Astm stp 1137 1992

STP 1137 Corrosion Forms and Control for Infrastructure Victor Chaker, editor ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-011370-27 ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Libraw of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Corrosion forms and control for infrastructure / Victor Chaker, editor (STP ; 1137) "ASTM publication code number (PCN) 04-011370-27." "Papers presented at the symposium held in San Diego, CA on 3-4 November 1991 Foreword Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8031-1432-X I Reinforcing bars Corrosion Congresses Reinforced concrete Corrosion Congresses Corrosion and anti-corrosives-Congresses I Chaker, Victor II Series: ASTM special technical publication ; 1137 TA445.5.C673 1992 620.i'723 dc20 92-35015 CIP Copyright 1992 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $2.50 per copy, plus $0.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970; (508) 744-3350 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8031-1432-X/92 $2.50 + 50 Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledge with appreciation their dedication and contribution to time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in Ann Arbor, MI October 1992 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword This publication, Corrosion Forms and Control for Infrastructure, contains papers presented at the symposium held in San Diego, CA on 3-4 Nov., 1991 The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals, Subcommittee GI.10 on Corrosion in Soils, and G1.14 on Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel V Chaker, Port Authority of NY and NJ in New York, NY was the Symposium Chairman Symposium session chairmen were N.S Berke of W.R Grace and Co in Cambridge, MA and E Escalante of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD About the Cover The art work is by Melanie Wilson-Ligh of the Port Authority of NY and N J, New York, NY The design concept shows that by using available technology, corrosion of the infrastructure can be controlled and that the life expectancy of both the existing and new infrastructure can be extended indefinitely The bottom pictures depict the corrosion impact on infrastructure The middle pictures represent the state-of-the-art in sensors and computers to help control the corrosion of the infrastructure The top pictures represent well-maintained infrastructures Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions aut Contents O v e r v i e w - - V CHAKER Keynote A d d r e s s - - I n f r a s t r u c t u r e : The Battlefield of C o r r o s i o n - - E J FASULLO vii Synergistic Effects of Acid Deposition a n d R o a d Salts on C o r r o s i o n - - R BABO1AN 17 National Cost of D a m a g e to I n f r a s t r u c t u r e f r o m Highway Deicing T R MENZIES 30 A New A p p r o a c h to P o w e r - M o d e l Regression of C o r r o s i o n P e n e t r a t i o n D a t a - R H McCUEN, P ALBRECHT, AND J CHENG 46 A Review of C o m p u t a t i o n a l Simulation T e c h n i q u e s - - v G DeGIORGI AND A I KAZNOFF 77 E v a l u a t i o n of a n A t m o s p h e r i c C o r r o s i o n R a t e M o n i t o r - - F H HAYNIE 90 C o r r o s i o n C o n t r o l of W e a t h e r i n g Steel B r i d g e s - - P ALBRECHT 108 Wetness M o n i t o r i n g on the E x t e r i o r of I n f r a s t r u c t u r e s - - J J HECHLER 126 P e r f o r m a n c e of R e h a b i l i t a t e d / P r o t e c t e d C o n c r e t e Bridge D e c k s - - K BABAE1 AND N M HAWKINS 140 Utilization of Electrochemical I m p e d a n c e Techniques to E s t i m a t e C o r r o s i o n D a m a g e of Steel I n f r a s t r u c t u r e s - - K HOMMA, N GOTO, K MATSUOKA, AND S ITO 155 I m p r o v e d Rail F a s t e n e r I n s u l a t i o n for Stray C u r r e n t C o n t r o l ~ D GALLER AND P L TODD 170 A T h e o r e t i c a l Analysis for the Residual S t r e n g t h of C o r r o d e d Gas a n d Oil T r a n s m i s s i o n P i p e l i n e s ~ M F KANNINEN, K V PAGALTHIVARTHI, AND C H POPELAR 183 The NUPIPE| 199 R e c o n s t r u c t i o n T e c h n o l o g y ~ J B HINTE E s t i m a t i n g the Life Cycle of Reinforced C o n c r e t e Decks a n d M a r i n e Piles Using L a b o r a t o r y Diffusion a n d C o r r o s i o n D a t a ~ N S BERKE AND M C HICKS 207 Investigation of R e b a r C o r r o s i o n in Partially S u b m e r g e d C o n c r e t e - M FUNAHASHI, K F FONG, AND N D BURKE 232 R e c e n t Developments in Inspection Techniques for C o r r o s i o n D a m a g e d C o n c r e t e S t r u c t u r e s - - G JOHN, K, HLADKY, P GAYDECKI, AND J DAWSON 246 A n A u t o m a t i c Pipe C o r r o s i o n Inspection S y s t e m - - M SHIMIZU, N MUKAI, M HAMADA, AND J SHIMAMURA 258 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz Prediction and Control of Sulfide Induced Corrosion in Concrete Sewer Infrastructure and Rehabilitation Techniques J K JEYAPALAN 273 Corrosion Related Deterioration of Reinforced Concrete Structures at Oil Refineries in the Persian Gulf R e g i o n - - v NOVOKSHCHENOV 284 Impregnation of Concrete with Corrosion Inhibitors N S BERKE, M P DALLAIRE, R E WEYERS, M HENRY, J E PETERSON, AND B PROWELL 300 Predicting Service Life of Concrete Bridge Decks Subject to Reinforcement Corrosion P D CADY A N D R E W E Y E R S 328 Measuring the Underground Corrosion of Steel Piling at Turcot Yard, Montreal, C a n a d a - A 14 Year Study E ESCALANTE 339 Assessing the Role of Steel Corrosion in the Deterioration of Concrete in the National Infrastructure: A Review of the Causes of Corrosion and Current Diagnostic Techniques B H HERTLEIN 356 Bond Loss Between Epoxy and Alkyd Coated Reinforcement Rebars and Concrete L A M A L D O N A D O , P CASTRO, J H M A R R U F O , W G O N Z A L E Z , A N D A Z A P A T A 372 Repair and Cathodic Protection of Corrosion Damaged Reinforced Concrete Wharves in the Middle East G~ J O H N , B L E P P A R D , A N D B WYATT 386 S u m m a r y - - v CHAKER 404 Author Index 413 Subject Index 415 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Overview Tbe symposium, Corrosion Forms and Control for Infrastructure was organized to gather the state-of-the-art information in several fields directly related to the corrosion of infrastructure The accelerated rate of deterioration of this national asset is well recognized Since the cost of its replacement is prohibitive, its maintenance and the extension of it's life expectancy are mandatory To achieve this goal, new life prediction tools are needed, sensors for testing and monitoring must be developed, and artificial intelligence will have to be used for speed and accuracy The papers presented at the symposium and included in this volume met their purpose The papers covered most of the topics targeted and publicized in the Call For Papers The topics covered areas such as highway and bridge deterioration, numercial analysis, atmospheric corrosion, electrochemical impedance applications, stray current control, innovative solutions for pipes, corrosion of rebar in concrete, life cycle analysis, sensors for monitoring infrastructure corrosion, and corrosion forms in transportation infrastructure This book is useful to both the practicing engineer and the scientists, since it covers numerous practical experiences and applications as well as new concepts for sensors, tools, and computerized techniques It offers facts and figures for modes of deterioration as well as new solutions for extending the life expectancy of structures In addition, it gives innovative applications of existing technology to predict and control corrosion of many structures This book will serve the engineering and scientific community in promoting the use of innovative successful techniques for solving some of the corrosion problems of infrastructure It will also stimulate the manufacturing community to take some risks in developing needed tools for this important field This publication deals with the current problems facing the engineering community, with all its daring challenges It contains new solutions for current problems and pioneer methodology to avoid future problems In summary, it could be conceived as the link between the past, present, and future of corrosion control of infrastructure Acknowledgment The Symposium Chairmen, the Officers, and Members of Committee G-1 on Corrosion o f Metals, express their appreciation for the contributions of the authors, the reviewers, and symposium participants A special acknowledgment of appreciation for the efforts of the ASTM staff in the development, follow up, and delivery of this special technical publication (STP) Some editing was done courtesy of Joan Regen of The Port Authority of NY and NJ, New York, NY Victor Chaker, P.E The Port Authority Of NY and N J, New York, NY; symposium chairman and editor vii Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized E.J Fasullo I INFRASTRUCTURE: THE BATTLEFIELD OF CORROSION REFERENCE: E.J.Fasullo, "Infrastructure: The Battlefield Of Corrosion", Corrosion Forms and Control For Infrastructure, ASTM STP 1137, victor Chaker, Ed., American society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,1992 ABSTRACT: Our nation's decaying infrastructure and its associated cost have put the engineering community on the alert All responsible parties must cooperate to save and extend the life expectancy of these vital structures Innovative ideas for the accurate prediction and determination of the condition of the various structures is needed badly New testing techniques that use state-of-the-art, computerized equipment need to be developed Time is running out We can no longer postpone the maintenance of our infrastructure Thus, new financial ways and means have to be developed to pay the cost The public and private sectors have to join forces to get the job done quickly and at an affordable cost.Our educational institutions also have to take a very active role to educate future generations and engrave in their minds the importance of preserving and maintaining existing structures New approaches to educating engineers may be needed Innovation in engineering design solutions must be encouraged by dealing with the issues of professional liability and establishing an engineering fee structure that rewards new ideas KEYWORD: cathodic protection, deicing salt, dredged material, precast concrete, satellite relay, radar, laser optics, ultra sound, remote sensing, value engineering E.J FasuiIo, P.E Deputy Director of Engineering/Deputy Chief Engine*r, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, New York, NY 10048 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Copyright 1992by Downloaded/printed by ASTM International www.astm.org University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized CORROSION FORMS AND CONTROL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE N A T I O N A L AND LOCAL U P D A T E NATIONAL Our nation must confront a crisis that has been p r e c i p i t a t e d by years of u n d e r i n v e s t m e n t in the m a i n t e n a n c e of its p u b l i c works facilities Beyond the c l a m o r in the press, we k n o w very little r e g a r d i n g the extent of the problem One study has e s t i m a t e d that we will need to spend an a d d i t i o n a l $3 t r i l l i o n d u r i n g the next d e c a d e s i m p l y to halt the rate of d e t e r i o r a t i o n This w o u l d entail a 40% increase in all state and local taxes a move that w o u l d be legally i m p o s s i b l e in m a n y j u r i s d i c t i o n s and p o l i t i c a l l y i m p o s s i b l e in all of them Clearly, the p r o b l e m is m u c h more than money.[l] If the federal g o v e r n m e n t w a n t s to p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l funds to state and city governments to repair and replace d e f i c i e n t bridges, r o a d s , w a t e r systems, sewers, and p u b l i c buildings, it must improve the p l a n n i n g techniques, the inventories, and the capital b u d g e t i n g p r o c e d u r e s that it uses to e n s u r e that m o n e y flows where it is most n e e d e d and in a m a n n e r that makes best use of scarce p u b l i c dollars GNP % 1960 Figure 1970 1980 Infrastructure 1989 Cost Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions FASULLO ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF CORROSION Lack of money is only part of the problem Between 1965 and 1980, the share of the gross national product (GNP) devoted to investments in public works fell from 5% to only 2% as shown in fig and fell again from $30 billion in 1980 to $24 billion in 1989 as shown in fig 2.[2] During the 1980s, the Federal G o v e r n m e n t has reduced investment in public works by about 22 percent The list of deficient structures and major problems has grown Of the nation's 564,999 bridges, 17% are in critical or b a s i c a l l y intolerable structural condition, and 8% of the interstate h i g h w a y surfaces are at substandard Boston loses 43% of its water supply through leaks 29.863 30,000 25,OO0 20,000 15,000 IO, OO0 5,000 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1989 Figure Federal I n f r a s t r u c t u r e Expenditures (in m i l l i o n s of 1982 adjusted dollars) BACKGROUND The absence of r e c o r d k e e p i n g is a prime culprit Until all levels of g o v e r n m e n t agree to present capital budgets that include careful d o c u m e n t a t i o n of the rate of d e p r e c i a t i o n of public capital, we will not be able to resolve the basic infrastructure problem We have e m p h a s i z e d e x p a n s i o n and growth rather than the prudent use of public resources With the massive p o p u l a t i o n m o v e m e n t w e s t w a r d during the 19th century, the shift from rural to urban areas during the first half of this century, and the rapid s u b u r b a n i z a t i o n since World War II, our public works problems have been those of a c c o m m o d a t i n g growth Federal grants from the land grants to the railroads to rural e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n and w a s t e w a t e r Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a STP1137-EB/Oct 1992 SUMMARY Eugene J Fasullo, Deputy Director of Engineering and Deputy chief Engineer of The Port Authority Of New York And New Jersey gave the keynote address entitled "Infrastructure: The Battlefield Of Corrosion." His presentation offered the attendees examples of successful projects using new technology coupled with reasonable risks and support of management His paper covers the cost of corrosion of infrastructure to the U.S.A and the reasons for this serious problem He covered the role of corrosion in the infrastructure arena, the causes of corrosion, prevention methods, and the main causes of rebar corrosion In his paper he focuses on the major problems in transportation and offers some advanced technology for each segment While many innovative technologies are available to help infrastructure managers, their acceptance requires a sharing of the financial and technical risks among designers, manufacturers, builders, and government agencies In his conclusion he challenged the engineering societies, universities, scientists, and constructors to come up with innovative solutions that can benefit future generations Robert Baboian, Principal Fellow and Head of the Electrochemical and Corrosion Laboratory at Texas Instruments, Inc presented a paper entitled "Synergistic Effects Of Acid Deposition And Road Salts On Corrosion" Mr Baboian stated that "the importance of corrosion in our modern, high-tech society can be measured by the magnitude of the direct and indirect problems that result from this degradation process." His paper covers the effect of acid deposition and road salts individually and synergistically He tabulates in his paper the atmospheric corrosion rates of zinc and iron at various sites He also compares the corrosion rate of auto bodies when bare steel is used versus galvanized steel In his conclusion he advises to consider the "real world" environment in solving the most serious infrastructure problems to reach the most economic and safe solutions Thomas R Menzies, Research Associate at the Transportation Research Board, National Research Council presented a paper entitled "National Cost Of Damage To Infrastructure From Highway Deicing." His paper addresses the impact of deicing salt on bridge decks, bridge components, highway components, and parking structures In the summary of bridge deck costs, he stated that "during the next i0 years, the total cost of protecting newly-constructed decks and restoring currently sound decks that become damaged by salting will be roughly $125 million to $325 million per year." In the summary of other bridge components costs, he mentioned that their repair can be very difficult and expensive The cost is estimated to be as high as deck costs so the range is between $125 million to $325 million per year In the summary of impacts on other highway components, the cost is about $i00 million per year As for the parking structures the cost is estimated to be in 404 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Copyright 1992 by Downloaded/printed by ASTM International www.astm.org University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SUMMARY 405 the r a n g e of $75 m i l l i o n to $175 m i l l i o n per year for the next I0 years W i t h the i n c r e a s e d use of a t m o s p h e r i c r e s i s t a n t steels, k n o w n as w e a t h e r i n g steels, for infrastructure, the need for e s t i m a t i n g the rate of c o r r o s i o n p e n e t r a t i o n at the end of the s e r v i c e life arose To address this topic R i c h a r d H M c C u e n et al, Professor, D e p a r t m e n t of Civil Engineering, U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland, C o l l e g e Park, M a r y l a n d p r e s e n t e d a p a p e r on "A N e w A p p r o a c h To Power Model R e g r e s s i o n " Two m a t h e m a t i c a l formula w e r e given: The upper bound and the log-log f i t t i n g of p o w e r model Indices for assessing models are also given The p r o p o s e d formula are backed up with data from an a t m o s p h e r i c exposure test The paper c o n c l u d e d that G o o d n e s s - o f - f i t s t a t i s t i c s o b t a i n e d from the linear model b a s e d on l o g a r i t h m s not r e f l e c t the p r e d i c t i o n a c c u r a c y of the n o n l i n e a r model, w h i c h is the model used for design Also, the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t as t r a d i t i o n a l l y c a l c u l a t e d should only be a p p l i e d to linear u n b i a s e d models, not the power model C o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n in c o r r o s i o n control e n g i n e e r i n g is one of the new tools emerging Directions for p r o p e r use and a p p l i c a t i o n is d i s c u s s e d in a paper e n t i t l e d "A R e v i e w Of Computational Simulation Techniques" presented by V G e n s h e i m e r De Giorgi et al, R e s e a r c h Engineer, M e c h a n i c s of M a t e r i a l Branch, Naval R e s e a r c h Laboratory, W a s h i n g t o n , D.C The p a p e r outlines the n e c e s s a r y steps for the d e s i g n of a c c u r a t e c o m p u t a t i o n a l simulation An e x a m p l e is g i v e n for the s i m u l a t i o n of an impressed current cathodic p r o t e c t i o n s y s t e m for the surface of a ship The paper c o n c l u d e d by e m p h a s i z i n g the need for complete d e t a i l e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the c o r r o s i o n p r o c e s s by the analyst as well as the c o m p u t a t i o n a l s i m u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e used The next paper was by Fred H Haynie, Consultant, f o r m e r l y w i t h A t m o s p h e r i c R e s e a r c h and Exposure A s s e s s m e n t Laboratory, U.S E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency, R e s e a r c h T r i a n g l e Park, N C " E v a l u a t i o n Of An A t m o s p h e r i c C o r r o s i o n Rate M o n i t o r " i n t r o d u c e s a tool to m e a s u r e the rate of c o r r o s i o n in the a t m o s p h e r e based on the p o l a r i z a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e technique An a t m o s p h e r i c c o r r o s i o n rate m o n i t o r (ACRM) that c o u l d be a t t a c h e d to a point on a structure to m e a s u r e c o r r o s i o n rate as a f u n c t i o n of time would be a v a l u a b l e tool for the c o r r o s i o n e n g i n e e r to use The results and r e s p o n s e s of the new sensor sere c o m p a r e d with other m e t h o d s of m e a s u r i n g c o r r o s i o n such as the mass loss and the time of wetness The n e w sensor can m e a s u r e the time of w e t n e s s in a few hours r a t h e r t h a n days In the conclusion, Mr H a y n i e m e n t i o n e d that the e x p e r i m e n t a l work can be turned into a v a l u a b l e tool by changing some of the hardware and s o f t w a r e to m e a s u r e p o l a r i z a t i o n resistance Pedro Albrecht, Professor, D e p a r t m e n t of Civil Engineering, U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland, College Park, M a r y l a n d p r e s e n t e d a Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 406 CORROSION FORMS AND CONTROL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE paper entitled "Corrosion Control Of Weathering Steel Bridges." The forms of corrosion of bare w e a t h e r i n g steel bridges were enumerated, and their effects on bridge p e r f o r m a n c e were discussed Numerous examples are cited in the paper to drive the point home This paper is a detailed description of the types of w e a t h e r i n g steels and includes a h i s t o r i c a l data of their a p p l i c a t i o n s and experience results Mr A l b r e c h t included a m e t h o d for site analysis to determine the s u i t a b i l i t y of using weathering steel Also included in the paper are design d e t a i l s for the enhancement of the material performance R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for construction, inspection, maintenance, and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n are added J e a n - J a c q u e s Hechler, Senior Research O f f i c e r and P r o g r a m Manager at the Industrial Materials Research I n s t i t u t e , N a t i o n a l Research Council of Canada, boucherville, P r o v i n c e of Quebec, Canada presented a paper e n t i t l e d "Wetness M o n i t o r i n g on the Exterior of Infrastructures." This paper d e s c r i b e s the results of a comprehensive study on the effects of the design and orientation on the corrosion of m e t a l s on b u i l d i n g s using an existing ASTM time of w e t n e s s sensor In the c o n c l u s i o n Mr Hechler stated that the A S T M sensor for m e a s u r i n g the time of wetness can provide more i n f o r m a t i o n b e s i d e s its original intent The nature of wetness, the speed of deposition, and drying are some of the important information provided Thus, it is valuable in studies r e l a t e d to degradation, restoration & design of building m a t e r i a l to withstand atmospheric deterioration, corrosion, and weathering C o r r o s i o n of steel reinforced concrete is the topic of the following paper:"Performance of Rehabilitated\Protected Concrete Bridge Decks" the title of the paper by K h o s s r o w Babaei et al., which compares the results of three p r o t e c t i v e systems to determine their effectiveness Latex m o d i f i e d concrete overlay, (LMC), low-Slump dense concrete overlay (LSDC), and a Cathodic protection (CP) were the three systems studied The results showed that after an a v e r a g e of seven years of service, the LMC and LSDC showed various levels of p o s t - o v e r l a y corrosion-induced deterioration On the other hand, after about five years of service, the CP s y s t e m showed s a t i s f a c t o r y reinforcment of steel Electrochemical Impedance is an important technique to d e t e r m i n e the rate of corrosion of metals A d v a n c e m e n t in computer science allowed the use of that t e c h n i q u e in the field The next paper, entitled "Utilization of Electrochemical Impedance Techniques to Estimate C o r r o s i o n D a m a g e of Steel Infrastructures" was p r e s e n t e d by Koji Hamma et al of Nippon Steel Corporation, Japan The paper introduces three new sensors: all are using AC impedance method for field application The first sensor can be used for m e a s u r i n g the corrosion rate of m a r i n e steel Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho SUMMARY 407 structures The second sensor enables the estimate of c o r r o s i o n d a m a g e of r e i n f o r c i n g bars in concrete The third sensor can be used for d e t e c t i n g the d e t e r i o r a t i o n of p a i n t e d steel The i m p a c t of stray current c o r r o s i o n can be s e r i o u s if ignored The next paper "Improved Rail F a s t e n e r I n s u l a t i o n For Stray C u r r e n t Control" p r e s e n t e d by Peter L Todd of the Bay Area Rapid Transit, Oakland, California, describes the l a b o r a t o r y tests c o n d u c t e d on a p r o t o t y p e rail f a s t e n e r and the a c t u a l field conditions Effective e l e c t r i c a l i n s u l a t i o n limits c u r r e n t flow through as well as across the s u r f a c e of the insulator A c o n t a m i n a t e d e n v i r o n m e n t can r e d u c e the r e s i s t a n c e of the current path leading to s i g n i f i c a n t stray c u r r e n t corrosion The c o n c l u s i o n r e p o r t e d that s u c c e s s f u l s i m u l a t i o n of field c o n d i t i o n s by the l a b o r a t o r y a p p a r a t u s can be used as a p r a c t i c a l tool for p r e d i c t i n g the p e r f o r m a n c e of new rail fasteners One of the new rail f a s t e n e r s can r e d u c e the leakage current by a factor of i00,000 , w h i c h is very effective The i n t e g r i t y of gas and oil p i p e l i n e s are v e r y important C o r r o s i o n of these p i p e l i n e s can cause loss of life as well as loss of p r e c i o u s material They are c o n t r o l l e d by e m p i r i c a l and c o n s e r v a t i v e regulations However, they p r o v e d d e f i c i e n t in some cases The next paper "A T h e o r e t i c a l A n a l y s i s For The Residual Strength Of Corroded Gas And Oil T r a n s m i s s i o n P i p e l i n e s " was p r e p a r e d by Melvin F K a n n i n e n et al, P r o g r a m Director, E n g i n e e r i n g M e c h a n i c s at the S o u t h w e s t R e s e a r c h Institute, San Antonio, Texas, and Carl H Poplar, Professor, D e p a r t m e n t Of E n g i n e e r i n g Mechanics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio This paper used a m a x i m u m hoop stress c r i t e r i o n in an a x i s y m m e t r i c a p p r o x i m a t i o n of the metal loss to p r o v i d e a r e l a t i o n for the failure p r e s s u r e for a p i p e w i t h axial d i r e c t i o n metal loss The paper s u g g e s t s that if the shell b e n d i n g t h e o r y approach is e x t e n d e d to the plane strain case, then it may be the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i m e n s i o n of the d a m a g e that a c t u a l l y governs the failures of c o r r o d e d pipes S i m i l a r m o d e l s can be d e v e l o p e d and used in a d d r e s s i n g corrosion-related problems associated with other i n f r a s t r u c t u r e components U n d e r g r o u n d p i p e l i n e s constitute a s i g n i f i c a n t s e g m e n t of the infrastructure R e p l a c e m e n t of such pipes is c o s t l y and p r o d u c e s a lot of inconveniences w h e n s t r e e t s have to be c l o s e d for construction New t e c h n o l o g y was d e v e l o p e d to r e c o n s t r u c t small diameter pipes w i t h o u t excavation The next p a p e r "The N U P I P E R e c o n s t r u c t i o n T e c h n o l o g y " p r e s e n t e d by James B Hinte of NUPIPE, Inc, Memphis, TN d e s c r i b e s the p r o c e d u r e and n e c e s s a r y equipment to insert a PVC pipe inside existing, d e t e r i o r a t e d u n d e r g r o u n d pipes w i t h o u t excavation The new PVC pipe p r o v i d e s structural support and i s o l a t e s the e f f l u e n t from the corroded pipe The new t e c h n o l o g y can also be used for lining n o n - m e t a l l i c pipes such as concrete In Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori 408 CORROSIONFORMS AND CONTROL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE c o n c l u s i o n it was stated that the new t e c h n o l o g y r e e s t a b l i s h e s the s t r u c t u r a l integrity of d e t e r i o r a t e d systems with a continuous, c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n t pipe that will e x t e n d the u s e f u l life of the system Tools to p r e d i c t a c c u r a t e l y the life e x p e c t a n c y of s t r u c t u r e s are v e r y valuable One of the m a j o r p r o b l e m s in r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e is the c o r r o s i o n of steel r e b a r due to chloride penetration into the concrete The next p a p e r " E s t i m a t i n g The Life Cycle Of R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e Decks And M a r i n e Piles Using L a b o r a t o r y D i f f u s i o n And C o r r o s i o n Data" p r e p a r e d by Neal S Berke et al of W R G r a c e & Co, Cambridge, MA p r e s e n t s the results of a laboratory study s h o w i n g that chloride ingress into concrete follows Fick's Diffusion e q u a t i o n for p r o p e r l y cured concrete Several m o d e l s w e r e presented One model showed reducing w a t e r - t o - c e m e n t r a t i o and i n c r e a s i n g concrete cover over the steel to r e d u c e the chloride ingress A n o t h e r model d e m o n s t r a t e d the use of m i c r o s i l i c a in the concrete mixture, r e s u l t i n g in d r a s t i c r e d u c t i o n of chloride penetration A third model s h o w e d that c a l c i u m n i t r i t e initially reduces r e s i s t i v i t y and i n c r e a s e s r a p i d c h l o r i d e p e r m e a b i l i t y values in c o n c r e t e w i t h silica fume However, it has no adverse affect on actual c o n c r e t e p e r m e a b i l i t y and improves the d u r a b i l i t y of c o n c r e t e in c o r r o s i v e environments C y c l i c c o n d i t i o n s are known to cause high c o r r o s i o n rates One of these is the tidal zone in m a r i n e structures Thus, it is i m p o r t a n t to identify the m e c h a n i s m of c o r r o s i o n in this zone The next p a p e r " I n v e s t i g a t i o n Of Rebar C o r r o s i o n In P a r t i a l l y S u b m e r g e d Concrete" was p r e p a r e d by Miki Funahashi, et al, of C o r r p r o Companies,Inc The paper d i s c u s s e s the results of potentials, total c o r r o s i o n current, and macro cell c o r r o s i o n c u r r e n t of steel in c o n c r e t e in t h r e e zones, namely submerged, tidal, and atmospheric The p a p e r c o n c l u d e d that in chloride c o n t a m i n a t e d concrete, the r e b a r was found to be anodic in the s u b m e r g e d zone and c a t h o d i c in the a t m o s p h e r i c zone M o i s t u r e c o n t e n t i n f l u e n c e d the c o r r o s i o n rate of a drier concrete and visa versa R e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e and p r e s t r e s s e d s t r u c t u r e s are u s e d w i d e l y in infrastructure Thus, inspection t e c h n i q u e s are v e r y i m p o r t a n t to d e t e r m i n e a c c u r a t e l y their conditions The next paper "Recent D e v e l o p m e n t s In I n s p e c t i o n Techniques For C o r r o s i o n D a m a g e d Concrete Structures p r e p a r e d by G a r e t h John, et al, of CAPCIS Ltd, Manchester, UK and P.A G a y d e c k i of UMIST, Manchester, UK Introduces prototype ultrasonic procedures to determine the condition of prestressed, p r e t e n t i o n e d tendons in concrete The paper also d e s c r i b e s the a p p l i c a t i o n of e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l impedance for e s t i m a t i n g the rate of c o r r o s i o n of r e i n f o r c i n g steel using s u r f a c e - m o u n t e d sensors The system features i s o - p o t e n t i a l c o n t o u r m a p s of the s u r v e y e d surface and c o r r e s p o n d i n g i s o - c o r r o s i o n rate c o n t o u r m a p s of the same area The results of the c o r r o s i o n rate Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions SUMMARY 409 survey were in general agreement with the corresponding halfcell survey As for the ultrasonic procedure, the paper describes a computerized system capable of determining the necessary level of signal and frequency The paper points out that this technique must be used in addition to other inspection procedures and not as a sole criterion for structural integrity Internal corrosion of piping systems in buildings and factories is a major concern Equipment to indicate the condition of the internal surfaces without dismantling the pipe would be very valuable The next paper "An Automatic Pipe Corrosion Inspection System" prepared by Mitsuru Shimizu, et al of Obayashi Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, and Masahiro Hamada, et al of Osaka Gas Company, Osaka, Japan describes in detail a new robotics computerized system to perform accurate inspection of the internal surface of the pipe It utilizes ultrasonic waves and the state-of-the-art in electronics technology to complete the inspection automatically The robot, which carries the ultrasonic device, moves on the outside of the pipe and transfers the data collected to a computer The computer analyzes the data and calculates the pipe thickness distribution, the minimum thickness, the percent of metal loss, and the rate of corrosion of the metal From this information the remaining life expectancy of the pipe is estimated based on proper theory This new inspection technique is conducted while the pipe is operational, which is a real advantage in minimizing the down time for any operation without compromising the safety of a building in case of sprinkler pipes The data collected gives a clear crosssection of the pipe on a 360 degree basis, not a one-spot measurement The results of the new system were verified and deemed successful Sewer pipes are an important segment of the infrastructure Reinforced concrete pipe is used frequently for this application The next paper "Prediction And Control Of Sulfide Induced Corrosion In Concrete Sewer Infrastructure And Rehabilitation Techniques" presented by Jey K Jeyapalan, Engineer Consultant, Redmond, Wa.describes the chemical behavior of sulfides and the conditions necessary for hydrogen sulfide corrosion to occur It also gives a formula to calculate the corrosion rate based on the amount of generated sulfuric acid and the alkalinity of concrete.The paper recommends steps to control corrosion and rehabilitation methods for existing pipes with this problem In the summary, recommendations are made for more research on the various physico-chemical phenomena involved in concrete corrosion due to sulfide buildup Advice is also offered to the design engineers to consider the impact of that problem during the design phase Oil refineries use frequently reinforced concrete structures The environment of these refineries is very corrosive The Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions aut 410 CORROSION FORMS AND CONTROL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE next paper "Corrosion Related D e t e r i o r a t i o n Of R e i n f o r c e d Concrete Structures At Oil Refineries In The P e r s i a n Gulf Region" prepared by Vladimir Novokshchenov, Consultant, Gibsonia, Pennsylvania includes several case h i s t o r i e s of c o r r o s i o n failures of reinforced concrete s t r u c t u r e s in an a g g r e s s i v e environment The single m o s t important cause of rebar corrosion was found to be the presence of c h l o r i d e ions at the level of the reinforcement C o n t a m i n a t e d a g g r e g a t e s and sea water were used during the m i x i n g of concrete The c o n d i t i o n s were aggravated by the flow of sea water in the concrete system and the moisture condensate c o n t a m i n a t e d with s a l t - l a d e n dust The paper reported the r e c o m m e n d e d m e t h o d s for r e h a b i l i t a t i o n in each situation, which could be used as a guide in similar cases One of the most important problems in i n f r a s t r u c t u r e is the c o r r o s i o n of steel in concrete Chlorides were i d e n t i f i e d as the major cause of this problem Chemical inhibitors are one of the m e t h o d s generally used for corrosion control The next paper "Impregnation Of Concrete With Corrosion Inhibitors" was p r e p a r e d by Neal S Berke et al of W.R Grace & Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Richard E Weyers et al of V i r g i n i a P o l y t e c h n i c and State University, Blacksburg, V i r g i n i a reports the results of impregnating chloride c o n t a m i n a t e d concrete w i t h liquid calcium nitrite an effective c o r r o s i o n inhibitor Two d i f f e r e n t procedures were used: One involved h e a t i n g a bridge deck to above-boiling point of water, then slowly c o o l i n g it to ambient temperature, and i m p r e g n a t i n g liquid c a l c i u m nitrite The second involved placing c a l c i u m nitrite rich latex modified grout in p r e d r i l l e d holes and c a l c i u m n i t r i t e rich latex modified concrete to r e p l a c e r e m o v e d d e l a m i n a t e d concrete Polarization r e s i s t a n c e was used to determined the rate of corrosion of steel Potential m e a s u r e m e n t s were also collected before and after the process The p r e l i m i n a r y results of the two p r o c e d u r e s indicate the successful arrest of corrosion However, more time is needed to d e t e r m i n e the effectiveness over a long period as well as a feasibility study to determine the cost for large structures Bridges are a vital element of the infrastructure Bridge m a n a g e m e n t strategies are based on life cycle cost analyses of v i a b l e alternatives The next paper "Predicting Service Life Of Concrete Bridge Decks Subject To R e i n f o r c e m e n t Corrosion" was p r e p a r e d by Philip D Cady Professor at Penn State University, U n i v e r s i t y park, Pennsylvania, and R i c h a r d E Weyers, P r o f e s s o r at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia and presents a m a t h e m a t i c a l model to predict the service life of a bridge deck Two main factors control the model The first is the time for the concrete ion concentration to reach the c o r r o s i o n t h r e s h o l d level at the reinforcement locations The second is the time necessary for the corrosion reaction to p r o d u c e loss of serviceability The two factors are controlled by the chloride Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a SUMMARY 411 d i f f u s i o n through concrete and the rate of c o r r o s i o n of the r e i n f o r c e m e n t steel The paper concluded that the model p r o v e d that the actual bridge deck life is influenced by specific site elements such as climate, traffic, and policies Steel Piles are used in the support of many infrastructures The steel piles are usually driven in a v a r i e t y of soils Thus, it is important to have a method to m e a s u r e the rate of c o r r o s i o n of piles in situ The next paper " M e a s u r i n g The Underground Corrosion of Steel Piling At Turcot Yard, Montreal, Canada - A 14 Year Study" was p r e p a r e d by Edward Escalante, Metallurgist, National Institute of S t a n d a r d s & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland This paper gives the results of using electrochemical p o l a r i z a t i o n to measure the rate of corrosion of H steel piles in both d i s t u r b e d and non disturbed soils These results were c o m p a r e d with the actual physical m e a s u r e m e n t s of metal loss The paper concluded that the e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l polarization t e c h n i q u e is useful even though it o v e r e s t i m a t e s the rate of corrosion The same technique showed that the c o r r o s i o n current d e c r e a s e d over t h e - - y e a r - p e r i o d of the test Steel reinforced concrete is an important component in infrastructure Thus, it is essential to u n d e r s t a n d the causes, the forms, and identify the available t e c h n i q u e s to assess the deterioration of concrete The next paper " A s s e s s i n g The Role Of Steel Corrosion In The D e t e r i o r a t i o n Of Concrete In The National Infrastructure: A R e v i e w Of The Causes Of Corrosion And Current Diagnostic T e c h n i q u e s " was prepared by Bernard H Hertlein, Project Scientist, STS Consultants, Ashville, North Carolina e x p l a i n e d the d i f f e r e n t elements of concrete and their sources It also m e n t i o n e d that the c o r r o s i o n products of steel occupy to i0 times its original volume Thus causing the concrete to crack and expose the steel to air, water, and contaminants leading to increase of the corrosion rate The paper d e s c r i b e d the forms of concrete d e t e r i o r a t i o n and its impact on c o r r o s i o n of imbedded steel The test methods were subdivided into d e s t r u c t i v e such as coring, sampling, and drilling and n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e such as r e b o u n d hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, g r o u n d - p e n e t r a t i n g radar, and half-cell potential The monitoring systems m e n t i o n e d included strain gages, acoustic emission, and telltale plates Epoxy-coated rebars are used to control their corrosion However, coatings could compromise the bond b e t w e e n concrete and the reinforcement The next paper "Bond Loss B e t w e e n Epoxy And A l k y d Coated R e i n f o r c e m e n t Rebars And Concrete" p r e p a r e d by L Maldonado et al, Research Scientist, Centro de Investigacion Y de Estudios Avanzados, Yucatan, Mexico d e s c r i b e s the tests performed to determine the bond strength b e t w e e n epoxy coated rebars and concrete The study showed that there is considerable loss of bond strength The bond Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions aut 412 CORROSIONFORMS AND CONTROL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE losses v a r i e d w i t h the d i f f e r e n t type of coating On the other hand, they i n c r e a s e d linearly with t h i c k n e s s in all cases In the case of epoxy coating, it was found that the bond losses w e r e i n d e p e n d e n t of the bar size C a t h o d i c p r o t e c t i o n has been used s u c c e s s f u l l y to p r o t e c t the steel r e b a r in concrete from corrosion The next p a p e r "Repair Of Corrosion Damaged Reinforced Concrete Wharves Using C a t h o d i c P r o t e c t i o n In The Middle East" was p r e p a r e d by G a r e t h John, T e c h n i c a l D e v e l o p m e n t M a n a g e r of CAPCIS Ltd, M a n c h e s t e r , UK, and Bill Leppard, T e c h n i c a l Director of Sir A l e x a n d e r Gibb & Partners, Reading, UK, and Brian Wyatt, C a t h o d i c P r o t e c t i o n Manager of Tarmack Global, Tarmack Structural Repairs, W o l v e r h a m p t o r , UK This p a p e r d e s c r i b e s the steps taken to i n v e s t i g a t e the c a u s e of c o r r o s i o n of the r e i n f o r c e d concrete R e g a r d l e s s of the tightness of specifications and construction, the high c h l o r i d e induced e n v i r o n m e n t was the main r e a s o n d e t e r m i n e d I m p r e s s e d current cathodic p r o t e c t i o n s y s t e m was c a r e f u l l y d e s i g n e d using a m i x e d metal oxide coated t i t a n i u m m e s h as an anode G u n i t e (sprayed concrete) was used as an o v e r l a y since the p r o t e c t e d structure was made of beams and the site c o n d i t i o n s were d i f f i c u l t to select a n o t h e r method G r a p h i t e and s i l v e r / s i l v e r chloride r e f e r e n c e e l e c t r o d e s w e r e e m b e d d e d in c o n c r e t e below the anode mesh for p o t e n t i a l m e a s u r e m e n t The final criteria used to control the system include a c h i e v i n g at least i00 mv d e p o l a r i z a t i o n after hours, or at least 120 mv depolarization after 25 hours, or an i n s t a n t a n e o u s off potential of more n e g a t i v e t h a n 750 mv measured against surface mounted Ag/Agcl/Kcl, or an i n s t a n t a n e o u s off p o t e n t i a l of more n e g a t i v e than 600 mv m e a s u r e d against e m b e d d e d Ag/Agcl/Kcl victor Chaker,P.E Editor & S y m p o s i u m C h a i r m a n Corrosion Control Engineering The Port A u t h o r i t y Of NY & NJ One W o r l d T r a d e Center, New York, New York Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author STP1137-EB/0ct 1992 Author Index A Hertlein, B H., 356 Hicks, M C., 207 Hinte, J B., 199 Hladky, K., 246 Homma, K., 155 Albrecht, P., 46, 108 B Babaei, K., 140 Baboian, R., 17 Berke, N S., 207, 300 Burke, N D., 232 I Ito, S., 155 C J Cady, P D., 328 Castro, P., 372 Cheng, J., 46 Jeyapalan, J K., 273 John, D G., 246, 386 D K Dallaire, M P., 300 Dawson, J L., 246 DeGiorgi, V G., 77 Kanninen, M F., 183 Kaznoff, A I., 77 L E Leppard, N W., 386 Escalante, E., 339 M Fasullo, E J., Fong, K.-F., 232 Funahashi, M., 232 Maldonado, L A., 372 Marrufo, 372 Matsuoka, K., 155 McCuen, R H., 46 Menzies, T R., 30 Mukai, N., 258 G Galler, D., 170 Gaydecki, P A., 246 Gonzalez, W., 372 Goto, N., 155 N Novokshchenov, V., 284 H P Hamada, M., 258 Hawkins, N M., 140 Haynie, F H., 90 Hechler, J.-J., 126 Henry, M., 300 Pagalthiavarthi, K V., 183 Peterson, J E., 300 Popelar, C H., 183 Prowell, B., 300 413 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Copyright9 by ASTM www.astm.org Downloaded/printed by lntcrnational University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori 414 CORROSION FORMS AND CONTROL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE S Shimamura, J., 258 Shimizu, M., 258 T Todd, P L., 170 W Weyers, R E., 300, 328 Wyatt, B L 386 Z Zapata, A., 372 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP1137-EB/Oct 1992 Subject Index A Acid deposition, 17, 90 American Concrete Institute, 207 Anchorage length, 372 ASTM standards C 876:246 G 84:126 Automation pipe corrosion inspection system, 258 B Beams, precast, 386 Bond loss, 372 Bridges, 155 decks, 30, 328 rehabilitated, concrete, 140 weathering steel, 108 C Calcium nitrite, 207, 300 Cathodic protection, 1, 77, 140, 300, 386 Chlorides (See also Salts), 30, 284, 328 diffusion, 207, 328 Coatings, 273 epoxy, 372 oxide, 108, 386 steel, 339 Computational simulation, 77 Computerized testing, Concrete bridge decks, 328 corrosion inhibitors in, 300 decks, bridge, 140, 328 overlay, 140 pipe, 273 prestressed, 246 reinforced, 232, 246, 284, 356, 372, 386 reinforced decks, 207 reinforcing bars, 155, 232 sewer, 273 Condensation, 126 Corrosion, 170, 386 analysis, 77 atmospheric, 17, 46, 90, 126 chloride diffusion, 207, 328 control, 108 damage diagnostics, 356 lgalvanic, 77 ~nstantaneous, rate, 339 internal, 258 monitoring, 246, 300 pipeline, 155, 183, 199, 258, 273 pitting, 356 poultice, 17 protection, 199 rail, 170 rates, 232 reinforcement, 328 soil, 17 steel, 140, 155 sulfide-induced, 273 Cost analyses, 30 service life, 328 Current leakage, 170 stray, 170 traction, 170 D Damage diagnostics, corrosion, 356 Decks, bridge, 30, 140, 328 Decks, reinforced concrete, 207 Deicing salts, 1, 30, 207 Diffusion, 207 Dredged material, E Electrochemical impedance, 155 Electrochemical polarization, 339 Electrochemical theory, 17 415 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 416 CORROSIONFORMS AND CONTROL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE F Fastener, rail, 170 Film, passive, 232, 284 Finite element analysis, 77 Flexion test, 372 G Garage, parking, 307 Gas pipelines, 183 Grout, modified calcium nitrite, 3OO H Harbor piers, 155 Harbor structures, 232 Infiltration control, 199 Inspection system, automated pipe, 258 Insulation, rail fastener, 170 L Laser optics, Liners, 273 O Oil pipelines, 183 Oil refineries, 284 Optics, laser, Overlay concrete/mortar, 300 cracking, 140 Oxide coating, 108 P Paints, alkyd, 372 Parking structures, 30 Passive film, 232 Penetration, 46 Persian Gulf region, 284 Piers, steel, 155, 339 Piles, steel, 339, 386 Pipelines, 155, 183 corrosion inspection system, 258 Nupipe, 199 sewer, 273 Plane strain, 183 Plastic concrete, 300 Polarization resistance, 90, 339 Polyvinyl chloride pipe, 199 Pullout test, 372 R M Marine structures, 155, 207 Modeling computational simulation, 77 mechanics, 183 power regression, 46 service life prediction, 328 Moisture, 126 Monitoring corrosion, 246, 300 rate, 90 N Nondestructive testing, 356 Numerical optimization, 46 Radar, Rail fastener, 170 Rail, running, 170 Rate monitor, atmospheric corrosion, 90 Rebar, 232 Robot, pipe corrosion inspection, 252 Salts contamination, 140 deicing, 1, 30, 207 marine, 17 road, 17, 30 Satellite relay, Sensing, remote, Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Sensing, electrochemical impedance coating deterioration, 155 concrete reinforcing bars, 155 marine steel structures, 155 Sewers, 273 Shell bending theory, 183 Silica, micro, 207 Soil, H-piles in, 339 Steel piers, 155, 339 piles, 339, 386 reinforcing, 17, 246, 284, 356 reinforcing bars, 232, 372 reinforcing, decks, 140, 207, 300, 328 reinforcing piles, 386 structures, coated, 155 weathering, 46, 108 Storage tanks, 17 Sulfide, 273 T Thermoplastics, 199 Time-of-wetness, 90 G 84:126 Titanium mesh, 386 Traction current, 170 U Ultrasonics, 246, 258 W Weathering steel, 46 Wetness monitoring, 126 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 417 ISBN - - - X Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 12:40:37 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reprod