Api publ 800 1988 scan (american petroleum institute)

Literature Survey Subsurface and Groundwater Protection Related to Petroleum Refinery Operations API PUBLICATION 800 SEPTEMBER 1988 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, D.C 20005 11) `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale PUBL 800-88 0732270 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - ooiEiEJ- Literature Survey Subsurface and Groundwater Protection Related to Petroleum Refinery Operations Refining Department API PUBLICATION 800 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale PUBL BOO-ôô 2 0036082 SPECIAL NOTES 1, A P L PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, OR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDITIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER, OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright 1988 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 1- PUBL BOO-BB r 07322qo 001b083 FOREWORD `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - This literature survey was conducted under the direction of the API Committee on Refinery Environmental Control The purpose of the study was to determine by means of a literature search what information has been published relating to the impact of petroleum refinery operations on subsurface soils and on groundwater with special reference to potential contamination problems The survey was performed by Woodward-Clyde Consultants under contract to the American Petroleum Institute Questions concerning the contents of this report should be addressed to the director of the Refining Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 0 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS o Not for Resale PUBL 0 - ô ~ 2 0OOLb084 r TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE LITERATURE SEARCH 2.1 2.2 3 Computer Search Manual Search 3.0 ANNOTATION PROCESS 4.0 PREVENTION ANNOTATIONS 5.0 DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT ANNOTATIONS 26 6.0 CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP ANNOTATIONS 47 7.0 REGULATORY BACKGROUND 80 8.0 7.1 EPA Groundwater Protection Strategy 80 7.2 Selected Examples of Some S t a t e and Local Requirements 7.2.1 Illinois 7.2.2 Louisiana 7.2.3 New J e r s e y 7.2.4 Texas 82 83 83 84 84 REGULATORY ANNOTATIONS 86 8.1 Clean Water A c t 8.1.1 Discharge of Oil 8.1.2 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 8.1.3 National Primary Drinking Water Standards 8.1.4 Dredge and Fill Operations 87 87 87 88 88 8.2 S a f e Drinking Water A c t 8.2.1 Underground Injection Control Program 8.2.2 Wellhead Protection Program 8.2.3 Sole Source Aquifer Program 89 89 89 90 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale PUBL 800-88 07322q0 0036085 r Page REGULATORY ANNOTATIONS, continued 8.3 Solid Waste Disposal A c t 8.3.1 Land Disposal of Solid Wastes 8.3.2 Generation, Transportation, and Disposal of Hazardous Waste 8.3.3 Solid Waste Management Units 8.3.4 Surface Impoundments 8.3.5 Waste Piles 8.3.6 Land T r e a t m e n t 8.3.7 Landfills 8,3.8 Interim S t a t u s Requirements 8.3.9 Management of Hazardous Waste at New Land Disposal Restrictions 8.3.10 Land Disposal Restrictions 8.3.1 Hazardous Waste Program 91 91 92 93 94 95 95 95 96 96 97 97 8.4 Toxic Substances Control A c t 98 8.5 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability A c t of 1980 99 8.6 Regulatory Annotations from t h e General L i t e r a t u r e REFERENCES TABLE 103 REFINERY GROUNDWATER AND SUBSURFACE OUTLINE Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 100 Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 8.0 PUBL 0 - 8 I0732270 OOLb08b o r LITERATURE SURVEYt SUBSURFACE AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION RELATED TO PETROLEUM REFINERY OPERATIONS 1.0 INTRODUCTION This r e p o r t is t h e principal product of a study under c o n t r a c t to t h e American Petroleum Institute (API) to prepare t h e background basis f o r development of a series of monographs on subsurface and groundwater protection at petroleum refineries T h e study was designed t o determine by a l i t e r a t u r e search what information has been published relating to t h e i m p a c t of petroleum refinery operations on subsurface soils and on groundwater with special r e f e r e n c e to potential contamination problems following phases: T h e study addresses this overall objective in t h e Conducting a detailed li t e r a t u r e search for existing publications, reports, papers, etc t h a t address specific topics enumerated in t h e initial outline prepared by t h e API (Table 1) Preparation of a n annotated bibliography for e a c h pertinent li t e r a t u r e citation based upon a review of t h e publications Supplying copies of t h e l i t e r a t u r e c i t e d in t h e annotated bibliography Identifying topics for which no l i t e r a t u r e could b e found and additional topics identified during t h e study for which l i t e r a t u r e is available and which a r e pertinent to refinery groundwater and subsurface soil considerations In accordance with t h e objectives of t h e study, t h i s report contains: (I) a n explanation of how t h e l i t e r a t u r e search was conducted, (2) annotations f o r pertinent articles, (3) a list of references including a r t i c l e s annotated and a r t i c l e s reviewed but n o t annotated, (4) a discussion of applicable Federal S t a t u t e s a n d Regulations, and annotations for pertinent regulatory programs under t h e f i v e principal s t a t u t e s t h a t apply t o petroleum refinery operations, and ( ) a discussion of e l e m e n t s of t h e Refinery Groundwater and Subsurface Outline f o r which f e w o r Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - no references w e r e found With respect to Item 4, t h e principal a r e a in which t h e l i t e r a t u r e is notably deficient is low toxicity inorganic wastes produced at refineries O t h e r than textbook and manual coverages, t h e l i t e r a t u r e search yielded f e w references to common refinery contaminants of low toxicity, such as sulphides, chloride, phenols and nitrogen compounds, and spent acids a n d alkalis Although these compounds m a k e up t h e bulk of potential pollutants from refineries, they a r e handled routinely in wastewater t r e a t m e n t systems a n d are not generally perceived by t h e public or regulators as posing severe problems requiring remediation This tolerant perception is likely to change, however, especially with r e s p e c t to phenol compounds Phenol, f o r example, is classed a hazardous chemical and was included in t h e list of priority pollutants under Section 110 of SARA (Superfund Amendments a n d Reauthorization Act), which may require regulation under t h e S a f e Drinking Water Act T h e federal w a t e r qualify c r i t e r i a f o r carcinogenic risk at t h e 10-5 level is 3.5 ug/l f o r phenol Furthermore, at least 23 states include phenol in Water Quality Standards or C r i t e r i a for protection of a q u a t i c life Liquid effluents generally a r e t r e a t e d by physical separation of components, chemical flocculation, and biological t r e a t m e n t oily (including biooxidation, trickling filters, or a c t i v a t e d sludge treatment) T h e cleaned water, containing dissolved inorganic m a t t e r generally is discharged to surface waters, leaving a residue of organic and inorganic sludge consisting of mineral particles, recalcitrant organic compounds, and m e t a l s (mainly chromium, lead, a n d zinc) The sludge is commonly disposed of by land farming, which allows f u r t h e r biodegradation of recalcitrant hydrocarbons (PAHs) organics including polynuclear aromatic Solid refinery wastes comprise a wide range of materials in addition to sludges, including spent m e t a l catalysts, t r e a t m e n t clays, f i l t e r cake, ash, silt, etc Some of these materials, such as spent m e t a l catalysts, have value and, therefore, are recycled However, most o t h e r solids have little salvage value, a n d if nonhazardous a r e disposed of mainly as landfill Information on t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d disposal of inorganic liquid and solid waste is s c a t t e r e d throughout t h e sanitary engineering l i t e r a t u r e and commonly is not identified as refinery or petroleum industry waste `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale Searching t h e l i t e r a t u r e for P U B 800-88 I 2 0016088 references only indirectly applicable to impacts of petroleum refining on groundwater would not b e cost-effective in view of t h e ready availability of information on industrial w a s t e t r e a t m e n t in textbooks and manuals 2.0 THE LITERATURE SEARCH T h e information needed f o r this project was obtained from computer and manual searches of t h e principal d a t a bases relating to petroleum refining and groundwater These were t h e API C e n t r a l Abstracting and Indexing Service (CAIS) D a t a Base, t h e CAS ONLINE System of t h e American Chemical Society, t h e National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and Ground-Water On-Line, t h e National Ground Water Information C e n t e r D a t a of t h e National Water Well Association Manual searching of conference proceedings and published li t e r a t u r e s e a r c h e s was employed to supplement t h e computer search, and as a quality check on t h e computerized d a t a systems 2.1 Computer Search Carrying out a computer search required t h a t a descriptor l i s t b e compiled t h a t would lead to printouts of appropriate references without overwhelming t h e searcher with g r e a t masses of irrelevant material I t was found necessary to a d a p t t h i s basic list to f i t specific d a t a systems, which have a thesaurus of t e r m s t h a t m u s t b e used to access their system T h e several d a t a bases provided access to several hundred thousand references CAS ONLINE, for example, draws upon 12,000 scientific and technical journals published in 140 nations, The computer searches yielded a total of 559 citations Review of these citations indicated t h a t 117 merited follow-up, a f t e r exclusion of foreign language sources, news magazine citations, redundancy and citations n o t appropriate to t h e project 2.2 Manual Search A s many citations were to proceedings of conferences addressed to petroleum releases to groundwater, and to published l i t e r a t u r e searches on various `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale r PUBL 800-BB ~ 2 000Lb089 b a s p e c t s of these topics, these sources were scanned directly for additional citations In this fashion, a t a r g e t list of 1,375 citations to a r t i c l e s in English a n d pertinent to petroleum and groundwater contamination was compiled, which includes t h e 117 citations from t h e computer searches, The list includes such diverse topics as: gasoline spills from pipelines a n d service stations, land farming of refinery wastes, prevention and detection of tank leaks, biodegradation of hydrocarbons in t h e unsaturated zone, a n d management of hydrocarbon vapors in t h e subsurface, to name but a few Although t h e majority of references a n n o t a t e d a r e not specific to refinery properties, essentially all a r e deemed to have at least some transfer value to refinery operations as related to ground water 3.0 ANNOTATION PROCESS Annotations w e r e prepared following review of t h e subject document They `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - contain a brief description as appropriate to t h e author's approach, followed by a summary of t h e principal conclusions In a small percentage (less than 10 percent) of t h e articles, t h e author's a b s t r a c t was suitable for use without material modification However, in general, authors' a b s t r a c t s failed to describe t h e approach, and/or were not explicit about results The annotations are arranged alphabetically within four sections corresponding to t h e principal topic headings of t h e Groundwater a n d Subsurface Outline (Table I); namely, prevention, detection and assessment, containment and cleanup, and regulatory background Articles t h a t spanned more than a single topic were classified according to t h e principal focus Of t h e 111 a r t i c l e s annotated, 41 percent w e r e classified as containment and cleanup, 29 percent as prevention (including equipment and operating practices), 26 percent as detection and assessment, and percent as regulatory background T h e regulatory component h a s been augmented by annotations to Federal statutes and regulations In considering t h e breakdown shown above, it is well to keep in mind t h a t some bias is built i n t o t h e classification of containment and cleanup as compared to detection, because all descriptions of cleanups necessarily involve a n e l e m e n t of detection of a problem before cleanup is undertaken and monitoring of t h e results T h e s a m e sort of overlap, however, does not apply to t h e o t h e r categories Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale r PUBL 800-ôô - 0732270 O O L b Z L O Patrick, G., J.F Barker, R.W Gillham, C.I Mayfield, a n d D Major, IlThe Behaviour of Soluble Petroleum Product Derived Hydrocarbons in Ground Water: PACE Rept No 86-1, Petrol Assoc Environment, Ottawa, 1-59, 1986 f o r Conservation of P h a s e II, t h e Canadian Patrick, G C., C J Ptacek, R W Gillham, J F Barker, J C Cherry, D Major, C I Mayfield, a n d R D Dickhout, IlThe Behaviour of Soluble Petroleum Product Phase I," PACE R e p o r t No 85-3, Petrol Derived Hydrocarbons in Groundwater: Assoc f o r Conservation of t h e Canadian Environment, O t t a w a , I-70,1985 Pawley, J D., llGroundwater Pollution: A Case Study," Journal Amer Water Works Association, V 74, No 8, 404-407, 1982 Pelikan, V., llHydraulic Protection of Ground Waters Against Oil Substances1!, Proc., I n f l Symposium of Ground Water Pollution by Oil Hydrocarbons, Prague, Czech., I n f l Association of Hydrogeologists, 61-71,1978 Pelikan, V., M Kucera, a n d M Polenka, IlThe Application of Soil Air Analysis in Order to D e t e r m i n a t e t h e E x t e n t of Groundwater Contamination Due to Petroleum Products11, Proc., Int'l Symposium on Ground Water Pollution by Oil Hydrocarbons, Prague, Czech., In tll Associa tion of H ydrogeologists, 73-81, 1978 P e t e r e c , L., and C Modesitt, llPumping from Multiple Wells Reduces Water Production Requirements: Recovery of Motor Vehicle Fuels, Long Island, N.Y.," Proc., NWWA/API Conf on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water - Prevention, Detection, a n d Restoration, Natll Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, 358-373, 1985 Pfannkuch, H-O., "Determination of t h e Contaminant Source Strength from Mass Exchange Processes at t h e Petroleum-Ground-Water I n t e r f a c e i n Shallow Aquifer N W WA/API Conf on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water - Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, Nat'l Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, 111-129, 1984 125 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Systems", Proc., PUBL 800-88 0732290 O O L b Z L L O Plumb, R H., Jr., and A M Pitchford, tlVolatileOrganic Scans: Implications f o r Ground Water Monitoring," Proc., N W WA/API Conf on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water -Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, Narl Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, 207-222,1985 Poi trast, B J., "Polynuclear Hydrocarbons," U.S.A.F Off H e a l t h a n d Environ `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Rept 86-954C00253GCE, 14,1986 Predpall, D.F., W Rogers, and A Lamont, "An Underground Tank Spilï Prevention Programt1, Proc., NW WA/API Conf on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water - Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, N a t % Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, 17-32, 1984 Price, L C., ttAqueous Solubility of Petroleum as Applied to Its Origin and P r i m a r y Migration," Amer Assoc Petroleum Geologists Bull., V 60, No 2, 213-244, 1976 Pyseck, A., and J Svoma, llGeobotanical a n d Photographical Indication of Oil Spills," Proc., I n f l Symposium on Ground Water Pollution by Oil Hydrocarbons, Int'l Association of Hydrogeologists, Prague, Czech., 363-377,1978 Quince, J R., ''Subsurface Hydrocarbon Spill, Identification a n d Recovery," Proc., Third Nat'l Symposium on Aquifer R e s t o r a t i o n and Ground Water Monitoring, Nat'l Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, 47-50,1983 Quinn, E.J., T.N Wasielewski a n d H.L Conway, "Assessment of Coal Tar C o n s t i t u e n t Migration: I m p a c t 'on Soils, Ground Water and S u r f a c e Waterv1,Proc., NW WA/API Conf on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water - Prevention, Detection, a n d Restoration, Nat% Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, 111-127, 1985 Raddell, C.F and D.A Palombo, ltMonitoring a n d Recovery of Free Hydrocarbons f r o m a Shallow Aquifer", Proc., Sixth Nafl Symposium and Exposition of Aquifer 126 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale PUBL B O O - B A 0732290 O O L b Z Restoration and Ground Water Monitoring, Columbus, OH, Nat'l Water Well Association, 466-481, 1986 R a m , N M., P Exner, R Bell, and S Santos, llFeasibility of T r e a t i n g C o n t a m i n a t e d Ground Water at a Hazardous Waste Site," Proc., NWWA/API Conf on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water - Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, N a f l Water Well Association, Dublin, OH, 513-535,1985 Raymond, R L., J O Hudson, and V W Jamison, "Oil Degradation in Soil,