Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical Papers STP1532 18th International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering JAI Guest Editor: Lauralice de C F Canale ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A ASTM Stock #: STP1532 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering Congress (18th : 2010 : Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) 18th international federation for heat treatment and surface engineering / JAI guest editor, Lauralice de C.F Canale p cm (STP ; 1532) Proceedings of the congress, held in Rio de Janeiro, July 28-30, 2010 Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8031-7518-1 (alk paper) Metals Heat treatment Congresses I Canale, Lauralice de Campos Franceschini II Title TN672.I548 2010 671.3’6 dc23 2012013747 Copyright © 2012 ASTM INTERNATIONAL, West Conshohocken, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Journal of ASTM International (JAI) Scope The JAI is a multi-disciplinary forum to serve the international scientific and engineering community through the timely publication of the results of original research and critical review articles in the physical and life sciences and engineering technologies These peer-reviewed papers cover diverse topics relevant to the science and research that establish the foundation for standards development within ASTM International Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by ASTM International provided that the appropriate fee is paid to ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9634; online: http://www.astm.org/copyright The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions expressed in this publication ASTM International does not endorse any products represented in this publication Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one editor The authors addressed all of the reviewers’ comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM International Committee on Publications The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers In keeping with long-standing publication practices, ASTM International maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers The ASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM International Citation of Papers When citing papers from this publication, the appropriate citation includes the paper authors, “paper title”, J ASTM Intl., volume and number, Paper doi, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Paper, year listed in the footnote of the paper A citation is provided as a footnote on page one of each paper Printed in Bay Shore, NY April, 2012 Foreword THIS COMPILATION OF THE JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL (JAI), STP 1532, contains papers presented at the 18th International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering Congress, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil July 26–30, 2010 This congress was held in conjunction with the 65th ABM International Congress (Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association) and the 1st TMS/ABM International Congress (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society) The publication is sponsored by ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and the International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering (IFHTSE) The Guest Editor is Lauralice de C F Canale, EESC Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil Contents Overview ix Corrosion Effect of Aluminum Coating by Magnetron Sputtering on Corrosion Resistance of AZ31B Alloy J Zhang and D.-H Yang Comparison of the Laser and Electron Beam Welding of Steel Sheets Treated by Nitro-Oxidation M Marônek, J Bárta, and K Bártová 14 Cryogenic The Effect of Prior Tempering on Sub-Zero Treatment to Reduce Retained Austenite P Stratton 31 Isothermal Martensite Formation at Sub-Zero Temperatures A Stojko, M F Hansen, J Slycke, and M A J Somers 44 Microstructural Characterization of an AISI D2 Tool Steel Submitted to Cryogenic Treatment P F da Silva Farina, C A Barbosa, and H Goldenstein 57 Diffusion Processes Interdiffusion Phenomena of Zirconia-Nitride Layers on Coated AISI 310 Steel B J Gómez, L Nachez, R Caruso, A Díaz-Parralejo, J N Feugeas, and O de Sanctis 71 Equipments Control Strategies for an Inline Cooling Device in Hot Strip Processing of Innovative Steel Materials T Rieger, O Bülters, and I J Bian 87 Materials Characterization The Effect of Si on the Precipitates for Nb Bearing High Purity Ferritic Stainless Steel M Ito, Y Honda, M Aramaki, Y Kato, and O Furukimi 107 Effect of the Thermo-Mechanical Processing Characteristics on the Recrystallization of CuZn34 Brass W Lopes, E C S Corrêa, H B Campos, M T P Aguilar, and P R Cetlin 113 Impact Properties of Vacuum Heat Treated AISI D2 and % Cr Cold Work Tool Steels F Arieta, E B M Netto, A Reguly, W K Pannes, U Beutler, F van Soest, and C Ernst 129 Effects of Austenitizing Temperatures on Primary Structure Transformation in Cast High-Speed Steel of M2 Type Inoculated with Powder Additions of W and TiB2 A S Chaus, M Bohácˇik, P Úradník, and J Porubský 146 Bainite Formation at Low Temperatures in High C-Si Steel and its Mechanical Behavior J A C Junior, I P Pinheiro, T F M Rodrigues, V D C Viana, and D B Santos 163 Mechanical and Microstrutural Characterization of Weldments of Ferritic Stainless Steel AISI 444 Using Austenitic Stainless Steels Filler Metals P D Antunes, E O Corrêa, N D Barbedo, P de Oliveira Souza, J L Gonỗalves, and A A Diacenco 176 Modification of NiAl Intermetallic Coatings Processed by PTA with Chromium Carbides D H S Yano, C Brunetti, G Pintaude, and A S C M D’Oliveira 190 Morphology of Precipitates in a First Stage Low Pressure Turbine Blade of a Ni-Based Superalloy after Service and after Following Aging N Miura and Y Kondo 205 Modeling and Simulation Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Fatigue Properties of Quenched and Tempered Steel B Smoljan, D Iljkic´, F Traven, and J Mrša 221 Modeling of Hardness of Low Alloy Steels by Means of Neural Networks R N Penha, L F Canale, and A C Canale 234 Simulation of Austenitization Processes in Fe–C Steels by Coupled Cellular Automaton and Finite Difference Methods A Roósz and G Karacs 248 New Materials New Cast Iron Alloys with High Wear Resistance at Elevated Temperatures W Theisen and G Gevelmann 275 Heat Treatments of Fe-Mn-Si Based Alloys: Mechanical Properties and Related Shape Memory Phenomena A Druker, A Perotti, A Baruj, and J Malarría 287 Plasma Technology Effect of Plasma Nitriding on the Wear and Corrosion Properties of Hastelloy CW2M Alloy L C Casteletti, F A P Fernandes, S C Heck, C A Picon, and G E Totten 303 Evaluation of Cutting Edges Made of Nanocrystalline Cemented Carbides Sintered by the Pulse Plasma Method M J Kupczyk, A Michalski, P Siwak, and M Rosinski 313 Effect of Gas Pressure on Active Screen Plasma Nitriding Response A Nishimoto, K Nagatsuka, R Narita, H Nii, and K Akamatsu 327 Evaluation of Plasma Transferred Arc Fe-Al Alloyed Coatings J F Sippel and A S C M D’Oliveira 336 PVC and CVD Ti–Al–Si–C–N Hard Coatings Synthesized by Hybrid Arc-Enhanced Magnetron Sputtering G Wu, S Liu, S Ma, K Xu, V Ji, and P K Chu 357 CVD of Alternated MCD and NCD Films on Cemented Carbide Inserts R A Campos, A Contin, V J Trava-Airoldi, D M Barquete, and E J Corat 369 Effect of Additional Elements on Microstructure and Properties of CrN Coatings M Bao, X Xu, R Liang, L Yu, and H Sun 383 Influence of Structure on Brittleness of Boron Nitride Coatings Deposited on Cemented Fine-Grained Carbides M J Kupczyk and P Siwak 392 Impact Wear Performance of Thin Hard Coatings on TiC Cermets R Veinthal, F Sergejev, C E Yaldiz, and V Mikli 404 Quenching and Quenchants Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process Using ZinQuench for Processing Advanced High-Strength Steels F Huber and W Bleck 423 Dependence of the Heat Transfer Coefficient at Quenching on Diameter of Cylindrical Workpieces B Lišcˇic´, S Singer, and H Beitz 438 Effect of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stability and Quenching Performance of Soybean Oil and Palm Oil Quenchants G Belinato, L C F Canale, and G E Totten 450 Influencing Factors of Heat Transfer Coefficient in Air and Gas Quenching B Xiao, G Wang, R D Sisson, Jr., and Y Rong 472 Effect of Cooling Rate During Quenching on the Toughness of High Speed Steels C S Gonỗalves, A L Slaviero, R A Mesquita, A P Tschiptschin, and P de Tarso Haddad 484 Surface Hardening Surface Hardening of an AISI D6 Cold Work Steel Using a Fiber Laser F A Goia and M S F de Lima 499 Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Wear Properties of Ion Nitrided AISI 316 and 409 Stainless Steels F A P Fernandes, S C Heck, R G Pereira, P A de Paula Nascente, and L C Casteletti 512 Influence of Surface Hardening Depth on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance of a Low Alloy Steel S Goulart-Santos, R D Mancosu, C Godoy, A Matthews, and A Leyland 524 Crack Growth Resistance of Laser Surface Remelted Nodular Cast Iron R Šturm and J Grum 541 Tribology Adhesion of Thermally Sprayed Metallic Coating R Varavallo, M D Manfrinato, L S Rossino, O Maluf, and F Camargo Cracking Resistance and Impact Wear of Thin and Thick Hard Coatings Under Cyclic Loading P Kulu, M Saarna, F Sergejev, A Surženkov, and A Sivitski Author Index Subject Index 559 574 591 595 Overview The 18th IFHTSE Conference in 2010, first time in Brazil, again gathered many engineers and scientists from international industry, research institutes and universities around the world for an open exchange of current results and investigations in the field of heat treatment and surface engineering The conference had a ABM (Associaỗóo Brasileira de Metalurgia e Materiais) support to the planning and realization This support was also offered by the industrial companies This special issue assemblies 40 papers presented in this conference showing important findings regarding: New Materials, Quenchants and Quenching, Tribology, Modeling and Simulation, Plasma Technology, PVD and CVD, Materials Characterization, Cryogenic Treatments, Surface Hardening, Corrosion, Diffusion Process and Equipments Our special thanks to all the authors and co-authors for their excellent contribution promoting a successful conference permitting also the edition of this STP ix J_ID: DOI: Date: 23-February-12 Stage: Page: 585 Total Pages: 17 KULU ET AL., doi:10.1520/JAI104108 585 FIG 11—Impressions of PVD coatings on different substrates after 10 000 indentations: (a) TiN on CWTS (500 N), (b) TiAlN on CWTS (500 N), (c) TiN on NS (100 N), (d) TiAlN on NS (100 N) indentation, a mostly contact region model of coating deformation was presented due to the applied indenting loads of 100 N and 500 N To estimate the cracking resistance of the coated system a quantitative analysis of samples was performed [9] The results are presented in Table Tested PVD hard coatings performed similarly up to 100 indentations After 1000 indentations some perimeter delamination was observed in the case of TiAlN in contrast to TiN It became even more apparent at 10 000 indentations, as shown in Fig 11 Although coatings were evaluated equally, remarkable differences can be seen (see Table 7) HVOF sprayed coating exhibited no delamination, but cone cracks were visible after 100 indentations and radial cracks after 10 000 cycles (Fig 12) Impact Wear Resistance In the current study, loading under surface fatigue testing was limited to 106–107 cycles because it is often used by researchers engaged in the area of surface fatigue study of PVD coatings [12–14] In addition this number of cycles is most characteristic for fatigue failure modes to occur [15] The extent of failure around the imprint is described through ratio FR defined as the ratio of the ID: eswaran.s Time: 19:49 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/120086/APPFile/AI-STP#120086 J_ID: DOI: Date: 23-February-12 Stage: Page: 586 Total Pages: 17 586 JAI STP 1532 ON 18TH IFHTSE CONGRESS FIG 12—Impression of HVOF sprayed WC17Co coating on steel C45 after (a) 1000 and (b) 10 000 indentations with 100 N load region where the substrate is revealed (or highly damaged area) to the overall contact area [6] after conducted loading cycles (Fig 13) Each point represents the average value of three tests in special conditions The scatter of results is in the range 610 % High values of FR warn of a high risk of coating–substrate adhesive failure mechanisms The lines on the plot in Fig 13 demonstrate the effect of loading cycle number on fracture propagation dynamics Analogical inference can be marked between fatigue curve slopes on the Woăhler plots (fatigue sensitivity) and the appearance of lines on the coating failed area ratio versus number of impacts graph The minimum and maximum impact cycles for coating “failure” or “non-failure” regions can be determined The reverse analogy is not geometrical (or visual) but analytical The steep slope of the curves for TiN and HVOF WC17Co coatings are the evidence of drastic damage during cyclic loading These coatings have shown similar behavior and sufficiently lower resistance to impact demonstrating FR values up to times higher than those of the TiAlN coating on the whole range of applied cycles On the contrary, the flat slope for TABLE 7—Evaluation of cracks in studied PVD and HVOF sprayed coatings (load 100 N) Indentation Cycles Type of Coating and Substrate 10 100 1000 10 000 TiN, NS TiAlN, NS II I II I IV II VI VI (perimeter delamination) WC17Co V (weak cone cracks, no delamination) V (weak cone cracks, no delamination) IV III (some perimeter delamination) V (no delamination) V (no delamination, strong radial cracks) ID: eswaran.s Time: 19:50 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/120086/APPFile/AI-STP#120086 J_ID: DOI: Date: 23-February-12 Stage: Page: 587 Total Pages: 17 KULU ET AL., doi:10.1520/JAI104108 587 FIG 13—Coating failure development diagram for normal impact under 80 mJ impacts TiAlN indicates better fracture resistance with the increase in the number of cycles With increase in the load and number of impact cycles and growth of the imprint area, the dynamic load distributes over a larger area; thus reducing contact pressure FR ratio of multilayer TiAlN coating at 104–106 is stabilized and further increase cannot be seen In addition to the base TiAlN gradient layer, this coating has the TiN layer on top of the Ti interlayer In this system the gradient nature of the top layer and presence of the more ductile additional layer provide better performance in impact conditions It was demonstrated that coating systems with higher Hs3 =E2s parameter of substrate had better resistance to the plastic deformation (see Table 8) Conclusion Adhesion tests showed that among tested PVD coatings the TiN coatings can be described as the most durable, regardless of the substrate material Mixed failure modes are characteristic; chipping, delamination with buckling, and fracture are presented on the images of adhesion tests for coatings on the hard TABLE 8—Substrate resistance to plastic deformation Type of Substrate Hardmetal (HM) Cold work tool steel (CWTS) Nitrided steel (NS) Surface Hardness HV, GPa Modulus of Elasticity E, GPa Ratio Hs3 =E2s 15.5 8.4 8.5 590 210 210 0.011 0.013 0.014 ID: eswaran.s Time: 19:50 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/120086/APPFile/AI-STP#120086 J_ID: DOI: Date: 23-February-12 Stage: Page: 588 Total Pages: 17 588 JAI STP 1532 ON 18TH IFHTSE CONGRESS substrates (hard metal) The coatings with high Hc/Ec ratio withstand the indentation without traces of adhesive delamination Softer substrate material (cold work tool steel and nitrided steel) are not supportive for the resistance of the coating to high indentation loads—long radial cracks are featured In the results of indentation cyclic tests the “quasi-plastic” damage mode with formation of radial cracks prevailed and is typical for high Hc/Ec values of coatings An increase of the number of cycles leads to radial crack growth “Brittle” damage with formation of cone cracks is characteristic of PVD coatings with the lowest Hc/Ec ratio Surface fatigue resistance of HVOF sprayed WC17Co coating is low due to relatively low hardness of substrate The effect of the substrate on the resistance to cyclic indentation is the same as during the adhesion tests To ensure better resistance of coating systems to plastic deformation and impact wear at high loads, the parameter Hs3 =E2s must be maximized Multilayer coatings had higher impact wear resistance than monolayer coatings with lower Hc/Ec ratio The TiN and TiAlN coatings on the nitrided steel are the best performers in conditions of cyclic loading Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (target-financed project SF 0140091s08 and grant ETF 7889) References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] VDI 3198:1992–08, 1991, “Coating (CVD, PVD) of Cold Forging Tools, VDI-Verlag, Duăsseldorf McGuire, G E., Rossnagel, S M., and Bunshah, R F., Handbook of Hard Coatings, Noyes, Bracknell, UK, 2001 Sacher, G., and Zenker, R “Subsequent Heat Treatment of Hard Coated Steels by Electron on Laser Beam,” German-Russian Workshop on “Tribology and Surface Engineering: Theory, Experiment, Technologies,” Berlin University of Technology, March 28–30, 2007 Zoestbergen, E., and De Hosson, J T M., “Crack Resistance of PVD Coatings: Influence of Surface Treatment Prior to Deposition,” Surf Eng., Vol 18, 2002, pp 283–288 Karneva, U., Laberbom, J., and Vuoristo, P., “Development of Thermal Spray Powders for Improved Tribological and Corrosive Applications and Cost-Effective Solutions,” Int J Mater Prod Technol., Vol 28, 2007, pp 377–398 Richter, J., “Application of Vickers Indentation for Assessment of PVD TiN Coated New Nonledeburitic High-Speed Steels,” Surf Coat Technol., Vol 162, 2003, pp 119–130 Surzenkov, A., Allikas, G., Gregor, A., Zimakov, S., Kulu, P., and Muăller, H., Laser Treatment of Surfaces of Tool and PM steels and Steels With Coatings,” Proceedings of 6th International DAAAM Baltic Conference, October 22–25, 2008, Trnava, Slovakia, DAAAM International, Vienna, pp 555–560 Musil, J., Kunc, F., Zeman, H., and Polakova, H., “Relationships Between Hardness, Young’s Modulus And Elastic Recovery in Hard Nanocomposite Coatings, Surf Coat Technol., Vol 154, 2002, pp 304–313 ID: eswaran.s Time: 19:50 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/120086/APPFile/AI-STP#120086 J_ID: DOI: Date: 23-February-12 Stage: Page: 589 Total Pages: 17 KULU ET AL., doi:10.1520/JAI104108 589 [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] CEN/TS 1071–8, 2004, “Advanced Technical Ceramics—Methods of Test for Ceramic Coatings—Part 8: Rockwell Indentation Test for Evaluation of Adhesion,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium Palmqvist, S., “The Work for the Formation of a Crack During Vickers Indentation as a Measure of the Toughness of Hard Metals,” Arch Eisenhuettenwes., Vol 33, 1962, pp 629–634 Sivitski, A., Gregor, A., Saarna, M., Kulu, P., and Sergejev, F “Application of the Indentation Method for Cracking Resistance Evaluation of Hard Coatings of Tool Steels,” Est J Eng., Vol 15, No 4, 2009, pp 309–317 Bouzakis, K.-D., Siganos, A., Leyendecker, T., and Erkens, G., “Thin Hard Coatings Fracture Propagation During the Impact Test,” Thin Solid Films, Vol 460, 2004, pp 181–189 Bouzakis, K.-D., and Siganos, A., “Fracture Initiation Mechanisms of Thin Hard Coatings During the Impact Test,” Surf Coat Technol Vol 185, 2004, pp 150–159 Bouzakis, K.-D., Hadjiyiannis, S., Skordaris, G., Anastopoulos, J., Mirisidis, I., Michailidis, N., Efstathiou, K., Knotek, O., Erkens, G.,Cremer, R., Rambadt, S., and Wirth, I., “The Influence of the Coating Thickness on Its Strength Properties and on the Milling Performance of PVD Coated Inserts,” Surf Coat Technol Vol 174–175, 2003, pp 393–401 Murakami, Y., Metal Fatigue: Effects of Small Defects and Nonmetallic Inclusions, Elsevier Science, London, UK, 2002 ID: eswaran.s Time: 19:50 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/120086/APPFile/AI-STP#120086 J_ID: DOI: Date: 28-February-12 Stage: Page: 591 Total Pages: 591 Author Index A Aguilar, M T P., 113-128 Akamatsu, K., 327-335 Antunes, P D., 176-189 Aramaki, M., 107-112 Arieta, F., 129-145 B Bao, M., 383-391 Barbedo, N D., 176-189 Barbosa, C A., 57-68 Barquete, D M., 369-382 Ba´rta, J., 14-28 Ba´rtova´, K., 14-28 Baruj, A., 287-300 Beitz, H., 438-449 Belinato, G., 450-471 Beutler, U., 129-145 Bian, I J., 87-104 Bleck, W., 423-437 Boha´cˇik, M., 146-162 Brunetti, C., 190-204 Buălters, O., 87-104 C Camargo, F., 559-573 Campos, H B., 113-128 Campos, R A., 369-382 Canale, A C., 234-247 Canale, L C F., 234-247, 450-471 Caruso, R., 71-84 Casteletti, L C., 303-312, 512-523 Cetlin, P R., 113-128 Chaus, A S., 146-162 Chu, P K., 357-368 Contin, A., 369-382 Corat, E J., 369-382 Correˆa, E C S., 113-128 Correˆa, E O., 176-189 D de Lima, M S F., 499-511 de Oliveira, Souza P., 176-189 de Sanctis, O., 71-84 Diacenco, A A., 176-189 Dı´az-Parralejo, A., 71-84 D’Oliveira, A S C M., 190-204, 336-354 Druker, A., 287-300 E Emrah Yaldiz, C., 404-420 Ernst, C., 129-145 F Farina, P F., 57-68 Fernandes, F A P., 303-312, 512-523 Feugeas, J N., 71-84 Furukimi, O., 107-112 G Gevelmann, G., 275-286 Godoy, C., 524-540 Goia, F A., 499-511 Goldenstein, H., 57-68 Gomes Pereira, R., 512-523 Go´mez, B J., 71-84 Gonc¸alves, C S., 484-496 ID: kumarva Time: 10:24 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/Index/AI-STP#author_index J_ID: DOI: Date: 28-February-12 Stage: Page: 592 Total Pages: 592 Gonc¸alves, J L., 176-189 Goulart-Santos, S., 524-540 Grum, J., 541-556 H Haddad, P d., 484-496 Hansen, M F., 44-56 Heck, S C., 303-312, 512-523 Honda, Y., 107-112 Huber, F., 423-437 Mancosu, R D., 524-540 Manfrinato, M D., 559-573 Maroˆnek, M., 14-28 Matthews, A., 524-540 Mesquita, R A., 484-496 Michalski, A., 313-326 Mikli, V., 404-420 Miura, N., 205-218 Mrsˇa, J., 221-233 N I Iljkic´, D., 221-233 Ito, M., 107-112 J Ji, V., 357-368 Junior, J A C., 163-175 K Karacs, G., 248-272 Kato, Y., 107-112 Kondo, Y., 205-218 Kulu, P., 574-590 Kupczyk, M J., 313-326, 392-403 L Leyland, A., 524-540 Liang, R., 383-391 Lisˇcˇic´, B., 438-449 Liu, S., 357-368 Lopes, W., 113-128 M Ma, S., 357-368 Malarrı´a, J., 287-300 Maluf, O., 559-573 Nachez, L., 71-84 Nagatsuka, K., 327-335 Narita, R., 327-335 Nascente, P A P., 512-523 Netto, E B M., 129-145 Nii, H., 327-335 Nishimoto, A., 327-335 P Pannes, W K., 129-145 Penha, R N., 234-247 Perotti, A., 287-300 Picon, C A., 303-312 Pinheiro, I P., 163-175 Pintaude, G., 190-204 Porubsky´, J., 146-162 R Reguly, A., 129-145 Rieger, T., 87-104 Roo´sz, A., 248-272 Rodrigues, T F M., 163-175 Rong, Y., 472-483 Rosinski, M., 313-326 Rossino, L S., 559-573 ID: kumarva Time: 10:24 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/Index/AI-STP#author_index J_ID: DOI: Date: 28-February-12 Stage: Page: 593 Total Pages: 593 V S Saarna, M., 574-590 Santos, D B., 163-175 Sergejev, F., 404-420, 574-590 Singer, S., 438-449 Sippel, J F., 336-354 Sisson, R D., Jr., 472-483 Sivitski, A., 574-590 Siwak, P., 313-326, 392-403 Slaviero, A L., 484-496 Slycke, J., 44-56 Smoljan, B., 221-233 Somers, M A J., 44-56 Stojko, A., 44-56 Stratton, P., 31-43 Sturm, R., 541-556 Sun, H., 383-391 Surzˇenkov, A., 574-590 van Soest, F., 129-145 Varavallo, R., 559-573 Veinthal, R., 404-420 Viana, V D C., 163-175 W Wang, G., 472-483 Wu, G., 357-368 X Xiao, B., 472-483 Xu, K., 357-368 Xu, X., 383-391 T Y Theisen, W., 275-286 Totten, G E., 303-312, 450-471 Trava-Airoldi, V J., 369-382 Traven, F., 221-233 Tschiptschin, A P., 484-496 Yang, D.-H., 3-13 Yano, D H S., 190-204 Yu, L., 383-391 Z U ´ radnı´k, P., 146-162 U Zhang, J., 3-13 ID: kumarva Time: 10:24 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/Index/AI-STP#author_index J_ID: DOI: Date: 28-February-12 Stage: Page: 595 Total Pages: 595 Subject Index % Cr, 129-145 c0 precipitates, 205-218 A abrasion, 275-286 active screen plasma nitriding, 327-335 adhesion testing device, 559-573 advanced high strength steels, 423-437 air quenching, 472-483 AISI M2, 484-496 aluminum coating, 3-13 antioxidants, 450-471 austenitization, 248-272 AZ31B magnesium alloy, 3-13 B bainite, 163-175 bending test, 484-496 brass, 113-128 brittleness, 392-403 C carbides, 146-162 cathodic cage, 327-335 cavitation erosion, 524-540 Cellular Automaton, 248-272 chromium carbide, 190-204 coatings, 336-354 computer simulation, 221-233 cooling curve analysis, 450-471 cooling rate, 484-496 corrosion, 303-312 corrosion resistance, 3-13 Cr–Al–N, 524-540 crack growth resistance, 541-556 cracking, 574-590 CrN based coating, 383-391 cryogenic treatment, 57-68 cutting edges, 313-326 cutting tools, 369-382 D diamond films, 369-382 dilatometry, 44-56 E edging effect, 327-335 electron beam welding, 14-28 F fatigue, 541-556 fatigue limit, 221-233 fatigue testing, 404-420 Fe–Mn–Si, 287-300 Finite Difference, 248-272 first stage low pressure turbine blade, 205-218 friction, 357-368 G gas quenching, 472-483 grain growth, 248-272 H hard coatings, 574-590 hardfacing microstructure, 336-354 ID: kumarva Time: 11:14 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/Index/AI-STP#subject_index J_ID: DOI: Date: 28-February-12 Stage: Page: 596 Total Pages: 596 hardness, 234-247, 357-368, 383-391 Hastelloy C, 303-312 heat transfer coefficient, 438-449, 472-483 heat treatment, 87-104, 146-162 HFCVD, 369-382 high speed steels, 146-162, 484-496 hot-dip galvanizing, 423-437 HVOF, 559-573 neural networks, 234-247 new cast alloys, 275-286 NiAl coating, 190-204 nitrided coatings, 71-84 nitro-oxidation, 14-28 nodular cast iron, 541-556 nucleation, 248-272 O I impact wear, 574-590 indentation, 574-590 influencing factors, 472-483 inverse heat conduction calculation, 438-449 ion nitriding, 71-84 iron-aluminum, 336-354 isothermal martensite, 44-56 L laser beam welding, 14-28 laser hardening, 499-511 laser processing, 499-511 laser surface remelting, 541-556 Laves phase, 107-112 M magnetometry, 44-56 magnetron sputtering, 3-13 mechanical properties, 71-84, 275-286 microstructure, 146-162, 176-189, 287-300, 383-391 modeling, 234-247 N nanomaterials, 313-326 nanostructure, 357-368 orientation, 472-483 oxidation, 450-471 P PAPVD coating, 524-540 physical vapor deposition, 574-590 plasma nitriding, 303-312, 512-523, 524-540 plasma transferred arc, 190-204, 336-354 precipitation, 107-112 pressure, 472-483 pulse plasma sintering method, 313-326 PVD, 392-403 PVD coating, 404-420 Q quenchants, 450-471 quenching, 221-233, 438-449 R recrystallization, 113-128 residual stresses, 541-556 retained austenite, 31-43, 163-175 rolling, 287-300 ID: kumarva Time: 11:14 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/Index/AI-STP#subject_index J_ID: DOI: Date: 28-February-12 Stage: Page: 597 Total Pages: 597 S secondary carbides, 57-68 shape memory, 287-300 shearing test, 113-128 silicon, 107-112 simulation, 248-272 stainless steel, 327-335, 512-523 stainless steel AISI 444, 176-189 steel, 87-104 steel hardening, 499-511 strain path, 113-128 structure, 392-403 sub-zero treatment, 31-43, 44-56 superalloy, 205-218 surface engineering, 327-335 surface hardening, 499-511 T temper carbides, 57-68 temperature control, 87-104 tempering, 31-43, 221-233, 234-247 thermal diffusion, 369-382 thermal spray, 559-573 Ti–Al–Si–C–N coatings, 357-368 TiC cermets, 404-420 tool steel, 129-145 toughness, 129-145, 484-496 tribological behaviour, 383-391 TRIP effect, 163-175 V vegetable oils, 450-471 velocity, 472-483 W wear, 303-312, 336-354, 512-523 wear resistance, 275-286 wear-resistant coatings, 392-403 welded joints, 176-189 Z ZinQuench, 423-437 zirconia, 71-84 ID: kumarva Time: 11:14 I Path: Q:/3b2/STP#/Vol01532/Index/AI-STP#subject_index