparison of Fleet-Average HC Emission Factors - MOBILE5a Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Study ES-4 ES-3 Comparison of Age-Based HC Emission Rates for Fuel-Injected Vehicles with More Than 100,000 Miles - Hammond Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database ES-6 ES-4 Comparison of Age-Based CO Emission Rates for Fuel-Injected Vehicles with More Than 100,000 Miles - Hammond Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database ES-7 ES-5 Comparison of Age-Based NOx Emission Rates for Fuel-Injected Vehicles with More Than 100,000 Miles - Hammond Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database ES-7 2-1 Mean HC Emissions by Model Year for the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database 2-6 2-2 Mean CO Emissions by Model Year for the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database 2-6 2-3 Mean NOx Emissions by Model Year for the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database 2-7 4- Comparison of Fuel-Injected-Vehicle HC Emission Rates - 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 TECH5 Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Study 4-5 Comparison of Fuel-Injected-Vehicle CO Emission Rates TECH5 Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Study 4-5 Comparison of Fuel-Injected-Vehicle NOx Emission Rates TECH5 Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Study 4-6 Comparison of Fleet-Average HC Emission Rates MOBILE5a Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Study 4-8 Comparison of Fleet-Average CO Emission Rates MOBILE5a Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Study 4-8 Comparison of Fleet-Average NOx Emission Rates MOBILE5a Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Study 4-9 Comparison of TECH5, High-Mileage-Vehicle Study, and EMFAC7F HC Emission Factors 4- 1O `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~~~~ ~ ~ STD.API/PETRO PUBL LibSO-ENGL 1797 4-8 4-9 5-1 5-2 5-3 = 2 05b4212 L O Comparison of TECH5, High-Mileage-Vehicle Study, and EMFAC7F CO Emission Factors 4- 1O Comparison of TECH5, High-Mileage-Vehicle Study, and EMFACT NOx Emission Factors 4-11 Comparison of Mean HC as a Function of Age for the Hammond and High-Mileage-Vehicle Databases 5-4 Comparison of Mean CO as a Function of Age for the Hammond and High-Mileage-Vehicle Databases -4 Comparison of Mean NOx as a Function of Age for the Hammond and High-Mileage-Vehicle Databases 5-5 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale LIST OF TABLES Table 2- oiige Distribution of Vehicles Included in the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database by Model Year, Fuel-Delivery Technology, and Site 2-3 2-2 Mean FTP Emissions fiom the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database as a Function of Fuel-Delivery Technology Compared to Predictions fiom TECH5 2-3 2-3 Mean FTP Emissions fiom the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database by Site 2-5 2-4 Mean FTP Emissions fiom the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database by Fuel Delivery Technology and Procurement Site 2-5 Mean FTP Emissions fiom the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database by Model-YearGroup 2-7 Mean FTP Emissions fiom the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database by Fuel Delivery Technology and Model-Year Group 2-8 Comparison of Mean Emission Rates, Mileages, Ages, and Sample Sizes for Fuel-Injected Vehicles in the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database and the Hammond, Indiana, Database by Mileage Increment 2-9 Distribution of Normal, High, Very High, and Super Emitters in the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database Versus TECH5 Predictions 3-2 Distribution of Emitter Categories by Model-Year Group in the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database 3-3 2-5 2-6 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 2-7 3-1 -2 -3 Mean Emission Rates of HCKO Emitter Categories in the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database Versus TECH5 Estimates 3-4 -4 Distribution of NOx Normal and High Emitters in the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database Versus TECH5 3-4 Mean Emission Rates of NOx Emitter Categories in the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database Versus TECH5 Estimates 3-5 3-5 4- Distribution of Emitter Categories by Vehicle Mileage Used in the Modeling Runs for This Analysis (Based on the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database) 4-2 4-2 Mean Emission Level by Emitter Category Used in the Modeling Runs for This Analysis (Based on the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database) 4-3 Modeled High-Mileage-Vehicle Emission Rates Based on the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database 4-3 4-3 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale -~ ~~ - ~~ S T D - A P I / P E T R O P U B L 4b50-ENGL 1997 ~ ~ ~ 073227û 05b4247 424 M5a - No I/M - HMV - NOI/M -o -.- HMV - I/M - - "1 995 2000 2005 201o Calendar Year Figure 4-6 Comparison of Fleet-Average NOx Emission Rates - MOBILESa Versus the High-Mileage-Vehicle Study COMPARISON TO EMFAC7F EMISSION FACTORS The HC, CO, and NOx emission factors developed in this study are compared to the TECH5 factors and those from the California Air Resources Board's (CARE3's) EMFAC7F emission factor model in Figures 4-7 through 4-9 For high-mileage vehicles, the EMFAC7F factors (which represent a non-VM case for 1990 model year passenger cars) are much closer to the results obtained in this study than are the TECH5 factors Note that differences in CO and NOx emission standards between federal and California vehicles have oniy a slight impact on the zeromile levels observed in Figures 4-8 and 4-9 The CO zero-mile level is slightly higher in the EMFAC7F model (federal vehicles are certified to more stringent CO emission standards), while the NOx zero-mile level is slightly lower in the EMFACT model (California vehicles are certified to more stringent NOx emission standards) 4-9 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - M5a I/M ~~ - TECH5 HMV Study o o EMFAC7F (1990MY) Figure 4-7 Comparison of T E C E , High-Mileage-Vehicle Study, and EMFAC7F HC Emission Factors - TECH5 50 - HMV Study o - EMFAC7F (1990 MY) Figure 4-8 Comparison of TECHS, High-Mileage-Vehicle Study, and EMFAC7F CO Emission Factors 4-10 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - o ~ STD.API/PETRO PUBL Lib5O-ENGL 1997 Figure 4-9 0732270 05b4249 2T7 Comparison of TECHS, High-Mileage-Vehicle Study, and EMFAC’IF NOx Emission Factors 4-1 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale S T D A P I / P E T R O PUBL 4b50-ENGL L777 0732290 05b425û TL9 Section INFLUENCE OF MILEAGE ACCUMULATION RATES AND VEHICLE AGE `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - An important consideration in the evaluation of emission control system deterioration is how rapidly a vehicle accumulates mileage One concern about the use of emissions data from highmileage, late-model vehicles to forecast emission rates for future model year vehicles is that those data are oRen from vehicles that accumulate mileage at a faster-than-average rate In the past, EPA has argued that those vehicles are atypical and not reflect normal emission control system deterioration In the development of base emission rate equations for MOBILESa, EPA attempted to address this issue by using only data from 1987 and later model year vehicles to generate emitter category growth functions for O to 50,000 miles, while data from pre-1987 model year vehicles were used to generate emitter category growth functions for mileages above 50,000.5 (Recall that the Hammond data used for MOBILESa were collected in the 1990 to 1992 timeframe.) Because of the importance placed on mileage accumulation versus vehicle age, mileage accumulation rates need to be considered with respect to the data collected in the HMV project Thus, an assessment of mileage accumulation versus vehicle age for those vehicles was performed, and the results are summarized in this section of the report Table 5-1 presents a distribution of vehicles in the HMV database by age group Included in the table are estimates of mean age, mean model year, mean mileage, and the mileage that would be estimated by MOBILE5a based on the average age of each age group (Vehicle age was determined by subtracting the average date each model year was sold, i.e., April of the calendar year corresponding to model year, from the test date logged into the database.) In addition to this model year breakdown, the analytical methodology used to generate emitter categoxy growth functions for MOBILESa (i.e., the somewhat arbitrary ‘‘kink” at 50,000 miles) tended to mute the uifluence of highmileage vehicles (i.e., vehicles with more than 100,000 miles) on the emission factors developed for MOBILE5a This effect is discussed in detail in Sierra Research, 1994 5-1 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale Table 5- I Mean Age and Mileage of Vehicles Included in the High-Mileage-Vehicle Database Age Group Sample Sue Mean Age Mean Model Year Mean Mileage MOBILESa Mileage Those results indicate that the vehicles in the HMV database accumulated mileage at a faster rate than the average assumed by the MOBILESa model (which assigns mileage accumulation on the basis of vehicle age) As one would expect, the difference is greatest for the newest vehicles tested in the H M V project For 1988 and older model years, the difference averages about 20,000 to 25,000 miles To determine if emission control system in-use performance has improved with later model years, as the data fiom the H M V project suggest, emission rates fiom vehicles in EPA's Hammond, Indiana, emission factors program can be compared to those fiom the HMV project at equivalent ages and mileages (Because of the time frame in which vehicles were tested in the two programs, the HMV database reflects vehicles that are about 4.5 years newer on a mdel-vear basis.) To perform this analysis, fuel-injected vehicles with more than 100,000 miles from the Hammond database (which was used in the development of MOBILESa) were -2 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ ~ ~ ~ STD.API/PETRO P U B L 4b50-ENGL 1997 0732291 05bLi252 891 analyzed to determine average age, odometer, emission rates, etc For those vehicle age groups with overlap between the two databases (i.e., where age groups showed up in both databases), and where sample sizes are sufficient to make a meaningful comparison, mean emission levels were computed; these are presented in Table 5-2 The results summarized in Table 5-2 indicate that at the sume age und mileage, vehicles from Hammond database Although there is some erratic behavior in CO emissions for the 9.5-year age group, i.e., the Hammond CO data are significantly cleaner than the HMV CO data, the trends clearly demonstrate that emission control system deterioration has improved with newer model year vehicles (The apparent anomaly in the 9.5-year age group is likely related to the small sample size of the HMV data - only vehicles fell in this group.) To give some perspective on the magnitude of the differencesbetween the datasets, the results in Table 5-2 are illustrated in Figures 5-1 through 5-3 for HC, CO, and NOx, respectively Table 5-2 Comparison of Fuel-Injected-Vehicle Emissions as a Function of Vehicle Age Hammond Versus High-Mileage-Vehicle Database Database HlghMileageVehicle study Hammond Average Age Sample Sue Mean Model Year Mean Odometer HC (g/mi) CO (p/mi) NOx (g/mi) 6.5 17 1989.1 124,l O0 0.57 6.66 1.11 7.4 10 1988.5 115,200 0.39 4.40 0.86 8.4 17 1987.2 128,100 0.91 11.50 1.65 9.5 1986.5 122,000 1.52 28.22 1.28 6.5 61 1984.6 119,100 1.29 15.94 1.49 7.4 60 1983.8 119,900 1.57 20.72 1.92 8.4 58 1982.7 120,l O0 1.48 12.86 2.42 9.3 21 1981.4 127,300 1.56 14.34 2.25 ' 5-3 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - the HMV project are generally much cleaner than the earlier model year vehicles from the 1.8 rn - Hammond Database Dzbase n=58 o 0.6 0.4 02 II - Figure 5-1 6.5 7.4 8.4 Mean Aga (Years) 9.5 Comparison of Mean HC as a Function of Age for the Hammond and High- 3ûr -i n=a I WHarnrnond Database I n=60 6.5 f.4 8.4 9.5 Mean Aga (Years) Figure 5-2 Comparison of Mean CO as a Function of Age for the Hammond and HighMileage-Vehicle Databases Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Mileage-Vehicle Databases = 073t?270 b ~~ S T D - A P I / P E T R O PUBL 4b50-ENGL 1797 2.5 k na58 bb4 Harnmond Database ;=base ndn 6.5 Figure 5-3 7.4 8.4 Mean Age (Yean) 9.5 Comparison of Mean NOx as a Function of Age for the Hammond and HighMileage-Vehicle Databases Table 5-3 summarizes a finalcomparison made between the Hammond and HMV databases, presenting the same comparison as in Table 5-2, except only PFI fuel delivery technology is considered The table demonstrates that significant differences in age-based emissions exist when comparing results across model years (Unfortunately, the smaller sample of TBI vehicles in the HMV database prevented a similar comparison for TBI vehicles.) Similar to the results presented in Table 5-2, the 9.5-year age group also exhibits erratic behavior in the HMV database, which is likely the result of the small sample size for that group 5-5 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale Table 5-3 Comparison of PFI Vehicle Emissions as a Function of Vehicle Age - Hammond Versus High-Mileage-Vehicle Database Average Age Sample Sue Mean Model Year Mean Odometer HC CO Database (@mi) (@mi) NOx (@mi) High- 6.5 14 1989.1 124,300 0.64 7.21 1.O9 MileageVehicle study 7.4 1988.6 113,300 0.41 4.03 0.53 8.4 10 1987.3 122,900 0.52 5.89 0.97 9.5 1986.5 127,000 1.84 35.24 1.51 6.5 18 1984.7 132,100 1.93 24.84 1.O6 7.4 20 1983.7 119,400 2.63 1.36 1.96 8.4 15 1982.4 118,400 1.27 8.78 2.09 9.2 1981.3 126,200 1.39 6.95 2.05 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Hammond 5-6 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ ~ ~ S T D - A P I / P E T R O P U B L L(b5O-ENGL 1777 ~ 2 0 b b 437 REFERENCES Sierra Research 1994 Investigation of MOBILESUEmission Factors - Evaluation of IM240-to-FTP Correlation and Base Emission Rate Equations API Publication No 4605 American Petroleum Institute `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - R- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale m S T D A P I / P E T R O PUBL 4b.50-ENGL 9 7 2 0 b 373 Appendix A `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS VEHICLE-SPECIFICTEST RESULTS Not for Resale S T D - A P I / P E T R O PUBL b - E N G L 9 E 0732290 b 20T `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - C o al *z n -o i sa al CI) m -al Ec CI) I I al E r a u) c u) al t n I- LL U C m O d N - A- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale - -~ ~~ STD.API/PETRO PUBL Lib5O-ENGL 1777 15 s ' i 2 05blr259 q b m E p o E d o I $ oa I #?4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 l `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A-2 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ - ~~~ S T D - A P I / P E T R O PUBL b - E N G L 7 02971.40ClP `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 2 0 b 121 Not for Resale - American 1220 L Street, Northwest Petroleum Washington, D L 20005 Institute 202-682-8000 http://w.api org RELATED API PUBLICATIONS PubI 4605 Investigation of MOBILE5a Emission Factors: Evaluation of lM240-to-FTP Correlation and Base Emission Rate Equations, June 1994 Publ 4604 Investigation of MOBILE5a Emission Factors: Evaluation of IIM and LEV Program Benefits, June 1994 Publ 4603 Investigation of MOBILE5a Emission Factors:Assessment of Exhaust and Nonexhaust Emission Factor Methodologies and Oxygenate Etfects, June 1994 I To order, call API Publications Department (202) 682-8375 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - ~ Order No I46500 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale