Astm stp 1380 2000

STP 1380 Pendulum Impact Testing: A Century of Progress Thomas A Siewert and Michael P Manahan, editors ASTM Stock Number: STPI380 ASTM 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pendulum impact testing : a century of progress / Thomas A Siewert and Michael R Manahan, editors p cm. (STP; 1380) ASTM Stock Number: STP1380 ISBN 0-8031-2864-9 Materials Dynamic testing Impact Notched bar testing Testing-machines I Siewert, T.A I1 Manahan, Michael P., 1953- II1 ASTM special technical publication; 1380 TA418.34 P463 2000 620.1' 125 dc21 00-038123 Copyright 2000 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, West Conshohocken, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: 508-7508400; online: http://www.copyright.com/ Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one editor The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were prepared "camera-ready" as submitted by the authors The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers In keeping with long-standing publication practices, ASTM maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in Baltimore,MD May 2000 Foreword This publication primarily consists of papers presented at the Symposium on Pendulum Impact Testing: A Century of Progress, sponsored by ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and its Subcommittee E28.07 on Impact Testing The Symposium was held on May 19 and 20, 1999 in Seattle, Washington, in conjunction with the standards development meetings of Committee E28 The Symposium marks the 100 year anniversary of the invention of the pendulum impact test by an American civil engineer named S Bent Russell, and the research and standardization efforts of G Charpy during the early part of the 20 th century This book includes 21 papers that were presented at the Symposium and two others submitted only for the proceedings (one with lead author Yamaguchi and the other with lead author Hughes) The papers are organized into four sections by topic: Background of Impact Testing; Reference Energies, Machine Stability and Calibration; Impact Test Procedures; and Fracture Toughness Assessment from Impact Test Data In addition, the background section includes reprints of two landmark papers, one published in 1898 and one in 1901, that describe significant achievements in the development of the test equipment and procedures The symposium was chaired jointly by Tom Siewert, of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Dr Michael P Manahan, Sr., of MPM Technologies, Inc Contents Overview vii B A C K G R O U N D OF I M P A C T T E S T I N G The History and Importance of Impact TestingmT A SIEWERT, M P M A N A H A N , C N M c C O W A N , J M H O L T , F J M A R S H , A N D E A R U T H Experiments with a New Machine for Testing Materials by I m p a c t s BENTRUSSELL,Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol 39, June 1898, p 237 17 Essay on the Metals Impact Bend Test of Notched Bars G CHARPY,Soc Ing de Fran~ais, June 1901, p 848 46 REFERENCE ENERGIES, MACHINE STABILITY, AND CALIBRATION International Comparison of Impact Verification Programs -c N McCOWAN, J P A U W E L S , G REVISE, A N D H N A K A N O 73 European Certification of Charpy Specimens: Reasoning and Observationsm J P A U W E L S , D G Y P P A Z , R V A R M A , A N D C I N G E L B R E C H T 90 Stability of a C-type Impact Machine Between Calibrations M SUNDQVIST A N D G C H A I 100 Indirect Verification of Pendulum Impact Test Machines: The French Subsidiary from Its Origins to the Present, Changes in Indirect Verification Methods, Effects on Dispersion, and PerspectivesmG GALBAN, G REVISE, D M O U G I N , S L A P O R T E , A N D S L E F R A N ~ O I S 109 Maintaining the Accuracy of Charpy Impact Machines D e VIGLIOTTI, T A SIEWERT, AND C N M c C O W A N 134 Characterizing Material Properties by the Use of Full-Size and Subsize Charpy Tests: An Overview of Different Correlation Proceduresm E L U C O N , R C H A O U A D I , A F A B R Y , J - L P U Z Z O L A N T E , AND E V A N W A L L E 146 Effects of Anvil Configurations on Absorbed Energy Y YAMAGUCHI, 164 S T A K A G I , AND H N A K A N O The Difference Between Total Absorbed Energy Measured Using an Instrumented Striker and That Obtained Using an Optical E n c o d e r - M P M A N A H A N , SR AND R B STONESIFER 181 On the Accuracy of Measurement and Calibration of Load Signal in the Instrumented Charpy Impact Test T KOBAYASHI,N INOUE,S MORITA, 198 AND H T O D A Evaluation of ABS Plastic Impact Verification Speeimensnc N McCOWAN, D P V I G L I O T T I AND T A SIEWERT 210 I M P A C T T E S T PROCEDURES Results of the ASTM Instrumented/Miniaturized Round Robin Test Program M P M A N A H A N , SR., F J MARTIN, AND R B STONESIFER 223 European Activity on Instrumented Impact Testing of Subsize Charpy V-Notch Specimens (ESIS TC5) E LUCON 242 Dynamic Force Calibration for Measuring Impact Fracture Toughness using the Charpy Testing Maehine K KISHIMOTO, H INOUE, AND T SHIBUYA 253 Low Striking Velocity Testing of Precracked Charpy-type Specimens-T V A R G A AND F L O I B N E G G E R In-Situ Heating and Cooling of Charpy Test SpeeimensnM P MANAHAN,SR 267 286 The Effects of OD Curvature and Sample Flattening on Transverse Charpy V-Notch Impact Toughness of High Strength Steel Tubular Products m GEORGE W A I D AND H A R R Y ZANTOPULOS 298 Electron Beam Welded Charpy Test Specimen for Greater Functionality-ROB H U G H E S AND BRIAN D I X O N 310 F R A C T U R E T O U G H N E S S A S S E S S M E N T FROM I M P A C T T E S T D A T A Application of Single-Specimen Methods on Instrumented Charpy Tests: Results of DVM Round-Robin Exercises w BOHMEAND H.-J SCHINDLER 327 Relation Between Fracture Toughness and Charpy Fracture Energy: An Analytical Approach H.-J SCHINDLER 337 Use of Instrumented Charpy Test for Determination of Crack Initiation Toughness H.-W VIEHRIG,J BOEHMERT,H RICHTER,AND M VALO 354 On the Determination of Dynamic Fracture Toughness Properties by Instrumented Impact Testing G B LEN~Y 366 Estimation of NDT a n d Crack-Arrest Toughness from C h a r p y ForceDisplacement Traces -M SOKOLOV AND J G MERrO-E Indexes 382 395 Overview Overview ASTM Subcommittee E28.07 (and its predecessor E01.7) has sponsored six symposia on impact testing, published in Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting (1922), Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Meeting (1938), STP 176 (1956), STP 466 (1970), STP 1072 (1990), and STP 1248 (1995) These symposia covered a broad range of topics and occurred rather infrequently, at least until 1990 The period before 1990 might be characterized as one in which the Charpy test procedure became broadly accepted and then changed very slowly However, the last two symposia, "Charpy Impact Test: Factors and Variables" and "Pendulum Impact Machines: Procedures and Specimens for Verification," were driven by new forces; a recognition within ISO Technical Committee 164-Subcommittee four (Pendulum Impact) of some shortcomings in the procedure; and a growing interest in instrumented impact testing These STPs, 1072 and 1248, proved to be of interest to many general users of the test, but were of particular interest to the members of ASTM Subcommittee E28.07 (the subcommittee responsible for Standard E23 on the Charpy test) During the past ten years, the data presented at those Symposia have been the single most important factor in determining whether to change various requirements in Standard E23 The data have also been useful in supporting tolerances and procedural details during the reballoting of ISO Standard 442 on Charpy testing, and in the refinement of instrumented impact test procedures Several years ago, the E28 Subcommittee on Symposia suggested that it was time to schedule another symposium on Charpy impact testing that would bring together impact test researchers from around the world to share their latest discoveries and to provide input for further improvements in the test standards The test was also near its Centenary, and a symposium to mark this anniversary seemed appropriate Of course, this fact led to our very striking title However, the choice of the date for the symposium was complicated by the fact that the inventory of the pendulum impact test is S Bent Russell, while the test bears the name of G Charpy Details concerning the history of the test are reported in the first paper of this STP While G Charpy did publish a landmark paper in 1901 (translated and reprinted in this volume) and later led the international committee that proved the value of pendulum impact testing, an 1898 paper by Russell (also reprinted in this volume) was the first to both describe the mechanics of the pendulum impact machine design and report impact data obtained using such a machine The 1898 Russell paper also offers an excellent tutorial on the contemporary knowledge of the effect of loading rate on impact resistance (then known as resilience), important variables in machine calibration, and representative data on common construction materials The date of the symposium was chosen to honor the contributions of both Russell and Charpy As can be seen from a review of the early papers in this field, it seems as though the turn of the last century marked the time of the most rapid development and use of impact testing As was the previous symposium, the 1999 symposium was successful in attracting contributions from many countries In fact, the majority (thirty-seven) of the fifty authors and coauthors are from outside the U.S., a broader international participation than previous symposia ix X PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING The future of pendulum impact testing appears bright, as it continues to be specified in many construction codes and standards Additional details on the economic importance of pendulum impact testing were included in an earlier version of our review of the history and importance of impact testing (the first paper in this STP) This earlier paper can be found on page 30 of the February 1999 issue of Standardization News, where itwas recognized as winning third place in the ASTM Impact of Standards Competition The early history of impact testing which led to the recognition of Russell as the inventory of the Charpy impact test was reported in October 1996 issue of Standardization News Even after 100 years of use, new aspects of the test continue to be discovered, and of course, any test can be improved as technology reveals new ways to reduce the scatter in the test variables The symposium also reflects the beginning of a new research thrust to obtain fracture toughness from the Charpy test It is expected that fracture toughness research, particularly in relation to the Charpy test, will continue over the next 100 years We anticipate many more symposia on impact testing in the future Acknowledgments We appreciate the assistance of Subcommittee E28.07, its Chairman, Chris McCowan, and its members, many of whom helped by chairing the sessions and by reviewing the manuscripts We also appreciate the assistance of E Ruth (U.S Delegate to ISO Committee 164TC4 for a number of years) and J Millane (Secretary of ISO Committee 164-TC4) who helped to encourage international participation We would also like to thank the ASTM staff who helped with symposium arrangements and the other myriad of details that are necessary for a successful symposium Tom A Siewert NIST, Boulder, CO; symposium co-chairman and editor Michael P Manahan, Sr MPM Technologies, Inc State College, PA; symposium co-chairman and editor Background of Impact Testing SOKOLOV AND MERKLE ON CHARPY FORCE-DISPLACEMENT TRACES 385 authors to apply a similar approach to describe the characteristic forces of the Charpy traces The two-parameter Weibull probability function is suggested to model the scatter of the F, in Charpy tests: P[F , - - ~F~= ~, -exp - i~ (1) where P is the cumulative probability that the force at the end of unstable crack propagation (Fu) is equal to or less than the F~ value of interest: F o and b are the scale and the slope parameters of the Weibull distribution function, respectively However for a typical series of Charpy tests, often just one test result is available at any given temperature Fortunately, the fracture mechanics group at ORNL has been involved in several projects which resulted in extensive Charpy characterization of several materials These data have a good replication at a given test temperature, thus, the statistical analysis could be applied Forty-four specimens o f a Linde 80 weld were tested at 1.7~ (35 ~ as part of the ASTM reconstitution round-robin [10] Having such a large replicated data set, Charpy force-displacement traces were evaluated in terms of Fa values and the Weibull function, Eq (1), was used to model the scatter in these values Figure presents the Weibull distribution function fitting to the Fa data The scale parameter, Fo, is illustrated in Fig as an F~ value at ln{ln[1/(1-P)]}= Knowing parameters Fo and b allows one to determine the median F a value, Fa (m~d),for this data population as an F, at P = 0.5 One of the interesting observations is that the slope of the regression line, parameter b in Eq (1), is determined to be equal to four The same value of coefficient b was determined for large sets of static initiation fracture toughness data [9] Based on these results, the value of the Weibull slope in Eq (1) was fixed at b = Universal Shape of the Temperature Dependence of the Force at Crack Arrest The two-parameter Weibull probability function with b = was applied to model the distribution of the F a in Charpy tests performed at ORNL on some RPV welds in the unirradiated and irradiated conditions [11-12] These data have a good replication at a given test temperature Thus, the temperature dependence ofF~ can be established Table summarizes the Charpy crack-arrest force scale parameter, Fo, for the data analyzed Figures and present Fo values versus temperature, T, normalized to TI,~T and Tloo, temperatures, namely T'TNBT and T-T100, It is shown that F o values for different RPV welds have a tendency to follow the same general temperature dependence This result suggests a universal shape of the temperature dependence o f F o for different RPV steels: 386 PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS LINDE 80 WELD _ Ttest = 35~ Facmed}= kN ! T'v cr -2 O -3P = 1-exp[-(Fa/Fo )b] b=4 Fa = 8.8 kN -4- -5 I I I I I n ( F a) Fig 3-Weibull plot o f F data from Linde 80 weld tested at 1.7~ (35~ SOKOLOV AND MERKLE ON CHARPY FORCE-DISPLACEMENTTRACES 387 Table - - Summary of the force at crack-arrest scale parameter values, F~ for materials analyzed Ma~al T - TNDT (~ T Tlooa - (~ Number of specimens analyzed Fo (~) HSSI Weld 72W, unirradiated 44 19 -1 -9 -25 34 -11 -19 -35 10.9 4.1 4.7 2.2 1.2 HSSI Weld 72W, 1.5 x 1019 n ] c m -18 -44 2.4 HSSI Weld 73W, unirradiated 37 10 17 -10 -28 -54 9.0 5.5 2.3 0.9 -4 -42 -20 9.4 7.6 3.6 Midland beltline weld, unirradiated 70 45 20 -5 41 16 -9 -34 Midland nozzle course weld, unirradiated 62 40 15 N/A* N/A N/A Linde 80 weld, unirradiated 31 N/A -8 -34 HSSI Weld 73W, 1.5 x 1019 n / c m z *N/A - not available 29 -18 13 20 16 11 14.0 10.6 4.2 1.7 12.7 9.1 4.2 44 8.8 388 PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS Fig 4-Force at arrest scale parameter, Fe versus normalized temperature, T- TNDz Fig 5-Force at arrest scale parametr, Fe versus normalized temperature, T- T~ooa SOKOLOV AND MERKLE ON CHARPY FORCE-DISPLACEMENT TRACES 389 and Fo= [2.46+ ( T - T100~)]2 (3) where the scale parameter, Fo, is in kN and T, T~T , and T100a are in ~ According to Eq (2), Fo equals 3.5 kN at T = TNm and 6.0 kN at T = T100, Consequently, at temperature T = T~roTthe median force at crack arrest is equal to 3.2 kN and at T = Tlo0a the median force at crack arrest is equal to 5.5 kN A fiend for the forces at crack arrest to form a universal temperature dependence shape in the form of Eqs (2) and (3) was initially reported by one of the authors in Ref [13] and, later, was independently confirmed by Fabry [7] In the latter case, an exponential function was used for fitting of the temperature dependence In the present case, however, a parabolic function provided a better least-squares fit than an exponential function It is interesting to note that later Fabry [8] also applied the Weibull statistic and came up with about the same median values of the force at crack arrest Estimation of T~T and Tlooa from Randomly Generated Charpy Curve Tests One can perform replicated Charpy tests at a single temperature to estimate T~T and/or T100aby combining Eqs (1), (2), and/or (3) However, in practical situations, only limited numbers of Charpy specimens are randomly tested in the transition region In such cases, the linear least squares method can be applied to estimate transition temperatures of interest Equations (2) and (3) can be simplified and linearized as: (4) A+ where A and B are fitting coefficients and Tx is the transition temperature of interest Setting the partial derivative of the sum of the squares of the estimating errors for the measured data, with respect to the temperature of interest, equal to zero produces an equation for the parameter being sought, namely: =o (5) from which the following expression is derived: A N N i=l i=1 TX=-B ~ N Letting (6) NB 390 PENDULUMIMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS N N i=l /=1 N -Ta" ' (7) NB B and using coefficients A and B from Eqs (2) and (3) provides the following expressions for T~x: and Tloo.: T~00a = 91+ T ~ - ( ~ a ) ~ (9) where T~ is the average of the test temperatures (~ and (r is the average of the square roots of the forces at the end of unstable crack propagation (kN) Thus, Eqs (8) and (9) provide a simple solution for estimating Tr~r and Tlooafrom any randomly generated set of Charpy data Note that Eqs (8) and (9) clearly indicate the following relationship between TI~DTand Tlooa: TN T = T,00o- 21, (~ (lO) In addition to the linear least squares method, the method of maximum likelihood can be applied to estimate transition temperatures of interest in the same way as in the master curve methodology [1,9] This method provides a more complicated solution than Eq (6)i however, this method proved to be more suitable for the cases when censoring is involved because this method does not require the cumulative probability distribution itself Instead, it uses the first derivative, namely, the probability density function: f(Fa)- dP bFob-'-(F~ e ~F~) dFa - Fob (1 1) The product of all the discrete probability densities for the measured Values is a joint probability function and is called the Likelihood Function [9], L; L= 1-~ (bF~b-1)Fo-bei=1 (12) SOKOLOV AND MERKLE ON CHARPY FORCE-DISPLACEMENT TRACES 391 The logarithm of the Likelihood Function is a sum of logarithms, and setting its partial derivative, with respect to the parameter of interest, equal to zero produces an equation for the parameter being sought In the present case, that is: 81nL Fo - (13) Thus, by using Eq (2), (3), (12), and taking into account that parameter b is fixed, Eq (13) becomes N = (14) i=l from which Tx, representing TNDTand T~00a, can be solved iteratively Summary It is shown, that when temperature is normalized to T~a~T,using (T - T~T), or to Tlo0a, using (T - T100,),then the median Fa values for different RPV steels have a tendency to form the same shape of temperature dependence Depending on the normalization temperature, T~,~Tor T100a,this result suggests a universal shape of the temperature dependence ofF a for different RPV steels The best fits for these temperature dependencies are presented An equation is derived using the linear least squares method for the estimation of T~T or T~00afrom randomly generated Charpy impact test It is shown that the maximum likelihood method can also provide the estimation of T~T or T100a Acknowledgments This research is sponsored by the Division of Engineering Technology, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under Interagency Agreement DOE 1886-N695-3W with the U.S Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464 with Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation References [1] WaUin, K., "Validity of Small Specimen Fracture Toughness Estimates Neglecting Constraint Corrections," Constraint Effects in Fracture: Theory and Applications, ASTMSTP 1244, M Kirk and A Bakker, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995, pp 519-537 392 PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS [2] Wallin, K., "Application of The Master Curve Method to Crack Initiation and Crack Arrest," Proceedings of the 1999 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, PVP-Vol 393, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1999, pp 3-9 [3] Vakoukis, G., "Fraktographie und Analyse der Kerbschlagbiegeversuchs" (Doctoral Dissertation), Universitat Stuttgart, 1971 (in German) [4] Schoch, F.-W., "Eigenschaften formgeschweisster Grossgauteile: Werkstoffuntersuchungen an einem 72 t Versuchskorper aus Schweissgut 10MnMoNi55" (Doctoral Dissertation), Universitat Stuttgart, 1984 (in German) [5] Ahlf, J., Bellmann, D, Fohl, J., Hebenbrock, H., Schmitt, F J., and Spalthoff, W., "Irradiation Behavior of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels from the Research Program on the Integrity of Components," Radiation Embrittlement of Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels: An International Review (Second Volume), ASTM STP 909, L E Steele, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1986, pp 34-51 [6] Wallin, K., "Descriptive Potential of Charpy-V Fracture Arrest Parameter with Respect to Crack Arrest Ku," VTT-MET B-221, Metals Laboratory, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland, January 1993 [7] Fabry, A., "Characterization by Notched and Precracked Charpy Tests of the In-Service Degradation of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel Fracture Toughness," SmallSpecimen Test Techniques, ASTMSTP 1329, W R Corwin, S T Rosinski, and E van Walle, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pa., 1998, pp 274-297 [8] Iskander, S K., Nanstad, R K., Sokolov, M A., McCabe, D E., Hutton, J T., and Thomas, D L., "Use of Forces from Instrumented Charpy V-Notch Testing to Determine Crack-Arrest Toughness," Effects of Radiation on Materials: 18th International Symposium, ASTMSTP 1325, R K Nanstad, M L Hamilton, F A Garner, and A S Kumar, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pa., 1999, pp 204-222 [9] Merkle, J G., Wallin, K., and McCabe, D E., "Technical Basis for an ASTM Standard on Determining the Reference Temperature, To, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range," NUREG/CR-5504, ORNL/TM-13631, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., November 1998 [10] Onizawa, K., van Walle, E., Nanstad, R K., Sokolov, M A., and Pavinich, W., "Critical Analysis of Results from the ASTM Round-Robin on Reconstitution," Small Specimen Test Techniques, ASTM STP 1329, W R Corwin, S T Rosinski, and E van Walle, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pa., 1998 [11] Nanstad, R K., Haggag, F M., McCabe, D E., Iskander, S K., Bowman, K O., and Menke, B H., "Irradiation Effects on Fracture Toughness of Two High-Copper Submerged-Arc Welds, HSSI Series 5," NUREG/CR-5913, ORNL/TM- 12156/V1, Vol 1, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1992 SOKOLOV AND MERKLE ON CHARPY FORCE-DISPLACEMENT TRACES [12] Nanstad, R K., McCabe, D E., Swain, R, L., and Miller, M K., "Chemical Composition and RT~qDTDetermination for Midland Weld WF-70," NUREG/CR-5914, ORNL-6740, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1992 [13] Corwin, W R "Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation Program: Semiannual Progress Report for October 1995 to March 1996," NUREG/CR-5591, ORNL/TM-11568/V7&N1, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1997 [14] Fabry, A., "Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessel Integrity Insurance by Crack Arrestability Evaluation Using Loads from Instrumented CVN Tests," Report BLG-750, SCK-CEN Mol, Belgium, October 1997 393 STP1380-EB/May 2000 Author Index B M Boehmert, J., 354 B6hme, W., 327 Manahan, M P., 3, 181, 223, 286 Marsh, F J., Martin, F J., 223 McCowan, C N., 3, 73, 134, 210 Merkle, J G., 382 Morita, S., 198 Mougin, D., 109 C Chai, G., 100 Chaouadi, R., 146 Charpy, G., 46 N D Nakano, H., 73, 164 Dixon, B F., 310 P F Pauwels, J., 73, 90 Puzzolante, J.-L., 146 Fabry, A., 146 G R Galban, G., 109 Gyppaz, D., 90 Revise, G., 73, 109 Richter, H., 354 Russell, S B., 17 Ruth, E A., H Holt, J M., Hughes, R, K., 310 S I Schindler, H.-J., 327, 337 Shibuya, T., 253 Siewert, T A., 3, 134, 210 Sokolov, M A., 382 Stonesifer, R B., 181, 223 Sundqvist, M., 100 Ingelbrecht, C., 90 Inoue, N., 198, 253 K Kishimoto, K., 253 Kobayashi, T., 198 T L Takagi, S., 164 Toda, H., 198 Laporte, S., 109 LefratNois, S., 109 Lenkey, G B., 366 Loibnegger, F., 267 Lucon, E., 146, 242 V Valo, M., 354 Van Walle, E., 146 395 Copyright9 by ASTMlntcrnational www.astm.org 396 PENDULUMIMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS Y Varga, T., 267 Varma, R., 90 Viehrig, H.-W., 354 Vigliotti, D P., 134, 210 W Waid, G M., 298 Yamaguchi, Y., 164 Z Zantopulos, H., 298 STP1380-EB/May 2000 Subject Index A Charpy specimen certification, 73, 90 Charpy testing, 286, 354, 382 Charpy type specimen, 267 Charpy v-notch, 100, 134, 298 specimens, 109, 242, 267, 286, 366 specimens, miniaturized, 223 specimens, subsize, 146 testing machines, 134 Clamping pressure, 210 Cleavage, 327 COFRAC, 109 Computer Aided Instrumented Impact Testing System, 198 Crack extension, 327 Crack growth initiation, 327 Crack initiation, ductile, 354 Crack resistance curve, 327 Crack tip opening displacement, 267 C-type impact machine, 100 Curvature, specimen, 298 Absorbed energy, 3, 134, 164, 181, 286 Accreditation procedures, 109 Acoustic emission, 354 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic, 210 Aging, 210 stability, 100 American Petroleum Institute, 298 Anvil configurations, 164 Anvils, worn, 134 ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing E28.07.07 ASME lower-bound curve, 337 ASTM standards, E 23, 223 B Bend test, metals impact, 46 Bridges, impact test, Brittle fracture load, 181 Bureau Communautaire de Reference, 90 Butadiene acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic, 210 D C Deconvolution, 253 Dual energy determination, 181 Ductile-brittle transition, 310 Ductile crack initiation, 354 Ductile-to-brittle transition range, 337 Ductility, 181 Calibration, 100 characterization of calibrated batches, 109 dynamic force, 253 load, 198 Casing, American Petroleum Institute Specification for Casing and Tubing, 298 Charpy fracture energy, 337 Charpy impact testing, 210, 310 history, 3, 17, 46 instrumented, 198, 253, 327 Elastic resilience, 17 Electron beam weld, 310 Energy, absorbed, 3, 134, 164, 181,286 Energy curve shift, 146 Energy divergence, 100 Energy/lateral expansion/shear fracture levels, 146 Energy levels, 164 Energy, variation, 73 397 398 PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS European standards, 90, 109, 242 European Structural Integrity Society, 242 Failure, metal resistance to, 46 Finite element analysis, 198 Force-deflection-diagram, 267 Force displacement trace, 382 Fracture path, 310 Fracture toughness, 198, 267, 327, 337 dynamic, 354, 366 impact, 253 French Accreditation Committee, 109 French standards NFA 03-508, 109 French Steel Federation, 109 H Heat loss, 286 History, impact test, 3, 17 Japanese V-notch reference test specimens, 164 J-integral, 354 JR curve, 327 J-resistance curve, 327 K Key-curve method, 327 L Laboratorie National D'Essais, 73 Linear least square, 382 Liquid bath transfer approach, 286 Load, 17, 253 calibration, load signal, 198 load vs displacement curve, 354 Loading rates, 267, 366 Loading velocity, 337 M Impact response curve method, 366 Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, 73, 90 Instrumented impact testing, 223, 242, 366 correlation procedures, 146 fracture toughness, 253 history, 3, 17 load signal, 198 single specimen methods, 327 Instrumented/Miniaturized Charpy Round Robin Test Program, 223 Interlaboratory comparison, 210, 223, 242, 327 for certification, 90 international, 73 International Organization for Standardization striker, 100 Izod impact testing, 210 Magnetic emission measurement, 366 Metals impact bend test, 46 Microstructure analysis, 100 Miniaturized Charpy testing, 223 Misalignment, 134 N National Institute of Standards and Technology, 73, 223 Nickel-based alloy, 100 Nil-ductility transition, 382 Normalization factors, 146 Notched bars, 46 Notch sharpness, 337 NRLM, 73 O Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 223, 382 Optical encoder, 181 INDEX Optical measurement, simultaneous, 354 P Peak load, 181 Plastic acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene, 210 Plastic impact specimens, 210 PMMA, 253 Polymethyl methacrylate, 253 Pressure vessels, impact tests, R Railway bridges, 17 Reactor pressure vessel, 146, 223, 382 Reference materials, 73, 90 Reference test pieces, 109, 164 Resilience, elastic, 17 S Scatter, 310 SCK.CEN, 146 Stability analysis, 100 Steel, 146, 267, 366 4340, 73, 90, 298 A533B, 223 Frertch steel accreditation, 109 high strength, 310 reactor pressure vessel, 146, 382 Strain localization, 198 Strain rates, 242 Stress, change of, 17 Stress intensity factor, 366 dynamic, 253 Stretch zone width, 354 Strikers, 90 instrumented, 164, 181, 198, 223, 286, 298 Structural performance, correlation to impact testing, Styrene acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene plastic, 210 T Tensile strength, 337 ultimate, 242 Thermal conditioning, 286 Thermocouples, 286 Toughness, 90, 209 fracture, 198 Transition behavior, 267 Transition region, 223, 337 Transition temperature, 267, 310 Tubes, high strength steel, 298 U Uncertainty propagation, 164 Upper shelf energy, 146, 223, 310 V Velocity, impact, 267 Verification testing, 90, 134 interlaboratory comparison, 73, 242, 327 pendulum impact testing machines, 109 plastic impact, 210 programs, 73, 223, 242 specimens, plastic impact, 210 Vibration, impact testing, 134 effect removal, 253 W Wear, impact testing, 134 Weibull statistics, 382 Weld, 310 W-Nr 1.4563, 100 Worn anvils, 134 Y Yield load, 181 Yield strength, 242 399 ! n nJ C~ DI D W ~J ! D ! 0~ W Z H VJ