ASTM INTERNATIONAL Selected Technical Papers Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS): Performance, Progress and Innovation STP 1585 Editors Peter E Nelson Bill Egan Selected technical PaPerS StP1585 Editors: Peter E Nelson, Bill Egan Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS): Performance, Progress, and Innovation ASTM Stock #STP1585 DOI: 10.1520/STP1585-EB ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Symposium on Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems: Performance, Progress and Innovation (2014 : New Orleans, La.), creator | Nelson, Peter E., 1953- editor | Egan, Bill (Civil engineer), editor | ASTM Committee E-6 on Performance of Buildings Subcommittee E06.58 on Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems Title: Exterior insulation and f nish systems (EIFS) : performance, progress, and innovation / editors, Peter E Nelson, Bill Egan Description: West Conshohocken, PA : ASTM International, [2016] | Papers presented at a symposium held October 5-6, 2014, in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA The symposium was sponsored by ASTM International E06 on Performance of Buildings and Subcommittee E06.58 on Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems | Includes bibliographical references and index Identi f ers: LCCN 2016007700 (print) | LCCN 2016007854 (ebook) | ISBN 9780803176157 | ISBN 9780803176164 (eBook) | ISBN 9780803176164 () Subjects: LCSH: Exterior insulation and f nish systems—Congresses | Exterior walls—Thermal properties—Congresses Classi f cation: LCC TH2238.7 S96 2014 (print) | LCC TH2238.7 (ebook) | DDC 693.8/32—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016007700 Copyright © 2016 ASTM INTERNATIONAL, West Conshohocken, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, f lm, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the 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peer reviewers In keeping with long-standing publication practices, ASTM International maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers The ASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and e fort on behalf of ASTM International Citation of Papers When citing papers from this publication, the appropriate citation includes the paper authors, “paper title,” STP title, STP number, book editor(s), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, year, page range, paper DOI listed in the footnote of the paper A citation is provided on page one of each paper Printed in Mayf eld, PA March, 2016 Foreword THIS COMPILATION OF Selected Technical Papers, STP1 585, Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS): Performance, Progress, and Innovation , contains peerreviewed papers that were presented at a symposium held October 5–6, 2014, in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA e symposium was sponsored by ASTM International E06 on Performance of Buildings and Subcommittee E06.58 on Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems T Symposium Chairpersons and STP Editors: Peter E Nelson Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Waltham, MA, USA Bill Egan BASF Corporation Jacksonville, FL, USA Contents Overview vii Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems—Then and Now Code Acceptance of Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems and Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems with Drainage Compatibility and Integration Details: The Keys to Providing Durable EIFS-Clad Exterior Walls 16 Energy and Moisture Impact of Exterior Insulation and Finish System Walls in the United States 52 Exterior Continuous Insulation and the Positive Impact on Building Envelope Performance—Achieving New Energy Code Wall Insulation Metrics 67 Beyond the Misconceptions, EIFS Can No Longer Go Unnoticed 80 Successful Strategies for EIFS Over-Cladding 88 Design and Construction Considerations for EIFS and Exterior Wall Claddings That Incorporate Continuous Insulation 113 Exterior Insulation and Finish System Code Requirements and Fire Performance 130 Peter E Nelson William M Preston Michael Horst Andre Desjarlais and David Johnston Robert W Dazel Scott Robinson A Judson Taylor Eric S Auman and Bill Egan Jesse J Beitel v Exterior Durability Evaluation and Testing of EIFS Finishes f 144 Je rey J Sobczak and James T Connaughton Energy Savings from an EIFS Retro f t of a Single-Family Residence 171 Peter B H arrison A Review of Cladding Drainage Testing, Standards and Codes 183 Theresa A Weston and Kimdol yn Boone A Case Study of Construction Challenges and Solutions: Installation of Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) to an Existing Residential Structure 197 Terry L Viness Use of Glass Mat Gypsum Sheathing as a Substrate for Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) 216 Brian G Randal l , Warren Barber, and Thad Goodman EIFS Mesh Coating Improvements 237 M ark J N ewton and Eri c Smith f High-E ciency Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems: R-30 Walls in Three-Inch Thickness—Modeling, Performance Testing, and Installation 248 Steve Al tum, Lawrence Carbary, Aaron Seitz, Bil l Preston, Rol and Serino, and And rew Dunl ap Applicability of Fluid-Applied Air and Water-Resistive Barriers in Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems for Use in Other Cladding Systems Katherine S Wi ssink, Laura K Bashaw, and Peter E N el son vi 265 Overview T Tf is was the third ASTM symposium that speci sulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) e f cally pertained to Exterior In- rst ASTM EIFS symposium (1 992, Wash- ington, D C) concentrated on development, use, and performance of EIFS, while the second ASTM EIFS symposium (1 995, Denver, CO) focused on materials, proper- T ties, and performance is symposium reviewed many of the changes that have occurred in or impacted EIFS over the past two decades Topics discussed included progress with development of industry standards, tests, system performance, building codes, water resistive barriers, energy, products, and applications vii EXTERIOR INSULATION AND FINISH SYSTEMS (EIFS): PERFORMANCE, PROGRESS, AND INNOVATION STP 1585, 2016 / available online at www astm org / doi: 10 1520/STP158520140111 Peter E Nelson Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems—Then and Now Citation Nelson, P E., “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems—Then and Now,” Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS): Performance, Progress, and Innovation , ASTM STP1585, P E Nelson and B Egan, Eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, pp 1–7, doi:10.1520/ STP158520140111 ABSTRACT This paper reviews some of the pressing issues and challenges presented in papers from the first two ASTM exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) symposiums (ASTM STP1187—September 1992 and ASTM STP1269—March 1995) and compares them to EIFS today What has changed, and what has not, over the last two decades? What pressing problems from 20 years ago have been addressed (e.g., absence of many options for drainable systems)? What new problems have emerged (e.g., additional code-mandated restrictions and concerns with combustible foam plastics as part of exterior wall assemblies)? What additional benefits of EIFS have emerged or been more fully appreciated in recent years (e.g., code-mandated emphasis on continuous exterior insulation)? Keywords exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS), barrier EIFS, drainage EIFS Introduction This chapter reviews some of the issues and challenges presented in the first two ASTM exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) symposiums (ASTM STP1187, held in Washington, DC, September 1992, and ASTM STP1269, held in Denver, CO, March 1995) and summarizes a few of the many topics the symposia authors Manuscript received September 23, 2014; accepted for publication August 21, 2015 Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., 41 Seyon St., Waltham, MA 02453 ASTM Symposium on Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS): Performance, Progress, and Innovation on October 5–6, 2014 in New Orleans Copyright VC 2016 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 WISSINK ETAL., DOI 10.1520/STP158520140112 Although this modified test still does not exactly replicate the in-service conditions of the membrane, it uses a more common wall sheathing substrate and takes advantage of the gasketing effect that can exist when fastening a component The tests were conducted in a horizontal orientation (although these products are intended for vertical applications) because the hydrostatic head exerts the same pressure in all directions and for ease of testing SPECIMEN CONDITIONING To assess the long-term durability of the membranes, water absorption and elongation specimens were conditioned by exposing them to UV light, freezing temperatures, accelerated aging, and water After exposure, the tests listed earlier were repeated Specimens were only exposed to a single conditioning factor not the aggregate of all the conditioning In the field, multiple exposures will be expected on the membrane All specimens were cured for the time specified by the manufacturer prior to conditioning All specimens were stored at room temperature for 24 h prior to testing The specimens were conditioned as follows: • UV Exposure: Using a QUV machine, the specimens were exposed to UV light for 14 days with 22 h of UV light followed by h of simulated condensation each day It is important to note that no direct correlation can be made between hours in the QUV machine and days exposed to atmospheric conditions on a job site • Freezing Temperatures: The specimens were exposed to 20 ? F ( ? 7? C) temperatures for 48 h Specimens were exposed to freezing temperatures only once; the testing did not include cycling through freeze-thaw The intent of this testing was to evaluate the short-term effects of freezing temperatures on the selected performance characteristic of the products and not necessarily to evaluate the freeze-thaw deterioration of the products Additional freeze-thaw cycling testing could be performed to evaluate the freeze-thaw resistance of the products, which would provide additional useful information in evaluating the durability of these products • Accelerated Aging: The specimens were oven-aged for 28 days at a temperature of 158 ? F (70? C) Various ASTM standards for heat aging sealants and roofing membranes use a temperature of 158 ? F (70? C) for time periods ranging from to 35 days • Water Exposure: Specimens were submerged in distilled water for 24 h and allowed to dry a minimum of 24 h before testing Although it is not expected that these membranes will be fully submerged in water when in use, it should be expected that these membranes, or at least localized areas of installed membrane, will be repeatedly wetted when in use and will experience long-term exposure to water Submersion of the samples in water is perhaps more severe than the expected in-use conditions; however, it is a test that is easily controlled and reproducible, which helps ensure all products are subjected to the same amount of exposure Specimens tested for fastener sealability were not conditioned, and testing was only performed on unconditioned specimens 275 276 STP 1585 On Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) ELONGATION TESTING RESULTS Water-resistive barriers typically are required to span small cracks, transitions to flashing materials, or joints in the sheathing without splitting or tearing Although some manufacturers require fabric reinforcing or strips offlashing over the joints in the sheathing before the application of the air and water-resistive barrier membrane, the exact location of all movement, particularly cracking of concrete or masonry, cannot be predicted The capability ofthe water-resistive barrier to bridge cracks in concrete and masonry and joints in sheathing was evaluated by assessing the elongation properties of the membrane Elongation can also be used as a material property benchmark by comparing the changes of unconditioned elongation values to conditioned elongation values The change in this property after conditioning can be used to evaluate the potential long-term durability of the air and water-resistive barriers A small change in elongation following the conditioning of the membranes may be indicative ofsuccessful long-term performance The test was conducted by applying a tensile load to a dog-bone-shaped membrane specimen, and the percent elongation at failure was recorded The tests were conducted on membrane samples free of a substrate and without any aggregate in the membrane Five specimens were tested for each specimen group Table summarizes the results ofthe elongation testing From previous testing, air and water-resistive barriers with a track record of successful performance have a minimum 200 % elongation [9] Further, failures have been observed in the field of general-use water-resistive barriers with tested elongation below 200 % Some membranes are highly affected by the conditioning, with a change of50 % or more in elongation properties, while others vary by significantly less, around 10–15 % from the unconditioned value As stated earlier, a small change in the measured properties between the conditioned and unconditioned samples may be indicative of successful long-term performance and good durability Two of the EIFS air and water-resistive barriers have low elongation values, and the elongation of the other EIFS air and water-resistive barrier is significantly reduced by the conditioning The large variation in elongation results for EIFS air and water-resistive barriers may indicate reduced durability ofthese membranes It is worth noting that many of the air and water-resistive barriers used in EIFS systems are relatively thin, some contain sand, and most manufacturers require special detailing at sheathing joints Thus, the overall results ofthe elongation test may not be representative of in-use performance; however, the change in elongation after conditioning of the membranes can still be used as a benchmark for assessing the long-term durability ofthe products Additional testing, including recovery from elongation and cyclic load tests, will also provide useful information Measuring the first-time elongation of the membrane to failure and comparing the change in percent elongation due to the conditioning regimen provides useful information regarding a membrane’s ability to span cracks and the overall durability ofthe membrane ¼ 11 12 13 EIFS WaterResistive Barriers Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic Asphaltic STPE c Silicone Acrylic STPE c Silicone Silicone 380 % 25 % 45 % 205 % 85 % 250 % 170 % 90 % 225 % 615 % 17 % 50 % 940 % 150 % 480 % 1490 % 215 % 310 % % elongation 720 % 160 % 410 % 840 % 235 % 335 % Unconditioned % elongation Freezing Temp 47 % ? 10 % ? 38 % 11 % 21 % ?6 % 31 % ?6 % 17 % 77 % ?9 % ?7 % % change b 375 % 0% 25 % 190 % 12 % Not Tested 313 % 39 % ? 39 % ? 100 % ? 50 % 0% 54 % ?8 % ?4 % ? 24 % ? 32 % ? 11 % ? 31 % ?7 % % change 31 % 46 % 36 % ? 11 % ?7 % % elongation Accelerated Aging 670 % 160 % 630 % 770 % 225 % 255 % ?8 % % change 345 % ? 44 % Not Tested 31 % ? 38 % 115 % 80 % 155 % 660 % 210 % 600 % 1140 % 210 % 310 % 25 % 151 % 60 % ? 19 % ? 48 % No Results a ?6 % ? 36 % ? 36 % % elongation ? 35 % Water % change Conditioning Exposure 330 % ? 46 % No Results b No Results b 160 % 58 % 145 % 470 % 200 % 1030 % 1340 % 190 % 175 % % elongation UV Light Elongation of membrane could not be measured because the specimen was too brittle No data are available because the specimens could not be removed from the QUV machine in one piece c STPE Silyl-terminated polyether a 10 General-Use WaterResistive Barriers Product # Base Polymer from Manufacturer’s Published Data TABLE Average elongation of fluid-applied air and water-resistive barriers with various conditioning WISSINK ETAL., DOI 10.1520/STP158520140112 277 ¼ 10 11 12 13 Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic Asphaltic STPE c Silicone Acrylic STPE c Silicone Silicone Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic 74 % 18 % 75 % Fail b ?7 % 0% 57 % 41 % 08 % 13 % 57 % 36 % 13 % Unconditioned 52 % 20 % 52 % 237 % ?7 % 0% 59 % 28 % 13 % 25 % 59 % 33 % 14 % Freeze Exposure 45 % 12 % No Results a 35 % ? 15 % 0% 32 % ?3 % 05 % 7% 32 % 20 % 7% UV Exposure Not tested Not Tested Not Tested Not Tested ? 15 % 0% 47 % 2% 4% 36 % 20 % 36 % 13 % Accelerated Aging Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes No No Blistering Observed Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Change in Size Observed Change in Color Yes, with exposure to water Water changed color Yes, with exposure to water Water changed color No No Yes, with UV exposure Yes, with exposure to water No No Yes, with exposure to water Yes, with UV exposure Yes, with UV exposure b No data are available because the specimens could not be removed from the QUV machine in one piece Product broke into several pieces and partially dissolved in the water; therefore, the water absorption could not be measured, and the specimen was considered to have failed c STPE Silyl-terminated polyether a EIFS Air and Water-Resistive Barriers General-Use Air and Water-Resistive Barriers Product # Base Polymer from Manufacturer’s Published Data TABLE Percent change in mass after 24-hour exposure to distilled water with various conditioning 278 STP 1585 On Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) WISSINK ETAL., DOI 10.1520/STP158520140112 WATER ABSORPTION TESTING RESULTS The air and water-resistive barrier in a modern wall assembly is located in the wet zone of the wall assembly and will be exposed to both the water that penetrates the exterior cladding elements and to condensation As discussed earlier, different types of cladding systems will allow varying amounts of water to reach the air and waterresistive barrier and will have varying drying potentials In some cladding systems, the air and water-resistive barrier will be exposed to a significant amount of water and may have prolonged exposure to moisture In these cases, low water absorption of the membrane is critical to the long-term performance and durability of the membrane The water absorption testing was conducted on 13 products ( Table )—three membranes used in EIFS systems and ten general-purpose membranes; in long by in wide specimens were cut from free film sheets of the air and water-resistive FIG Change in size of a membrane specimen after 24 h exposure to water Dark specimen on top is the original size of the specimen Lighter specimen on the bottom is the new size 279 280 STP 1585 On Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) barrier and applied in general accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations The change in mass was determined after submerging each specimen in distilled water at room temperature for 24 h Unconditioned specimens along with specimens exposed to freezing temperatures, UV light, and accelerated aging were tested Ten specimens were tested for each product and for each condition The initial mass of the specimen was taken after any applied conditioning Low water absorption of the air and water-resistive barrier is one indicator of membrane durability; however, it has yet to be shown how much water absorption can be tolerated Previous testing performed on roofing membranes correlated absorption of more than % water by mass with premature failure of products in service [10] While this is a good benchmark, it may not directly apply to membranes in wall systems because these membranes are exposed to less water (particularly membranes in EIFS systems) but also have less potential for drying than those FIG Change in color of membrane specimen after 24 h exposure to water Dark section at top of specimen is the original color; the lighter part is the color after exposure to water WISSINK ETAL., DOI 10.1520/STP158520140112 in roofing systems When the qualitative results are evaluated alongside the quantitative results, such as change in size, color, or blistering of this testing, it suggests that specimens that have as much as % water absorption may perform well; however, additional long- term testing should be done to confirm this ( Figs 7–10 ) The EIFS membranes tested have a successful track record when used in EIFS systems; however, one of the membranes exhibited water absorption greater than % by mass and exhibited deleterious effects after being exposed to water FASTENER SEALABILITY Perhaps the biggest difference between EIFS and other cladding systems is the number of fastener penetrations through the air and water- resistive barrier membrane For successful long- term performance of the exterior wall system, the air and water-resistive barrier membrane for non- EIFS wall claddings must be self-sealing to the fasteners or must include special detailing applied at fasteners to deflect water FIG Water-filled blisters forming on the membrane after 24 h exposure to water 281 282 STP 1585 On Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) FIG 10 Pin holes in specimen after 24 h exposure to water To evaluate the fastener sealability characteristics of various air and waterresistive barrier membranes, the membranes were tested using ASTM D1970 as a basis; however, the test was revised as discussed earlier to more closely reflect inservice conditions of a wall system Five general purpose air and water-resistive barriers that had performed reasonably well in the elongation testing and water absorption testing and two EIFS air and water-resistive barriers were tested All the products tested and their results are shown here indicate that they pass ASTM D1970 fastener sealability on their product data sheets Three specimens of each setup were tested For this test, “leakage” is defined as observed water dripping from the underside of the specimen (Fig 11 ) “Staining” is defined as discoloration on the underside of the gypsum board, with no observed water on the underside (Fig 12) Staining was visible either under regular light or with a black light (the UV tracer added to the water will glow under a black light) If the gypsum board was stained, it indicates that water passed through the system but had dried prior to leakage being observed Specimens were examined at both 72 h, the time required by the standard, and 168 h Following is a summary of the results In addition to the tests in Table 4, ASTM D1970 was conducted in accordance with the written standard, with plywood and a roofing nail, with the exception that the no waterproofing membrane was applied to the plywood (i.e., the plywood was bare) At 72 h, one of the three specimens had staining of the UV tracer at the underside of the plywood At 168 h, two of the specimens had small amounts of WISSINK ETAL., DOI 10.1520/STP158520140112 FIG 11 Leaking fastener sealability test specimen FIG 12 Stained fastener sealability test specimen 283 a 10 12 13 1 1 Observed Leakage 3 1 Observed Staining Number of specimens out of three exhibiting leakage or staining EIFS Air and Water-Resistive Barriers General-Use Air and WaterResistive Barriers Product # Within 72 h Within 168 h 1 1 Observed Leakage Z-Channel Attached to Sheathing a 3 Observed Staining TABLE Number of specimens with leakage or staining observed during modified ASTM D1970 testing 3 3 Observed Leakage 0 0 Observed Staining Within 72 h 3 3 3 0 0 Observed Staining Within 168 h Observed Leakage Lath Attached to Sheathing a 284 STP 1585 On Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) WISSINK ETAL., DOI 10.1520/STP158520140112 FIG 13 Underside of nail sealability test specimen on bare plywood after 72 h No leakage or staining is observed in two out of three specimens staining of the UV tracer at the underside of the plywood around the fastener Leakage was not directly observed on any plywood specimens ( Fig 13 ) This is better per- formance than any of the specimens tested with a water-resistive barrier membrane applied to fiberglass-faced gypsum sheathing fastening metal lath It is important for designers to understand the procedures and limitations of the tests reported by the product manufacturers to evaluate appropriateness of products for specific conditions and projects Conclusions In general, fluid-applied air and water-resistive barriers are relatively new to the market and lack an established track record when used with wall systems other than EIFS Fluid-applied air and water-resistive barriers have been used successfully in drainage EIFS; however, this track record is not transferrable to the use of these products with other cladding systems If it is desirable to use these membranes in other cladding systems, additional testing and vetting of these membranes, for the specific conditions they are expected to be exposed to in the other cladding systems, is prudent Based on the testing results presented here, the stark differences in performance of the fluid-applied air and water-resistive barrier products are evident Although each product has its own unique formulation, some trends in performance based on the general base polymer used can be noted • Acrylic-based products typically have lower elongation or, for those products with a high initial elongation, the elongation is greatly reduced by the 285 286 STP 1585 On Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) conditioning In addition, these products tend to have moderately high water absorption values • Silicone-based products have high elongation values that are not significantly affected by conditioning These products also have low to moderate water absorption levels • Silyl-terminated polyether-based products have moderate elongation values that are not significantly affected by conditioning and have widely varying water absorption results The fastener sealability test, as written, is not representative of typical conditions in exterior wall systems The test was developed for the roofing industry and mimics the construction found on steep-sloped roofs using plywood sheathing The testing here shows that bare plywood can pass ASTM D1970 without any waterproofing membrane, while some water-resistive barriers applied to gypsum sheathing cannot Although designers are still responsible for their design and for understanding the testing of materials used, this test can provide designers with a false confidence when the product data sheets indicate that the wall product passes a fastener sealability test A new test that represents more typical exterior wall construction should be developed for indicating the fastener sealability of wall air and water-resistive barriers Designers must pay special attention to how fasteners are detailed through the air and water-resistive barrier to avoid leakage into the building References [1 ] Tamburri ni , V., “The H i story and Devel opment of EI FS—From the Ori g i nal Concept to Development, Use, and Performance of Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS), ASTM STP1187, M F Wi l l i ams and R G Lampo, Ed s., ASTM I nter- Present Day Acti vi ti es,” nati onal , West Conshohocken, PA, 995, pp 3–1 [2] [3] ASTM E2570, Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Water-Resistive Barrier (WRB) Coatings Used under Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) or EIFS with Drainage, ASTM I nternati onal , West Conshohocken, PA, 2007, www.astm.org ASTM E2485, Standard Test Method for Freeze/Thaw Resistance of Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) and Water-Resistive Barrier Coatings, ASTM I nternati onal , West Conshohocken, PA, 201 3, www.astm.org [4] I nternati onal Code Cou nci l , International Energy Conservation Code (I ECC), 201 2, Coun- try Cl u b H i l l s, I L, 201 [5] ASTM D2247, Standard Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in 100 % Relative Humidity, ASTM I nternati onal , West Conshohocken, PA, 201 , www.astm.org D41 2, Standard Test Method for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension, ASTM I nternati onal , West Conshohocken, PA, 2006, www.astm.org [6] ASTM [7] ASTM D471 , Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids, nati onal , West Conshohocken, PA, 201 2, www.astm.org ASTM I nter- WISSINK ETAL., DOI 10.1520/STP158520140112 [8] Standard Specification for Self-Adhering Polymer Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Use as Steel Roofing Underlayment for Ice Dam Protection, ASTM I nter- ASTM D1 970, nati onal , West Conshohocken, PA, 201 4, www.astm.org [9] Wi ssi nk, K S., Bashaw, L K., and Ru gg i ero, S S., “Comparati ve Anal ysi s of Fl ui d -Appl i ed Building Walls Subject to Water Intrusion and Accumulation: Lessons from the Past and Recommendations for the Future, ASTM STP1594, J Erdl y and Ai r Barri er Prod ucts,” P J ohnson, Ed s., ASTM I nternati onal , West Conshohocken, PA, 201 4, pp 87–201 , d oi : 0.1 520/STP1 549201 30054 [1 0] Ruggi ero, S S and D A Ruti l a., “Pri nci pl es of Desi gn and I nstal l ati on of Bui l di ng Deck Waterproofing,” Building Deck Waterproofing, ASTM STP1084, I nternati onal , West Conshohocken, PA, 990, pp 5–28 L E G i sh, Ed , ASTM 287 ASTM INTERNATIONAL Helping our world work better I S B N : 78 - - -761 -7 Ph o to Co u rte s y o f B AS F Co rp o ti o n S to ck #: S TP w w w a s tm o rg Downloaded/printed by Coventry University (Tongji University) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized