Astm stp 1351 2000

STP 1351 Wood Structures: A Global Forum on the Treatment, Conservation, and Repair of Cultural Heritage Stephen J Kelley, Joseph R Loferski, Alexander J Salenikovich, and E George Stern, editors ASTM Stock Number: STP1351 ASTM 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wood structures: A global forum on the treatment, conservation, and repair of cultural heritage / Stephen J K e l l e y [et al.], editors p cm. (STP; 1351) "ASTM Stock Number: STP1351 " Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8031-2497-X Historic buildings Conservation and restoration Congresses Log buildings Congresses Wooden-frame buildings Congresses I Kelle~ Stephen J., 1954- I1 ASTM special technical publication; 1351 TH3301.W58 2000 694 dc21 00-048498 Copyright 2000 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, West Conshohocken, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: 978-7508400; online: http://www.copyright.com/ Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one editor The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were prepared "camera-ready" as submitted by the authors The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers In keeping with long-standing publication practices, ASTM maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in Philadelphia,PA November2000 Dedication This book is lovingly dedicated to Evelyn and Wendell Kelley through whom all things have become possible for me sjk This book is sponsored by ASTM Committee E6 Contents vii Overview A PRIMER ON WOOD HERITAGE History of Timber Construction G c FOLIENTE THE CHURCH OF THE TRANSFIGURATION OF KIZHI ISLAND The Kizhi Pogost Architectural Complex in Old Photographs M MILTCHIK 25 Wood Condition in the Church of The Transfiguration at the Kizhi Museum-V A KOZLOV, V I KRUTOV, M V KISTERNAYA, AND T I VAHRAMEEVA 41 Monitoring Deformations on the Church of The Transfiguration-T I VAHRAMEEVA, I V LUBIMOV, AND V J TSVETKOV Concepts of Repair, Restoration, and Reinforcement of the Church of The Transfiguration u v PISKUNOV 61 66 CHALLENGES OF LOG STRUCTURES Inspection and Evaluation of Decay in Log Struetures J MATTSSON 79 Environmental Problems in Preserving Wooden Buildings at the Estonian Open Air Museum M LAHT 95 Conservation of the Wooden Garner in Paezeriai, Lithuania N VILCONCIENE AND J DROBELIENE 107 The Role of Natural Conservation of Wood in Preservation of Wooden Architectural Monuments E i KUDRJAVTSEVA AND A P LITVINTSEVA 116 The Restoration of Sodankyl~i Old Church M KAIRAMO 131 CHALLENGES OF FRAME STRUCTURES Strategies for the Preservation of Historic Wooden Structures-153 J L LEWANDOSKI The Treatment of Fungal Growth in Heritage Structures in D e n m a r k m 161 O MUNCK AND J FODE Alternative Strategies in Restoring a Medieval Barumo T YEOMANSAND 176 A C SMITH Diagnosis of Wood Timbers: " L a Longa" Building in Valencia, S p a i n - 188 L PALAIA-P~EREZ Structural Stabilization Challenges of a Presidential Home A w O'BRIGHT 205 Addressing 150 Years of Structural Modifications: The Charles Arnold and Julia Sprigg Houses at Lincoln Home National Historic Site c A DRONE 224 The Maloney-Bridget Smith House: A Case Study in Preservation Philosophy J w FOSTER 239 SPECIAL STUDIES Totem Pole and House Post Conservation R E SHEETZ 255 Conservation Investigation for Preservation of a Historic Timber Hut in Antarctica J O HUGHES 269 Author Index 297 Subject Index 299 Overview The Fragile Wood Heritage Wooden architecture is far more important in the built heritage of the northern European countries than in western Europe or in the Americas Though wood was the primary building material in pre-medieval times in Europe, the establishment of a feudal society in western Europe brought the predominance of brick and stone construction The Americas and Australia followed these traditions? In the northern Slav territories, however, the tradition of wooden architecture rendered in logs predominated through the Middle Ages for the construction of monasteries, churches, fortifications, and palaces This wooden church architecture continued into the 18th century and peasant home construction for some time thereafter Until the beginning of the 19th century, whole towns and cities, including the greater part of Moscow, were of wood log construction The paper by Foliente opens this book and places the history of the northern Slav wood-built heritage in a world perspective Today this precious and fragile heritage is on the verge of disappearing in Russia and the former states of the Soviet Union Mikhail Miltchik of Spetzproyectrestavratsia in St Petersburg recently wrote the following: "The destruction of the monuments of wooden architecture has acquired the character of an avalanche In 10-15 years to come they may completely disappear in [Russia] but for a few churches and chapels that are in a satisfactory state, and for those that have been transported to the open-air architectural preserves More than 80% of [wooden] churches noted down before the 1930s not exist [today] It is during the latest years that in Arkhangelsk Region there have been lost such constructions as the nativity (Rozhdestvenskaya) Church in Bestuzhevo on the River Ustya (1763), the Twelve Apostles (Dvenadsati Apostolov) Church in Pirinem on the River Penega (1799); there have been burnt down the ensembles of Ust-Koga and Verkhnaya Mudyuga graveyards (pogosts) on the River Onega (17th-18th centuries) The churches of the famous Liada graveyard are in a state of emergency; the helm roof of the St Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Church (1670) in Volosovo of Kargopol County has fallen down; the John the Baptist (Predtechenskaya) Church (1780) in Litvinov on the River Vaga stays roofless; the Our Lady (Odigitrievskaya) Church (1709) in Kimzba on the River Mezen is on the verge of collapse Unfortunately, this mournful inventory is much longer The value of this heritage was recognized as early as the turn of the last century when the idea of the ethnological open air museum was germinated This distinctly eastern European concept wherein examples of regional wooden architectural styles were relocated to nature preserves where ensembles could be placed in village tableaus similar to their region of origin could then be enjoyed by the population and given ready and standardized stewardship to prolong their existence From the 1920s to the 1960s, numerous open-air architectural preserves were established Among them, besides the Ethnographic Museum 1The Japanese, of course, developed their own traditions in wood construction that encompass 90% of their built heritage Miltchik, M., "The Tragic Fate of Russian Wooden Architecture and the Problems of Its Preservation," The Actual Problems of the Unique Russian Wooden Architecture Monuments' Researching and Saving, M Miltchik, Ed., Spetzproyectrestavratsia, St Petersburg, 1999 vii viii WOOD STRUCTURES: A GLOBAL FORUM on Kizhi Island in Karelia, Russia, can be included: Maliye Karely, 24 km east of Arkhangelsk, Russia; the Open Air Museum at Kolomenskoye, on the outskirts of Moscow, Russia; the Vitoslavitsy Open Air Museum, on the outskirts of Novgorod, Russia; the Podmonastirskaya Sloboda by the Ipatievsky Monastery in Kostroma, Russia; the Shehelokov farmstead in the Shcholkovsky Khutor preserve near Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; the excellent Folk Architecture Open Air Museum near the village of Piragova on the outskirts of Kiev, Ukraine; the Museul Satului Village Museum in Herastrau Park in Bucharest, Romania; the Wallachian Outdoor Museum in Ro~nov, Slovakia; the Museum of Folk Architecture in Sanok, Poland; the Vabahumuseum Ethnological Open Air Museum in Rocca al Mare near Tallinn, Estonia; the Ethnographic Open Air Museum near Riga, Latvia; and the excellent Rumgiskes Ethnological Open Air Museum near Vilnius, Lithuania Among the papers discussed in this book regarding Kizhi Pogost (Miltchik, Kozlov et al., Vahrameeva et al., Piskunov, Mattson) is a fascinating paper regarding the Estonian Open Air Museum (Laht) There are also numerous examples of wooden built heritage that exist in situ in this region: the Stavkirkes of southern Norway; the wooden residences in G6teborg, Sweden; the wooden suburbs Kadriorg, Kalamaja, and Kopli to the east and northwest of Tallinn, Estonia; the wooden Orthodox Churches in the Rzesz6w region of southeastern Poland; the wooden heritage of eastern Slovakia; the wooden Rumanian villages in the Transylvanian region of Maramure~; and, of course, the wooden farm structures in Paezeriai, Lithuania, discussed in this book (Vilkonciene et al.) to name but a few These wood log structures (excluding the Swedish and Estonian examples which are wood frame), though diverse in character, share common pathologies The most vulnerable parts of timber buildings are the logs closest to the ground, those below the windows, and the logs closest to the roofl These areas are exposed to more moisture than the rest of the construction, and, in the case of the ground plate, are subject to insect attack and decay fungi These pathologies are discussed by Kozlov et al and Mattson The most dangerous and destructive enemy is fire Kizhi Pogost and the Church of the Transfiguration At the request of our Canadian colleagues, Andrew Powter and Herb Stovel of the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), Professor Joseph Loferski and I went on a technical consulting mission to the Church of the Transfiguration (Preobrazhenskaya Tserkva) on Kizhi Island in Lake Onega in Karelia, Russia, in January of 1995 The Church of the Transfiguration is part of the Kizhi Pogost ensemble and is the jewel of the Kizhi Open Air Museum, a UNESCO World Heritage Site The purpose of our visit was to assess and critique the methods, findings, and conclusions of the restoration team headed by Professor Yuri Piskunov of the Vyatka State Technical University, Center for Research, Engineering and Manufacture of Building Structures (CREMBS) at Kirov, Russia Our translator on our two-week visit was an engineer and wood scientist, Alexander Salenikovich Alexander subsequently did his doctoral thesis at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) in Blacksburg, due to an exchange program set up by Professor Loferski and his mentor, Professor George Stern, who established the internationally renowned Wood Science Program at Virginia Tech Stern and Loferski developed a cruise conference that sailed from St Petersburg via Kizhi to Moscow in August of 1997, where many of the papers in this book were presented? Proceedings: Preservation o f Russian Antiquities, Its Impact on Russia's Rejuvenation, E G Stem, Ed., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 1998 OVERVIEW ix At Kizhi we found an island where the snow was three feet deep and the temperature stayed less than 10~ where skies were clear, stars shone undimmed by urban light at night, where ice crystals fell from the sky and grew into fine fingers inches long and tightly spaced on trees and shrubs, and where brilliant sunrises occurred at 10 o'clock each morning with the sun never rising high above the horizon and setting by p.m Because of the season, we had the tiny Island and Open Air Museum to ourselves; lived in a little wooden village; feasted on fish, root vegetables, and vodka with the villagers; and took a banya (sauna) at night that included jumping through a hole in the ice into the frigid waters of Lake Onega We came to know a people who lived close to the land and whose ancestors constructed magnificent structures like The Church of the Transfiguration But just as important, we came to know an industrious group of professionals who had taken on the gargantuan technical and political problems of restoring the Church of the Transfiguration Professor Piskunov was faced with the task of developing a restoration scheme after years of diagnostic procedures by an army of professionals, where the results of different diagnostic procedures would yield varied results (Miltchik, Kozlov et al., Vahrameeva et al., and Mattson) Yuri's analysis was state-of-the-art and his solutions were cutting edge Loferski and I revisited a lesson that I'have learned again and again in international preservation consulting in Russia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Macedonia: these countries may have economic difficulties, but there is no dearth of technical expertise, that perhaps we can learn more than we teach We came to know Tatiana Vahrameeva, who administers the Kizhi Museum and who struggles with the procurement of funding for the restoration of The Church of the Transfiguration, a struggle that, at the time of this writing, has yet to be won The Church of the Transfiguration, with its 22 onion domes, remains the sole example of the culmination of the development of the multi-domed wooden church There is a poetic legend about the craftsman builder of the church Having completed the edifice, he threw his axe into nearby Lake Onega, saying, "This church was built by Master Nestor; there never was, nor will be another one to match it." The Church has been cited by some historians as an example of an architects' extravagance and loss of control over materials and proportions It is certainly an illustration of a carpenter pushing a technique to its furthest limits and a remarkable example of a particular climax in the formal development of a style However, the key to its interpretation as an architectural masterpiece is not because of its sheer size, its magnificent form, the complex details of its construction, or the fact that it was built using only axes and adzes and without metal nails, though these issues are formidable The Church of the Transfiguration is quite simply a masterpiece of log engineering The building forms and structure are superbly integrated This is why this structure is worthy of being the focus of this "global forum." What Are the Proper Approaches to Restoration? Structural Aspects The single most problematic issue with the Church of The Transfiguration, as it stands today, is the "metal carcass" that was installed within the entire structure in the early 1980s in an effort to achieve stability and consequently rendering the interior unusable The unheated wood log structure expands in the winter months due to an increase in moisture content In contrast, the metal carcass, volumetrically insensitive to moisture, decreases in size due to the cold temperature Therefore, in the winter, the Church structure would not be supported by the carcass when loads from snow and wind are at their greatest In the summer, the wood structure shrinks due to lowered moisture content and the metal carcass X WOOD STRUCTURES: A GLOBAL FORUM expands due to thermal expansion This opposing behavior of the wood and steel due to these seasonal changes will damage the more fragile wood structure more and more unless the system is carefully and constantly monitored and some form of remedy is provided The answer is to remove the metal carcass and re-establish structural integrity The most controversial and radical solution discussed has been the total dismantling and reconstruction of the Church, while replacing those wooden elements that are damaged and decayed Dismantling could make a restoration project become much larger than previously envisioned It is likely that the dismantled building would prove difficult to reassemble It would also become too easy to replace parts of the original fabric for the sake of convenience rather than for purely technical reasons than would occur if the structure was conserved without dismantling Consequently, the building would loose authenticity Philosophically, the original wood structure should be considered the most reliable one It was born in the creation process, works in complete harmony with the construction, and can only exist together with all original parts of the building This brings to mind one of the parables of Jesus, "No one sews a patch of unshrunken cloth to an old coat; for then the patch tears away from the coat and leaves a bigger hole ''4 Like the use of consolidant treatments on stone masonry, dismantling should be used only as a last resort and only if all other, less intrusive approaches have been exhausted Dismantling has been ruled out as a possible treatment at The Church of the Transfiguration It has been agreed that structural intervention should be minimal and should not change the essence of the structure Piskunov's engineering solution was summarized in the following fashion, "the p r i n c i p l e , is, in our opinion, to insert additional engineering devices at the minimum and to use the potentialities of the original structure at the maximum ''5 This approach is the same as has been reached by my colleague, Professor Predrag Gavrilovi~ of the Seismology Institute (IZIIS) in Skopje, Macedonia, for restoration of Byzantine churches constructed of masonry, which he refers to as "the principle of minimum intervention-maximum protection ''6 Of course, both of these principles reflect my own philosophy: "The goal of the conversation engineer is to stabilize the structure with the minimum intervention ''7 It is apparent that this principle can hold true for all built heritage and not just that constructed of wood The world community appears to be in harmony in this regard, as reflected in such conventions as the Venice Charter Material Aspects The other problem, of course, is how to protect the wood material from decay caused by moisture, organic growth, and insect infestations Here is where a look at the diverse cultural aspects of wood heritage come into play First, the building typology of Russian wood architecture is distinct from that of the Norwegian Stavkirke, the churches of southeastern Poland, and Japanese temples and pagodas Each building type has its own water shedding and moisture drying aspects that are defined by their evolved cultural forms Second, different Matthew 9:16 Piskunov, Y V., Inspection of the Transfiguration Church and Analysis of Its Major Bearing Structures, Kirov, Vyatka, Russia, 1994 Gavrilovi~, P and Zelenkovska, V., "Seismic Strengthening of Historic Monuments and Experimental Investigations," Annali di Geofisica, vol XXXVIII, No 5-6, November-December 1995 Kelley, S J., and Crowe, T M "The Role of the Conservation Engineer," in ASTM STP 1258: Standards for Preservation and Rehabilitation Stephen J Kelley, editor Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA (1995) 288 w o o d STRUCTURES: A GLOBAL FORUM and Shackleton huts were used by Harrowfield [45] to document increasing visitation and to stress the need for improved site management The Madrid Protocol provides for the declaration of Antarctic Specially Managed Areas to restrict incompatible activities around historic sites This should prevent situations arising in future such as the unfortunate visual encroachment on Scott's Discovery Hut at Hut Point that is surrounded by fuel tanks and shipping facilities at McMurdo base Consideration should also be given to the needs of wildlife adjacent to historic sites at Cape Royds, Cape Denison and Cape Adare where visitors to the huts come into close proximity to breeding penguins and create a potential for disturbance A visitor questionnaire was prepared by the author to seek views on visitor management questions for Cape Denison [46] and this could be adapted for other historic sites Visitor management problems that should be evaluated in site surveys include: Does humidity in the hut rise significantly due to visitors' breath? How many visitors can be adequately supervised inside the huts to prevent crowding and allow enjoyment of their visit? Can tripods and flash photography safely be permitted? Is lighting adequate to counter any tripping hazards due to uneven floors, etc? ~ Are written visitor guidelines and site information and maps available? Are tour guides adequately briefed about visit management and prevention of interference and damage? Are visitors constrained when walking outside the huts? Are there any safety hazards at the site? At Cape Denison a potential visitor hazard arose from a cache of highly unstable AAE explosives which were partly obscured by snow for most of the year If accidentally discharged these explosives could have killed anyone close by and the shock wave could have damaged the historic buildings Fortunately these were destroyed in 1998 Abandoned explosives were also a problem at Wilkes and it is possible that these hazards exist at other abandoned bases as they were commonly used for blasting rock for foundations or for use by ships to dislodge ice floes Re-use of Historic Buildings Re-use of historic buildings is common in the rest of the world but is potentially problematic in Antarctica due to the costs of logistics, environmental management concerns and the changing pattems of scientific research Common reasons for seeking the removal of out-dated buildings is the cost of heating since older buildings not generally have the thermal efficiency of newer designs However, not all buildings require heating or permanent occupation For example the 'Old Paint Store' at Davis is the only intact polygonal building of the type used to establish the first Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition (ANARE) base on Heard Island in 1947 These buildings are visually distinctive and the construction of this particular building uses wooden pegs to hold it together so it could be easily dismantled and re-assembled if necessary for relocation This building is currently used for the high-risk task of storing paint although it could be usefully retained as an emergency store for survival supplies in case of a fire in the main station buildings Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized HUGHES ON A HISTORIC TIMBER HUT IN ANTARCTICA 289 (Twigg, D., Australian Antarctic Division, Davis Station, Antarctica, personal communication with the author 1993) Field stations for recreational visits are an important recreational resource for expeditioners who have limited opportunities for getting off base There are also important safety reasons for maintaining refuges that might only be used on rare but desperate occasions A number o f old field stations are o f some historic interest such as the 1961 Platcha Hut near Davis Station that was used to carry out observations of particular meteorological phenomenon which only arises in winter The hut, virtually unaltered since its inception, is of interest to ANARE to give some understanding for today's expeditioners of the difficulty faced in the early days of ANARE The building is in generally sound condition requiring little maintenance and it supplements space in the newer but cramped field hut established only meters away An ANARE visitor made the following note in the hut's logbook: "20.11.82 On the Old Platcha/New Platcha question: The old hut is certainly the most historic and charismatic of huts, and has served a long, noble life It would be a pity to see it fall into disrepair and demise, when it could easily be kept as a living museum to earlier days when expeditioners received little financial reward but "did it" for their own satisfaction The New Platcha on the other hand is undoubtedly the Hilton of Vestfold [Hills] accommodation and all credit goes to its authors The new provides stark contrast to the old ! take my hat off to the builders o f both huts Fred." Documentation and Preservation Fieldwork - Planning and Equipment A major difficulty for conservation projects at Antarctic historic sites is the high cost o f logistics Some historic sites, such as those cared for by New Zealand, are close to major bases with air access from Christchurch Others, such as Mawson's huts at Cape Denison, are in remote parts of Antarctica, in this case accessible only by sea, seven days from Hobart, Australia Even when air access is available, time is usually short due to logistics costs and thus site visits must be well planned to achieve the maximum work possible This requires efficient interaction between the different professionals and often necessitates the assistance of volunteers Areas where good planning and prior briefing can maximize efficiency include: Well-planned equipment lists covering all professional equipment, protective clothing, safety materials, packaging and personal field needs Photography: UV and polarizing filters (essential); lithium battery packs; indoor lighting and flash; scale and color cards; insulated 'cooler' boxes for batteries; tripods; macro and wide angle lenses A second camera that will fit inside an anorak is useful especially if it has a 'databack' facility It is possible to lengthen camera battery leads so the battery can be kept warm inside clothing, thus extending battery life considerably 'Winterizing' is generally no longer required for modem cameras Photogrammetry: identify orientation required from building plans and specify the level of detail required; plan the records system and coding of photos Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 290 WOOD STRUCTURES: A GLOBAL FORUM Surveying: task definition; levels for drainage; orientation of significant artifacts; specialist instruments including Global Positioning Systems and computer databases including Geographic Information Systems Records systems and equipment: dataloggers and monitoring equipment (e.g., strain gauges, thermistors) must be rated for Antarctic temperatures and require consideration of possible meltwater and humidity problems; computers require careful packing and precautions against static electricity; codes for data records (e.g., artifact number, plank identification) should be carefully planned to avoid later confusion Conservation materials for excavations may include: waterproof synthetic paper labels; waterproof markers and notebooks; sealable polyethylene bags and packing containers; protective packaging including 'bubble polyethylene'; sterile sample bottles; culture media for fungi samples; specialist tools (forceps, scalpels, etc); magnifying glasses, chemical spot test kits; pH strips; thermohygrographs and dataloggers; hot air guns; light and UV meters; adhesives; desiccants such as silica gel Materials testing racks should be partially pre-assembled and packed to facilitate rapid installation Special attention should be given to frame design and rock bolt fasteners General logistics needs, food, clothing and safety supplies and medical assistance is usually supported by national Antarctic expeditions who always insist on adequate prior field training including use of tents, radios and generators Additional issues for fieldwork include occupational safety and environmental protection Antarctic Treaty nations require environmental impact statements for all projects and heritage conservation projects may require additional permits to ensure work complies with Madrid Protocol standards Health and safety issues are especially important and planning and training should be developed covering: Hazard management for chemicals; Management of exposed conditions e.g., wind breaks, blizzard lines; Priority task lists for good and bad weather conditions; and Identification of suitable tasks and training for volunteer assistants Conclusions on the Value of a Multidisciplinary Approach Since there are so many documentation and preservation problems in Antarctica for which there are no satisfactory methods then strategic development is required to improve recording and overcome treatment problems and the following recommendations are made: Documentation Improvement of documentation standards- Archaeologists, conservators, architects and scientists must work together to identify and record scientific resources of historic sites This work should include professional topographic surveys, accurate recording of positions of scientific instruments (Stevenson screens, geomagnetic pillars, Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized HUGHES ON A HISTORIC TIMBER HUT IN ANTARCTICA 291 tide gauge locations, etc) and consideration of research possibilities for artifacts (such as dateable animal carcasses, historic foods, fungal growths, etc) Identification of historic studies required- There are many untapped areas of study of historic resources: performance evaluation of foods and equipment carried by past Antarctic expeditions; investigation of scientific successes and failures of various Antarctic expeditions; spatial studies of Antarctic bases and comparison with equivalent activities in the Arctic; and identification and analysis of specific design adaptation of buildings for Antarctica Condition Reporting Condition report standardization- The causes of deterioration of materials in Antarctic conditions have been documented in several reports and publications (see list of references) The most fundamental information that is required now is knowledge of the rate of deterioration of materials in various Antarctic climatic regions Research on corrosivity rates has been completed for a range of sites showing that corrosivity in coastal rates is significant and that treatment development is required [47] A standard method fbr salt deposition is available (ISO 9225: Salt Candle method) but work by the author and King to carry out testing at Australian sites is awaiting fhnding A method has been developed for quantitative measurement of corrasion of timber [30] and funding is required to carry out field tests at Cape Denison Some data are available on temperature and relative humidity inside buildings but it is evident from preliminary results that more detailed monitoring is required There are problems with humidity measurements to be overcome Conditions in the wall space, where condensation appears to occur must be monitored to gain an accurate picture of environmental conditions in historic huts Methodologies fbr identifying fungi and growth rate determination exist although it is difficult to obtain a sample from the Cape Denison site, which offers important research opportunities Development of treatments From a bibliographic study and site visits of Antarctic historic sites the author has concluded that the following treatment developments should he given priority: Fungicide developments Corrosion inhibitors for Antarctic conditions Reversible elastomeric polymers for protection against corrasion (reversibility being achieved by peeling rather than solvent removal) Materials tests should not only consider the durability of materials but also how the material or technique impacts the building, e.g., by changing permeation of air or changing condensation patterns Treatment of tin cans and labels (due to the number and significance of these artifacts at many sites) Passive radiation techniques for keeping ice frozen to avert meltwater problems, as used for permafrost stabilization in Alaska [48] ~ Dehumidification techniques for interior spaces Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 292 WOOD STRUCTURES: A GLOBAL FORUM It is important to regularly review which methods are effective and which are not and to carefully consider 'reversibility criteria' in case the treatment needs to be 'undone' due to some unforeseen failure Maintenance requirements for each site should be determined and a plan developed for implementation and training if required Dissemination o f Research via an International Seminar Further, there is a need for international cooperation to research the problems of deterioration Research is required to develop new methods of treatment since conventional treatments are not successful in Antarctica because the severe and unfamiliar climate causes many materials and structures to deteriorate in unusual and interesting ways Funds for documentation and preservation of Antarctic historic sites are scarce Given that the deterioration problems are largely similar and that few proven treatments exist then cooperation through the Antarctic Treaty would be very helpful to the various professions involved in preserving these unique historic places There are archaeologists, architects, historians, conservators and other scientists who are involved in studies of Antarctic historic sites working in Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States Most of these researchers have never met and have limited access to others' publications that often appear in publications of limited circulation Information on historic sites is only intermittently circulated among the Antarctic Treaty nations despite a 1961 Treaty resolution encouraging circulation of such information Project reports often go no further than national Antarctic administrators and never reach the interested professionals in other nations Publications are difficult to find, even in the Arctic and Antarctic bibliography, since many relevant reports are often unpublished The Human Impacts program of the Australian Antarctic Division has proposed an international seminar to address this need for exchange of information but this is dependent on funding If the seminar goes ahead all relevant disciplines and Antarctic administrators and environmental managers should be included It is believed that an opportunity for researchers meet face to face and devise strategies to promote the value of Antarctic historic sites would raise the profile of this work and encourage funding support for these projects to proceed Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank her colleagues, Dr Estelle Lazer and Angle McGowan (archaeologists), Dr Simon Hayman and Bruce Forwood (architects) for their years of professional support George King of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Division of Building Construction and Engineering has collaborated and generously supported Antarctic corrosion research Grants from the Antarctic Science Advisory Committee of the Commonwealth of Australia have assisted various aspects of this research Travel to the historic huts of New Zealand's Ross Dependency were made possible by the Mawson's Hut Conservation Committee and the personal generosity of Julia Symington Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz HUGHES ON A HISTORIC TIMBER HUT IN ANTARCTICA 293 References [1] Swithinbank, C 1992 Conservation Areas of Antarctica: A List of SPAs, SSSIs, historic sites and monuments, SRAs, MUPAs, sealing zones and seal reserves Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom [2] Jackson, A 1992 Heritage Issues in the Antarctic Treaty Context Proceedings of the Antarctic Heritage Values Seminar, 27-28 August 1992 pp 15-27 Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania [3] Barr, S 1990, "Antarctica's Cultural Heritage: can ICOMOS help?", ICOMOS Information April-June 1990 pp 30-35 [4] Fogg, G.E., 1992, A History of Antarctic Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom [5] Warren, P., 1989, "A Proposal for the Designation and Protection of Antarctic Historic resources submitted to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties", Masters thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Second draft July t, 1989 [6] Pearson, M., 1992, "Expedition huts in Antarctica: 1899-1917", Polar Record, Vol 28, No 167, pp 261-276 [7] Harrowfield, D.L., 1985, "The Effects of wind on some historic Antarctic Huts", Fram: The journal of Polar Studies Vol: l, NO 2, pp.470-86 [8] Cochran, C and Collinge, I.B., 1994, "Conservation Survey of Abandoned British Bases in the Antarctic Peninsula Region", Unpublished report for United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust [9] Clark, L and Wishart, E., 1991, "History or Rubbish? A study of Wilkes Station", Historic Environment (Canberra), Vol 8, Nos l&2, pp 25-27 [10] Hughes, J.D and Davis, B.W., "The Management of Tourism at Historic Sites and Monuments", Hall, M.C and Johnston, M.E., Eds., Polar Tourism: Tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic Regions, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK: pp.235-255 [ 11] Enzenbacher, D.J., 1993, "Tourists in Antarctica: numbers and trends") Polar Record, Vol 29, No 170, pp 240-242 [12] Clark, L and Wishart, E., 1989, "Historical Recording of Wilkes", Aurora Vol 9, No 1, pp 4-6 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 294 W O O D STRUCTURES: A GLOBAL FORUM [13] van Klinken, R.D and Green, A.J.A., 1992, "The first record of Oniscidea (terrestrial Isopoda) from Macquarie Island", Polar Record, Vo1.28, No 166, pp 240242 [14] Townrow, K., 1988, "Sealing sites on Macquarie Island: an archaeological survey", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Vol 122, No 1, pp 15-25 [ 15] Greenfield, L.G., 1981, "Pathogenic microbes in Antarctica", NZ Antarctic Record, Vol 3, No.3, p 38 [16] Greenfield, L,G., 1982, "Thermophilic microbes in Shackleton's Pony Fodder, Cape Royds", NZ Antarctic Record, Vol 4, No 1, pp 21-22 [17] Mabin, M.C.G., 1985, "C14 Ages for Heroic Era penguin and Seal Bones from Inexpressible island, Terra nova Bay, North Victoria Land", New Zealand Antarctic Record, Vol 6, No 2, pp 24-25 I18] Townrow, K and Shaughnessy, P.D 1991, "Fur seal skull from sealers' quarters at Sandy Bay, Macquarie Island, Southern Ocean", Polar Record, Vol 27, No 162, pp 245-248 [19] Renzoni, A and Norstrom, R.J., 1990, "Mercury in the hairs of Polar Bears Ursus maritimus", Polar Record, Vol 26, No 159, pp 326-328 [20] Grandjean, P., 1989, "Bone analysis: silent testimony of lead exposures in the past", Meddelelser om Gronland, Man and Society, Vol 12, pp 156-160 [21 ] Arnold, C., 1982, "Archaeology in the Northwest Territories", Northern Perspectives, Vol 10, No 6, pp 1-10 [22] Blunt, W., "Mawson's Huts, Antarctic: a conservation proposal", Masters thesis for the School of Architecture, University of NSW, Sydney, 1991 [23] Harrowfield, D.L., 1996, "The role of wind in the destruction of an historic hut at Cape Adare in Antarctica", Polar Record, Vol 32, No 180, pp 3-18 [24] Marshall, D,, 1987, "Measurement of Roof deflection of Mawson's Huts (compilation of measurements taken by Project Blizzard and data collected by Marshall and Pearson in 1986", Unpublished paper presented to Mawson's Hut Conservation Committee [25] Laseron, C.F., 1947, South with Mawson, The Australian Publishing Company, Sydney [26] Bemacchi, L., 1901, To the South Polar Regions, Hurst and Blaekett, London Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized HUGHES ON A HISTORIC TIMBER HUT IN ANTARCTICA 295 [27] Broadbent, N., 1992, "Reclaiming U.S Antarctic history: The Restoration of East Base, Stonington Island", Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol XXVII, No 2, pp 14-17 [28] Quartermain, L.B., 1964, Two Huts in the Antarctic, N e w Zealand Government Printer, Wellington [29] Comerci, S.M., "Arqueologia antartica Los trabajos de la Republica Argentina en la isla Cerro Nevado durante las campanas antarticas 1979-80 y 1980-81", [Antarctic archaeology Argentine activities on Snow Hill Island during the Antarctic campaigns 1979-80 and 1980-8 l ], Instituto Antartico Argentino Contribucion No.291, Buenos Aires, 1983 [30] Hughes, J.D., "Evaluation of protective coatings for the 'in situ' preservation of historic timber buildings in a harsh Antarctic environment", Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series, Paper J1.11, April- May 1992, San Francisco [31 ] Smith, R 1991, "Publisher's Notes," Australian Geographic, No 23, pp [32] Fukuda, M., "Freeze-thaw cycles of rocks at some historic sites in Otaru, Hokkaido", Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Property, 13-17 Ueno Park, Tokyo, 1979 [33] Everett, D.H., 1961, "The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids", Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol 57, pp 1541-1551 [34] Peacock, E., 1999, "A note on the effect of multiple freeze thaw treatment on natural fiber fabrics", Studies in Conservation, Vol 44, No 1, pp 12-18 [35] Harrowfield, D.L., "Conservation and management of historic sites in the Ross Dependency", Proceedings of'Antarctica 150: Scientific Perspectives- Policy futures', September 1990, University of Auckland, Auckland [36] Hughes, J.D., 1986, "Materials Conservation Report on Mawson's Huts, Commonwealth Bay, Antarctica", Unpublished report to Australian Antarcti c Division, Vol 'Project Blizzard' [37] McLean, A.L., "Bacteriological and other researches", Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14 Scientific Report 7, pp 1- 128, NSW Government Printer, Sydney, 1919 [38] King, G.A and Hughes, J.D., 1993, "Measurement of atmospheric corrosion using standard coupons and ATCORR units, and its application in the preservation of outdoor cultural material", Bulletin of the Australian Institutefor the Conservation of Cultural Materials, Vol 18, Nos 3&4, pp 25-43 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 296 WOOD STRUCTURES: A GLOBAL FORUM [39] King, G.A et al, 1988, "Assessing Atmospheric Corrosivity in Antarctica", Corrosion Australasia, October 1988, pp 13-15 [40] Wilkins, A.P and Simpson, J.A., 1988, "Defibring of roof timbers", Journal of the Institute for Wood Science, Vol 11, No 3, pp 121-125 [41] Australian Surveying and Land Information Group, "Cape Denison Historic Site Map" (CU90/077), Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston Tasmania, 1990 [42] Ledingham, R.B., 1978, "1978 Expedition to renovate the 1912-13 Australasian Antarctic Expedition base hut", Polar Record, Vol 19, No 122, pp 485-88 [43] Trechsel, H.R and Bomberg, M (Eds.), 1989, "Water Vapor Transmission through Building Materials and Systems: Mechanisms and Measurement", ASTM STP 1039, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA [44] Ritchie, N.A., 1990, "Archaeological techniques and technology on Ross Island, Antarctica", Polar Record, Vol 26, No 159, pp 257-264 [45] Harrowfield, D.L., 1989, "The Historic Huts on Ross Island- an important recreation/tourism resource", New Zealand Antarctic Record, Vol 9, No 2, pp 6573 [46] Hughes, J.D., 1994, "Antarctic historic sites: the tourist implications", Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 22, No 2, pp 281-294 [47] Hughes, J.D., King, G.A., and O'Brien, D.J., 1996, "Corrosivity Map of Antarcticarevelations on the nature of corrosion in the world's coldest, driest, highest and purest continent", International Corrosion Council, 13th International Corrosion Conference, Melbourne, 25-29 November 1996 [48] Bhagava, R., Bassler, D., and Patterson, J., 1991, "A passive refrigerator for a refrigerated foundation on Permafrost", Northern Engineer (Alaska), Vol 23, pp 2-3 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP1351-EB/Nov 2000 Author Index O D Drobeliene, J., 107 Drone, C A., 224 O'Bright, A W., 205 F P Fode, J., 161 Foliente, G C., Foster, J W., 239 Palaia-P6rez, L., 188 Piskunov, Y V., 66 H S Hughes, J D., 269 Sheetz, R F., 255 Smith, A C., 176 K Kairamo, M., 131 Kisternaya, M V., 41 Kozlov, V A., 41 Krutov, V I., 41 Kudrjavtseva, E I., 116 T Tsvetkov, V J., 61 L Laht, M., 95 Lewandoski, J L., 153 Litvintseva, A P., 116 Lubimov, I V., 61 V Vahrameeva, T I., 41, 61 Vilconciene, N., 107 M Y Mattsson, J., 79 Miltchik, M., 25 Munck, O., 161 Yeomans, D T., 176 297 Copyright by ASTM Int'lby(all rights International reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Copyright9 ASTM www.astm.org Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP1351-EB/Nov 2000 Subject Index A Acid precipitation, 95 Air treatment, hot, 161 Alaska, Sitka National Historic Park, 255 Algae, 107 Antarctica, 269 Authenticity, Sodankyl~ Old Church restoration, 131 B Balloon framing, 224 Barn, 153 medieval English, 176 timber garner, Lithuania, 107 Beam and post, Birch bark, 131 Bitumen felt, 131 Borates, 255 Bore cut technique, 255 Braced framing, 224 Bridges, 153 Bridget Smith House, 239 British standard, 176 Bullet method, 41 C Charles Arnold House, 224 Chemical treatment "La Lonja" building, 188 totems, 255 Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin (Pokrova Bogoroditsy Sobor), 25 Church of the Transfiguration (Preobrazhenskaya Tserkva), 25, 41, 61, 66 Climate conditions, 79 Antarctic timber hut, 269 Church of the Transfiguration, 41 Estonia Open Air Museum, 95 Coniophora puteana, 116 Conservation monitoring, 269 Conservation strategy, 176, 205 wooden garner, 107 Construction forms and methods, D Damage diagnosis, 79, 107, 188 Danish Preservation of Buildings Act, 161 Defibering, 269 Deformations, 176 Church of the Transfiguration, 41 Denmark, heritage structures, 161 Drainage, site, 95 Dry rot, 161 E Electric resistance method, 41 English barn, medieval, 176 Erosion, 269 Estonian Open Air Museum, 95 F Finland, Sodankryl/i Old Church, 131 Fluoride, 107 Folk culture, Estonian Open Air Museum, 95 Foundation components, 224 Framing, 205 floor, components, 224 style, 153 Freeze-thaw, 269 Fungi, 79, 95, 107 Antarctica historic hut, 269 Church of the Transfiguration, 41 Danish buildings, 161 "La Lonja," Spain, 188 totem poles, Alaska, 255 St Nicholas Church, Russia, 116 299 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 300 WOOD STRUCTURES: A GLOBAL FORUM G Gamma ray method, 41 H Haida, 255 History, timber construction, Hot air treatment, 161 Houses, 153 history, timber construction, hut, 269 posts, 255 Hut, historic timber, Antarctica, 269 Hydro-thermal monitoring, 41 I In-kind restoration, 153 Insects, 79, 107, 205 Church of the Transfiguration, 41 "La Lonja" building, 188 J M Maloney-Bridget Smith House, 239 Maritime climate effects, Estonian Open Air Museum, 95 Mechanical loading, Church of the Transfiguration, 41 Microwaves, 161 Mildewicide, 255 Miners cottage, 239 Missouri plantation, White Haven, 205 Modeling, structural, 269 Moisture content, wood, 79, 107 Mold, 95 Monitoring conservation, 269 deformation, Church of the Transfiguration, 41 wood condition, microbiological, 107 wood condition, Church of the Transfiguration, 41 Julia Sprigg House, 22 K Kizhi Pogost, 25, 41, 61, 66 Kovda ensemble, 116 Kurdika, Vincas, 107 L Lake Ortega, State of Karelia, Russia, 25, 41, 61, 66 Lichens, 107 Light microscopy, 41 Lincoln Home National Historic Site, 224 Lithuania, Paezeriai wooden garner, 107 Load-bearing capacities, 224 Loading, mechanical, 41 Loading, wind, 269 Log structures, decay, 61, 79, 131 Log structure/steel frame interaction, Church of the Transfiguration, 61 N Nails, handmade, 131 National Board of Antiquities, Finland, 131 Natural wood conservation, 95, 116 New Jersey miners cottage, 239 P Pentachlorophenate, 255 Pentachlorophenol, 107, 255 Philosophy, preservation, 239 Photometric method, 61 Phototheodolite, 61 Pogost ensemble, 25, 41, 61, 66 Pollution effects, wooden buildings, 95 Polyethylene glycol, 107 Prehistoric timber construction, Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Preservation challenges, Antarctic timber hut, 269 challenges, Lincoln Home National Historic Site, 224 philosophy, 239 strategies, 95, 107, 153 R Radio waves, high frequency, 161 Renovation, Missouri plantation, 2O5 Repairs, 176 Kizhi Pogost churches, 25, 41, 61, 66 log structures, 79 medieval barn, 74 Missouri plantation, 205 Sodankyl/i Old Church, 131 wooden garner, 107 Restoration challenges, Lincoln Home National Historic Site, 224 Kizhi Pogost, 25, 41, 61, 66 Sodankyl/i Old Church, 131 strategies, 64, 116, 161, 176 Roofs framing components, 224 iron-clad, 25 Russia Kizhi Pogost, 25, 41, 61, 66 Murmansk, St Nicholas Church, 116 St Nicholas Church, 116 Salts, 269 Sea Consulate, Valencia, Spain, 188 Serpula lacryrnans, 116 Serviceability, Church of the Transfiguration, 66 Shingles, carved, 131 Site drainage, 95 Snow accumulation, 269 301 Sodankyl/i Old Church, 131 Sodium borate, 255 Spain, Valencia, "La Lonja" building, 188 Spatial systems, modern, Stability, Church of the Transfiguration, 61, 66 Stabilization, carbon fiber, 2O5 Stabilization, original wood, 107 Steel farm interaction, log structure, 61, 66 Stereometric benchmark, 61 Strength, Church of the Transfiguration, 66 Structural capability, 188 Structural integrity, 205 Sussex, England, barn, 176 T Temperature regulation, 95 Temperierungsystem, temperature regulation system, 95 Termites, "La Lonja" building, 188 Timber engineering, 3, 205 Timber structural elements, 188 Tlingit, 255 Totem poles, 255 Totem Preservation Conference, 255 Traditional construction techniques, 131 Trichoderma viride, 116 Trusses, roof system, 153 Tserkva Pokrovskaya, 61 Tserkva Preobrazhenskaya, 25, 41, 61, 66 U UNESCO, 61 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 302 WOOD STRUCTURES: A GLOBAL FORUM V Valencia, Spain, "La Lonja" building, 188 W Wall framing components, 224 Wet rot, 161 White Haven plantation, Missouri, 205 Wind loading, 269 Wood condition, Kizhi Pogost, 41 Wooden garner, 107 Wood tar, 131 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized ISBN 0-8031-2497-X Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Dec 26 13:14:00 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduction