english linguistics

ENGLISH LINGUISTICS REVIEW PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 1.Phonetics and Phonology a.What is phonetics? *Phonetics and articulators/organs of speech *Articulatory Phonetics: *Auditory Phonetics: *Acoustic Phonetics *3 aspects of the study of phones/sounds: -physical: articulation, height, length, quality, loudness, pitch, melody -accent: regional characteristics -social: phonetically distinctive features, social effect Phoneme - Phone - Allophone 1.Speech sounds are the movements of the air through human articulators (organs of speech). The air moves through * the nasal cavity (the nose), nasal sounds /m, n, …/ appear; * the oral cavity (the mouth), oral sounds /p, b, f, v, t, d, …/ appear; * the two lips, bi-labial sounds /p, b, m,…/ appear… 2.Unit of Phonetics and Phonology: Phoneme, phone, and allophone: * A phonetic unit or segment is called a phone. * A phoneme is a more abstract unit. It is defined as the smallest unit of language existing as such a speech - sound which is capable of distinguishing one word from another or one grammatical form of a word from another form of the same word. * An allophone can be defined as a predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme. An actually pronounced speech sound is always a variant ( allophone) of a phoneme. Different allophones of one and the same phonemes are speech sounds which have one or more articulatory features and, therefore, acoustic features in common and at the same time differ from each other in some (usually slight) degree because of the influence of their position, of the neighboring speech sounds and of other purely phonetic factors upon them. * An allophone is a variant of a phoneme. The allophones of a phoneme form a set of sounds that (a) do not change the meaning of a word, (b) are all very similar to one another, and (c) occur in phonetic contexts different from one another and (d) have non -distinctive differences. * In other words, + Phoneme is the minimal meaningless unit of language. It contains a bundle of phonetic distinctive features, e.g. / i: / [vocalic] [front] [long] [unrounded] [close] [high]; / k / [consonantal] [velar] [stop/plosive] [voiceless] b.The classification of phonemes: *Segmental phonemes (consonants, vowels) based on -phonetically distinctive features, articulation, height, length, quality *Suprasegmental phonemes (stress, intonation) based on -loudness (height, length, voice quality), -loudness, tempo, timbre, melody c.The classification of Consonants based on *Points of articulation/Articulators/Organs of speech *Manner of articulation *Voice *Aspiration d.The classification of Vowels based on *Position of the tongue *Length of the tongue *Height of the tongue *Shape of the lips HỆ THỐNG PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ- IPA ALPHABETS IPA: CONSONANTS/PHỤ ÂM QUỐC TẾ  DIPHTHONG  A diphthong is a combination of two vowels pronounced within one syllable.  The first element of a diphthong is called the nucleus, the second element is called the glide. The nucleus is a strong, clear and distinct vowel sound. The glide is weak in the articulation of a diphthong. The organs of speech start from the position necessary for the first vowels and glide in the direction of the second vowels . The first element in all the diphthongs is stressed and is stronger than the second. e.g. /ai/ /au/ /i ∂ / /u ∂ / [...]... accommodation the accommodated sound does not change its main phonemic features and is pronounced as a variant of the same phoneme slightly modified under the influence of a neighbouring sound In modern English there are six main types of accommodation: 2.1 Rounding: An unrounded variant of a consonant phoneme is replaced by its rounded variant under the influence of a following rounded vowel phoneme,... clusters E.g acts -> /æks/, looked back /luk bæk/ 3.3.Loss of final v in "of" before consonants E.g lots of them /lot ∂ ð∂ m/ 3.4.Contractions of grammatical words E.g Had -> 'd; Is > 's 4.Weakening: In English speech, there are certain words which have two forms of pronunciation: a- strong, or full, form and b- weak, or reduced form As an example, the word can can be pronounced as /kæn/ (strong form)... (V): - Helen came here -Direct/Indirect Object (DO/IO): - Helen gave sweets to Jim -Complement (C): - Helen was director of the company -Adverbial (A): - Helen came here 4.2.in Phrases: -Modifier (M): - English pronunciation is very difficult -Determiner (D): - This man is head of the club 5.Basic structures/ Obligatory structures: 5.1.S+V: Birds fly in the sky (NP+VP) 5.2.S+V+A: Helen lived here (NP+V+ADV) . ENGLISH LINGUISTICS REVIEW PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 1.Phonetics and Phonology a.What is phonetics? *Phonetics. of the same phoneme slightly modified under the influence of a neighbouring sound. In modern English there are six main types of accommodation: 2.1. Rounding: An unrounded variant of a consonant. ð ∂ m/ 3.4.Contractions of grammatical words. E.g. Had > 'd; Is > 's 4.Weakening: In English speech, there are certain words which have two forms of pronunciation: a- strong, or full,