Astm stp 1121 1992

S T P 1121 Pavement Management Implementation Frank B Holt and Wade L Gramling, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-011210-08 AsTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pavement management implementation / Frank B Holt and Wade L Gramling, editors (STP; 1121) Papers from a symposium held at Atlantic City, N J, June 26-27, 1991 Includes bibliographical references and index "ASTM publication code number (PCN) 04-011210-08." ISBN 0-8031-1421~4 Pavements Design and construction Management Pavements-Maintenance and repair Management I Holt, Frank B II Gramling, W L III Series: ASTM special technical publication ; t21 TE251.P37 1992 625.7'6 dc20 92-3469 CIP Copyright 1991 A M E R I C A N SOCIETY F O R TESTING A N D M A T E R I A L S , Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the A M E R I C A N SOCIETY F O R TESTING A N D M A T E R I A L S for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $2.50 per copy, plus $0.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress St., Salem, M A 01970; (508) 744-3350 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8031-1421-4/91 $2.50 + 50 Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution to time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in Ann Arbor, MI April 1992 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword This publication, Pavement Management Implementation, contains papers presented at the symposium of the same name, held in Atlantic City, NJ on 26-27 June 1991 The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee E-17 on Pavement Management Technologies and its Subcommittee, E17.41 on Pavement Management Frank B Holt of Eckrose/ Green Associates in Madison, W I and Wade L Gramling of Pasco USA, Inc., in Mechanicsburg, PA, presided as symposium co-chairman and are editors of the resulting publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions Contents Overview FRANK B H O L T A N D W A D E L G R A M L I N G ix KEY NOTE ADDRESS Federal Highway Administration Current PMS Requirements L M PAPET OVERVIEW SECTION The History of Pavement Management in the Federal Highway Administration-W A N O S T R A N D 13 Minimum Requirements for Standard Pavement Management Systems-S W H U D S O N , W R H U D S O N , A N D R F C A R M I C H A E L , I I I Generically Based Data Needs and Priorities for Pavement Management R HAAS 19 32 Pavement Management Systems State of the A r t - - s R SARASWATULA AND S N A M I R K H A N I A N 47 Pavement Condition Index Remaining Service Life G Y BALADI, E C N O V A K , J R , A N D W H KUO Addressing Institutional Barriers to Implementing a PMS R E SMITH 63 91 Standard Engineering Principles in PMS Applications P ULLIDTZ AND R N S T U B S T A D Effect of Selecting Different Rehabilitation Alternatives and Timing on Network eerformance A M O H S E N I , M I D A R T E R , A N D J P H A L L 106 117 Research and Innovation Toward Standardized Pavement Management-W R H U D S O N A N D R C G HAAS 132 Criteria for Evaluating Pavement Management S y s t e m s - - w D O PATERSON AND R ROBINSON 148 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized EXPERIENCE SECTION History and Implementation of Pavement Management in K e n t u c k y - - D L ALLEN, R L R I Z E N B E R G S , A N D G W S H A R P E 167 Implementation Process Used in the Development of the Illinois Pavement Feedback S y s t e m - - J P HALL 185 The North Dakota DOT Pavement Management System Implementation Process-K A C A T I O N Standardization in Pavement Management Implementation for Municipally Maintained Roads in Rhode Island K W LEE AND G E BOWEN 198 211 Implementation of a Pavement Management System for Indiana Airports A C a s e H i s t o r y - - R A ECKROSE A N D W G R E Y N O L D S 228 Airport Pavement Management: The Port of New York and New Jersey Experience s D MURRELL, G R RADA, AND C W SCHWARTZ 240 20 Years Experience in the PAVER Pavement Management System: Development and Implementation M v SHAHIN 256 Status of PAVER Implementation Within the U.S Air Force Y a KIM AND D L E A D D Y 272 Performance Indications from Army Airfield Pavement Management Program-J W HALL~ R W GRAU~ W P G R O G A N , A N D Y H A C H I Y A 297 Ingredients of a Third Generation Pavement Management System for The Ohio Department of Transportation K M A J I D Z A D E H , C L S A R A F , A N D J C K E N N E D Y , JR 318 Data Collection in Belgium and Their Use in the Maintenance Planning System-L J E H E L E V E N A N D P D I R C K X 334 A Critical Assessment of Pavement Management Standardization G N CLARK A N D R K M O O R E 350 Innovations in PMS State of Ohio & Kingdom of Saudi A r a b i a - - w v HARPER A N D K M A J I D Z A D E H 359 Development of the Delaware Pavement Management System D W MATSEN, H A S M I T H , A N D G R R A D A 376 A Pavement Surface Model for Integrating Automated Management D a t a - C T M H A A S , S M c N E I L , C T H E N D R I C K S O N , A N D R C G H A A S 394 Comparing Standard Load Equivalency Calculations for Pavement Management S y s t e m s - - w R H U D S O N A N D M T M c N E R N E Y 411 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a Standardization of Distress Measurements for the Network-Level Pavement Management System H LEE 424 New and Old Technology Available for Pavement Management System to Determine Pavement Condition I L AL-QADI, P E SEBAALY, AND J C WAMBOLD 437 Development of Optimal Long-Term Network Strategies Using Remaining Service L i f e - - w H KUO, E C NOVAK, AND G Y BALADI 466 Toward Standardization of a PMS Analysis M e t h o d - - E c NOVnK, ~R., W H KUO, A N D G Y B A L A D I 484 Author Index 501 Subject Index 503 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Overview During the past twenty years, there has been significant progress made in applying system management principles to the complex problems in maintaining infrastructure Agencies responsible for the street and highway networks have been faced with decreasing buying power and increased needs The maintenance of aging networks is complicated by increased weights and volumes of traffic accelerating deterioration, coupled with intense competition for limited budgets The development of pavement management methods has been widely recognized as one of the tools in the economic planning and maintaining of systems Increased power of computers, available at reasonable costs, and the development and maturing of pavement management system technology will facilitate and accelerate the adoption of Pavement Management Systems by a wider community The purpose of this symposium on Pavement Management ~Implementation was to review and capitalize on progress to date, and provide focus and direction for pavement management in the 1990s The requirement of the Federal Highway Administration for States to have a Pavement Management System in place by/933 raised many questions as to the form and requirements of those systems ASTM Committee El7, Pavement Management Technologies, with assistance from Committee D4, Road and Paving Materials (symposium cosponsor), recognized the need to further the knowledge of the pavement community and assist those who were trying to assess, design, and implement Pavement Management Systems The Symposium focused on both the basic premises of pavement management, and the experience of pavement management users The aims of the symposium were to offer the engineering community an overview of pavement management structures and organizations, provide an opportunity for users of pavement management to review the state of the art and discuss their experiences, successes, failures, future innovations, and offer new users assistance in designing and using their systems This volume contains 31 papers and is divided into two sections The first section presents papers of an overview dealing with such topics as the history of pavement management, requirements of pavement management systems, the problems of implementing a system, and how to evaluate pavement management systems The second section presents papers detailing the experience of users Overview Section The Overview section includes the keynote address of Louis Papet, Chief Pavement Division of the Federal Highway Administration Papet reviewed the FHWA requirements for pavement management, and offered an overview of the present state of implementation Papers by Nostrand, Carmichael et al., Amirkhanian et al., and Hudson et al deal with an overview of Pavement Management addressing issues such as: the history of pavement management in the FHWA, minimum requirements for a pavement management system, ix Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized the state of the art in pavement management, and standardization issues Patterson offers a process to evaluate pavement management systems Additional papers deal with portions of pavement management systems that readers may want to include in their system, add to their existing systems, or use to evaluate the results of their systems These include a discussion of data needs and priorities (Haas), pavement life (Baldi et al.), barriers that may affect implementation (Smith), engineering principles (Ullidtze et al.), and a look at timing and it's effect on network performance (Mohseni et al.) Experience Section The Experience section presents 21 papers detailing the experience of users, and offers the reader examples of systems from across the United States, Canada, and Europe In total, 17 different federal and state agencies, as well as one foreign country, are represented in this section Pavement Management systems for roads, streets, highways, and airports are discussed Various types of systems and system approaches are presented, including maintenance planning, statewide highway programming systems, airport pavement management systems, and military facility pavement management Advances in the state of the art addressed through papers on pavement life and feedback systems to evaluate the pavement management system For those organizations looking for assistance in implementing a pavement management system, the symposium and this STP offer an overview of the implementation process, and will, with the existing literature, assist the user in designing, implementing, and modifying their system to meet their agency needs As 1993 draws near, the requirement of the Federal Highway Administration to implement a pavement management system will cause agencies to review their present systems, and the papers presented in this publication will be of valuable assistance in that process For those agencies looking to establish a pavement management system, this volume can assist in developing a system that not only meets the agencies needs, but can help preclude some of the pitfalls that other agencies have had to overcome, thus resulting in a more flexible and usable system Work remains to be done in reaching a consensus for the various elements making up a pavement management system New standards, specifications, and guidelines will continue to be developed as experience is gained Agreement on the types, accuracy, and definitions of pavement information needed for use in a Pavement Management System will lead to standardization and automation, and enhance the ability of users to more easily exchange information and knowledge Committee E-17 will continue it's efforts to develop ASTM standards that address some of the issues presented in this volume Standards dealing with network level pavement management, composite instrumentation, and priority of data needs for pavement management, are a few of the areas where standards are being formed to help users of pavement management systems Frank B Holt Eckrose/Green Associates 6409 Odana Rd Madison, WI 53719 Wade L Gramling Pasco USA, Inc 4913 Gettysburg Rd Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Key Note Address Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized NOVAK ET AL ON STANDARDIZATION OF A PMS ANALYSIS METHOD PRESERVATION PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING PROCESS 489 PRESERVATION PROGRAM AND PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS (TYPE OF PMS ACTIVITY) -n (TYPE OF PMS ACTIVITY) GENERIC ANALYSIS PROCESS IDECISION MAKING) [PROVIDER) POLICY AND INVESTMENT PLAN i DEVELOPMENT ~ O PMS ST R AT EGY ANALYSIS ~D U,, c9 uj ~ (TECHNICAL) 2r ~ O ',~ O~C u O ~ AGENCY \ DO POLICY AND PLANS - ~ PRESERVATION O GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY NOIDATE PROJECTS PMS PROJECT y Z O ~ \VD PROGRAM IDEVELOPMENT PROCESS PROGRAM A SOFTWARE DE VELOP~A'ENT (DECISION MAKING) , (T ECHNIC~L) -o O U'~ (PROVIOERJ Figure A schematic representation of PMS analysis methods i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e i r r o l e in the planning and decision making process which precedes the o p e r a t i o n a l phase of the MR&R program and p r o j e c t development process A PMS must p r o v i d e the means to m e a s u r e the d e g r e e of m a x i m u m u t i l i z a t i o n of the a l l o c a t e d fund The current p r i m a r y concern, as i n d i c a t e d by Refs [1] and [2] is on the c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h the agency's r e s o u r c e s and needs All a g e n c i e s w a n t to u t i l i z e their funds as e f f i c i e n t l y as possible However, Refs [i] and [2] direct g u i d a n c e t o w a r d the d e v e l o p m e n t of systems that d u p l i c a t e w h a t an a g e n c y has a l r e a d y done, but w i t h improved documentation W h a t is n e e d e d is g u i d a n c e that agencies can use to gauge the e f f i c i e n c y of c u r r e n t M R & R p r o g r a m s and the means to improve p r o g r a m efficiency To this, a PMS w h i c h is a p r e - M R & R p r o g r a m d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s s h o u l d have the c a p a b i l i t y of d e v e l o p i n g the t h e o r e t i c a l l y most cost e f f e c t i v e M R & R program for the given funding level It can t h e n b e c o m e a y a r d stick for future programs However, what is t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e m a y not be p r a c t i c a l l y achievable, a ratio of the cost e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a p r o p o s e d M R & R p r o g r a m and the t h e o r e t i c a l model should be i n t r o d u c e d to d e t e r m i n e the e f f i c i e n c y of the p r o p o s e d programs A PMS that is based on i n c o m p l e t e data of p o o r q u a l i t y cannot p r o v i d e r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n for d e c i s i o n m a k i n g or p r o d u c e cost e f f e c t i v e PMS products It must use high q u a l i t y c o m p l e t e d a t a and the a p p r o p r i a t e software A s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS should set s t a n d a r d s that e n a b l e agencies to d e t e r m i n e the following: i What c o n s t i t u t e s complete i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d e d for the d e c i s i o n m a k i n g process The means to e v a l u a t e the q u a l i t y of the data u s e d for d e c i s i o n making 3.What c o n s t i t u t e s c o m p l e t e formal PMS analysis A s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS must be a c c e p t a b l e and a p p e a l i n g to all agencies O t h e r r e q u i r e m e n t s of a s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS are as follows: detailed i The ability of the a p p l i c a t i o n c o n d i t i o n data The ability of the a p p l i c a t i o n software to p r o c e s s h i g h l y s o f t w a r e to be scaled down Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a 490 PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION to a c c o m m o d a t e less complete and less d e t a i l e d data A p p l i c a t i o n software that can c o m p l e t e l y a u t o m a t e the PMS analysis process User d r i v e n menus User d e f i n e d subroutines A g e n c y specific d e f i n i t i o n s for t h r e s h o l d values A g e n c y specific M R & R treatments A g e n c y specific cost data Suqqestions For S t a n d a r d PMS A n a l y s i s Products The A A S H T O G u i d e l i n e s for PMS list p r o d u c t s that a s t a n d a r d PMS must be c a p a b l e of providing The f o l l o w i n g are s u g g e s t i o n s on how this m a y be a c c o m p l i s h e d using non a g e n c y specific methods i The current and p r o j e c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e of the n e t w o r k r e q u i r e s non a g e n c y specific m e a s u r e s of p e r f o r m a n c e P e r f o r m a n c e can be b r o k e n down into two variables, c o n d i t i o n and rate of c o n d i t i o n change Condition, as shown in Fig 3, can be d e r i v e d on the basis of d i f f e r e n t m e a n s of c o n d i t i o n assessment The p r o b l e m w i t h u s i n g levels of c o n d i t i o n is that it does not indicate the rate of d e t e r i o r a t i o n and it is agency specific A non agency specific c o n d i t i o n p a r a m e t e r is p e r c e n t a g e of the n e t w o r k in u n a c c e p t a b l e condition The agency d e f i n e s the t h r e s h o l d value b e y o n d w h i c h c o n d i t i o n is no longer a c c e p t a b l e based on its c o n d i t i o n a s s e s s m e n t methods R a t e of change of c o n d i t i o n can be based on the R e m a i n i n g S e r v i c e Life (RSL) concept as shown in Fig and p r e s e n t e d in Refs [3] and [4] W h e n the p a v e m e n t ' s c o n d i t i o n reaches the t h r e s h o l d value for u n a c c e p t a b l e condition, it w o u l d have zero RSL A n e t w o r k ' s p e r f o r m a n c e (percent in u n a c c e p t a b l e c o n d i t i o n and its a v e r a g e RSL) can be p l o t t e d on a n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e chart such as that shown in Fig NETWORK CONDITION eo I 40 REHABILITATION PROCESS",~ DETERIORATION f ~ ~PROCESS I \/ \ i11 ~ 20 a,, o POOR FAIR GOOD EXCL NETWORK DISTRESS CONDITION Figure Generic representation of network condition, illustrating the deterioration and rehabilitation process Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further rep NOVAK ET AL ON STANDARDIZATION OF A PMS ANALYSIS METHOD 491 100 8O nETERIORATION y PROCESS ~u Z 6O ZL 4O \ f/ Z ~') 2O \I" \i \/ \t 'Y x '~ Fir] Hz Q 0-2 3-7 13-1 :~ 13-17 1B-N :~ REMAINING SERVICE LIFE, YRS Figure Illustration of a networks remaining service life distribution (Note that at the time of construction, a projects design service life is the same as its remaining service life.) GENERIC NETWORK PERFORMANCE CHART o~ 15 M~ > F L I ~) From Figure 6d M m ,,1 | From f,r,.,, fr- O 3: I-u.l r~ +d_ _.d._+ ~L 10 L 20 30 40 50 60 70 PERCENT OF NETWORK IN UNACCEPTABLE CONOITIOH Figure The r e s u l t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e o f a n y g i v e n n e t w o r k b a s e d on the c o n s i s t e n t a n n u a l use of the four d i f f e r e n t MR&R p r o g r a m s t r a t e g i e s shown in F i g u r e Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a 492 PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION 65 OtVE io I FIX ,~ OF N E T W O R K emoo.*u ~s *re o~c *NNUA%~y GJV[N 6C 6~ - +o Y~s F f X ~% N ~ T W O R K PROGRA~ AVs 0St A~NUALLy - 15 Y R S so o ; ,s ~s ,o )s Figure 6a Figure 6b x JJJUI l i l a t ~ I I II I I I I I I I I , ~ ? I~ ~1 ~ (YRSI $u~ o s c - o~S,G~ s e n v ~ c s UFE ~ $ t - R E U A I I G SERVICE LIFE ~st x 9Y t Fix ~ SO SS OF N ~ T W O S ~ A N N U A L t Y P R O G R A M AVE S % " Y R S SO GiVeN RS% - SU M Y " a B YR5 t F i X 4% OF N E T W O R K ANNUAllY PROGRAM xw~ DSL 2~ YRS ,$ Figure 6d Figure 6e w ~ ~5 7o io JLIJJJJL1 i l ! l ! RSL osc AVE U~e 6S 01VE~ e0 SS o (Ymsl ~ U L( X Y DS~ - DESIGH s~nv*cE ~ ASL - nEM*~WJ.G SEAV,Ce su~ v ~S ,o s i I i I t ~ it t a t ~ 2 ~ , ~ s RSL - O~SI~,, Ss t,E~ 1 1 1 l o I I l I J J U ~ AVe I II II I iJ ASl ~ns~ (yRS) nSt - SUU x e , ynS OES*G"SERV,C~t.~ nsc-RE~At.,NCS~V,CEl'~E ost - 9r e sL I l l | II I IUI SUM X9 SUM ~o ,n~ Figure The R e l a t i o n s h i p between the remaining s e r v i c e l i f e of a network and the given MR&R s t r a t e g y T h e s u g g e s t e d m e a n s of r e l a t i n g a n y g i v e n M R & R p r o g r a m t o r e s u l t i n g n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e is t o u s e t h e s a m e p a r a m e t e r s t o d e s c r i b e e a c h of them If a n e t w o r k s p e r f o r m a n c e is d e f i n e d in t e r m s of its a v e r a g e R S L and p e r c e n t of n e t w o r k in u n a c c e p t a b l e c o n d i t i o n , so m u s t t h e M R & R program A s u r r o g a t e for t h e M R & R p r o g r a m m u s t b e u s e d w h i c h is e q u a l to the sum of t h e l e n g t h of its p r o j e c t s a n d t h e a v e r a g e D S L of its p r o j e c t s For c o n v e n i e n c e , t h e s u r r o g a t e is r e f e r r e d to as n e t w o r k M R & R strategy A n i m p o r t a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n R S L and D S L is t h a t at t h e t i m e an M R & R a c t i o n is completed, t h e p r o j e c t s D S L is e q u a l to its RSL T h i s e n a b l e s k e e p i n g t r a c k of the n e t w o r k s p e r f o r m a n c e as e a c h M R & R p r o j e c t is c o m p l e t e d T h i s is d o n e o n t h e b a s i s of t h e l e n g t h (or p e r c e n t a g e ) of t h e n e t w o r k in e a c h R S L c a t e g o r y as s h o w n in Fig A n M R & R p r o j e c t r e m o v e s its l e n g t h f r o m t h e n e t w o r k s s o u r c e R S L c a t e g o r y ( u s u a l l y z e r o RSL) a n d a d d s it to t h e n e t w o r k s t a r g e t R S L c a t e g o r y w h i c h is t h e s a m e as t h e p r o j e c t s DSL At t h e p o l i c y / d e c i s i o n m a k i n g level, it is m o r e u s e f u l to deal w i t h n e t w o r k M R & R s t r a t e g y for d e v e l o p i n g long r a n g e M R & R f u n d i n g a n d n e t w o r k c o n d i t i o n policies T h e idea is t h a t p o l i c y m a k e r s can d e t e r m i n e w h a t n e t w o r k M R & R s t r a t e g y p r o d u c e s t h e d e s i r e d long t e r m p e r f o r m a n c e at t h e a f f o r d a b l e b u d g e t level T h e n e t w o r k M R & R s t r a t e g y s e l e c t e d t h e n b e c o m e s the p o l i c y c o n s t r a i n t s t o d e v e l o p t h e M R & R program The existing agency's operational, organizational, and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p r o c e d u r e s are u s e d to d e v e l o p t h e p r o g r a m w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n t h a t it's t o t a l lane m i l e l e n g t h and a v e r a g e D S L c o n f o r m t o t h e p r e s c r i b e d n e t w o r k M R & R strategy The simple relationship that exists between a consistently u s e d n e t w o r k M R & R s t r a t e g y a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e are i l l u s t r a t e d in Fig T h e f o u r d i f f e r e n t c o n s i s t e n t l y a p p l i e d n e t w o r k M R & R s t r a t e g i e s r e s u l t in c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e Fig r e s u l t s are b a s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t all M R & R p r o j e c t s w e r e Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reprodu NOVAK ET AL ON STANDARDIZATION OF A PMS ANALYSIS METHOD 493 in u n a c c e p t a b l e condition; hence, came from the zero y e a r RSL c a t e g o r y and w e r e put in the RSL c a t e g o r y w h i c h is the same as the p r o g r a m ' s w e i g h t e d average DSL In this manner, it is p o s s i b l e to s p e c i f y the n e t w o r k M R & R strategy r e q u i r e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y to a c h i e v e any g i v e n n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e level It is i m p o r t a n t to note that the final e q u i l i b r i u m n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e is i n d e p e n d e n t of its initial performance The n e t w o r k M R & R s t r a t e g y requirements, p e r c e n t of n e t w o r k in the M R & R p r o g r a m and its a v e r a g e DSL, shown in Fig are p l o t t e d on Fig to i l l u s t r a t e how M R & R s t r a t e g y and n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e can be i n t e r r e l a t e d on a single chart The r e l a t i o n s h i p s shown in Fig can be u s e d to p r o d u c e a w i d e range of s t r a t e g y p e r f o r m a n c e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h i c h if all p l o t t e d on Fig w o u l d result in the chart shown in Fig This chart can be u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the n e t w o r k c o n d i t i o n r e s u l t i n g from any feasible and c o n s i s t e n t n e t w o r k M R & R strategy, and vice versa A m o r e t h o r o u g h e x p l a n a t i o n of the n e t w o r k analysis chart is p r e s e n t e d in Ref [7] GENERIC NETWORK ANALYSIS CHART 20 z.lJ >,, '-J15 ILL I ILl ,N r = z 1Q t,u eT- i-tltJ e,- s 10 20 30 40 ,50 60 70 PERCENT OF NETWORK IN UNACCEPTABLE CONDITION F i g u r e G e n e r i c C h a r t for R e l a t i n g M P & R Strategy to Network Performance C u r r e n t and p r o j e c t e d budget r e q u i r e m e n t s n e c e s s i t a t e a m e a n s of r e l a t i n g n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e to the f u n d i n g level n e e d e d to m a i n t a i n or to change to a d i f f e r e n t p e r f o r m a n c e level Although more s o p h i s t i c a t e d means exist, Ref [5], a simple m e t h o d is to base M R & R Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduction 494 PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION p r o g r a m cost e s t i m a t e s on h i s t o r i c a l cost data Past M R & R p r o g r a m s can be u s e d to e s t a b l i s h the a v e r a g e cost per lane m i l e per each DSL The chart shown in Fig i l l u s t r a t e s the concept This non agency s p e c i f i c a n a l y s i s m e t h o d can be u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n any n e t w o r k performance, any f e a s i b l e n e t w o r k M R & R strategy, and the e s t i m a t e d cost of the M R & R program These p r o c e d u r e s are p r e s e n t e d in Ref [6) ~ 4511 LEGEND: O = HISTORICAL COST + = ESTIMATED COST / ~ O 250 J I I 10 15 210 _ J _ 25 I 30 DESIGN LIFE YEARS Figure Historical Network Cost The b u d g e t r e q u i r e d to b r i n g the total n e t w o r k from its c u r r e n t p e r f o r m a n c e level to any other level can be a c c o m p l i s h e d by the m e t h o d s d e s c r i b e d in items to M o s t a g e n c i e s w o u l d key in on the n e t w o r k s condition, i.e., p e r c e n t in u n a c c e p t a b l e condition, w i t h a d e s i r e to reach zero percent However, this can be a c c o m p l i s h e d a w i d e range of n e t w o r k a v e r a g e RSL Then for any g i v e n n e t w o r k condition, a g e n c i e s w o u l d have a choice of s e l e c t i n g the n e t w o r k a v e r a g e RSL that has the lowest annual cost or h i g h e s t a f f o r d a b l e a v e r a g e RSL An e x a m p l e of this p r o b l e m is p r e s e n t e d in Ref [7] via Specific p r o g r a m s for single or m u l t i - y e a r p l a n n i n g h o r i z o n s need only to deal w i t h the n e t w o r k M R & R strategy If the p o l i c y w e r e to d e s i g n a t e a n e t w o r k M R & R s t r a t e g y to a n n u a l l y p r e s e r v e p e r c e n t of the n e t w o r k w i t h an a v e r a g e p r o g r a m DSL of 25 years, any list of p r o j e c t s w h o s e current RSL is zero and w h o s e total lane m i l e length w e r e equal to p e r c e n t of the n e t w o r k and w h o s e M R & R t r e a t m e n t s had a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e DSL of 25 years w o u l d result in b a s i c a l l y the same long t e r m n e t w o r k performance M e t h o d for p r i o r t i z i n g e x p e n d i t u r e s w h e n t h e r e is i n s u f f i c i e n t funding is the same as that d e s c r i b e d for Items and The d e c i s i o n rule w o u l d be what is the most a c c e p t a b l e b a l a n c e b e t w e e n loss of c o n d i t i o n and r e d u c e d RSL A basis for i n t r a - a g e n c y c o m m u n i c a t i o n s is e s t a b l i s h e d by a s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS analysis m e t h o d b e c a u s e the simple non a g e n c y specific terms u s e d at the p o l i c y / d e c i s i o n m a k i n g level (RSL and p e r c e n t of n e t w o r k in u n a c c e p t a b l e condition) are e a s i l y t r a n s l a t e d to p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e and p r o j e c t p a r a m e t e r s u s e d by the t e c h n i c a l Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions NOVAK ET AL ON STANDARDIZATION OF A PMS ANALYSIS METHOD staff, 495 and vice versa A basis for c o m m u n i c a t i n g o u t s i d e the agency is e s t a b l i s h e d on the basis of easy to u n d e r s t a n d t e r m i n o l o g y and c o n c e p t s for w h i c h an a d j u s t m e n t in any one of the v a r i a b l e is easily t r a n s l a t e d into the impact of that a c t i o n on the o t h e r variables The n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e chart of Fig i l l u s t r a t e s w h a t w i l l h a p p e n if M R & R p r o g r a m funds are cut, i n c r e a s e d or h o w m u c h must r e v e n u e s be i n c r e a s e d if a d e s i g n a t e d n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e level is to be achieved The use of this chart s i m p l i f i e s the e x p l a n a t i o n of the c o m p l e x r e l a t i o n s h i p among M R & R programs, p r o g r a m cost and n e t w o r k condition T h e y are e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t s to a c h i e v e PMS s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n A basis for c o m p a r i n g a l t e r n a t e n e t w o r k M R & R s t r a t e g i e s is p r o v i d e d by Fig P r o g r a m cost is the p r o d u c t of the cost per lane m i l e o b t a i n e d from Fig and the lane m i l e length of the n e t w o r k M R & R strategy The cost, M R & R strategy, and n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e of all feasible a l t e r n a t i v e s can be i l l u s t r a t e d for d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p u r p o s e s w i t h the Fig n e t w o r k analysis chart i0 A basis for d e v e l o p i n g M R & R p r o g r a m s to e m p h a s i z e or m a x i m i z e d e s i g n a t e d p r o g r a m benefits should be a n e c e s s a r y part of a s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS analysis method P o l i c y / d e c i s i o n m a k e r s m u s t have the a b i l i t y to control m o r e than b u d g e t s and n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e They also need to assure that the p r o j e c t s s e l e c t e d w i l l m a x i m i z e agency and user benefits P r o g r a m b e n e f i t s could include items such as the following: i0.I 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Ride q u a l i t y improvement D i s t r e s s c o n d i t i o n improvement R e d u c t i o n in a v e r a g e n e t w o r k rut depth R e d u c t i o n of safety deficiencies R e d u c t i o n in r e a c t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e workload R e d u c t i o n in user costs P r o g r a m b e n e f i t s can be dealt w i t h as an e c o n o m i c issue However, p o l i c y m a k e r s are often not o n l y i n t e r e s t e d in lowest cost but in e m p h a s i z i n g specific p r o g r a m benefits By s e p a r a t e l y listing the i n t e r r e l a t e d benefits, it is p o s s i b l e to give p o l i c y m a k e r s the o p p o r t u n i t y to r a n k their importance A simple a g e n c y r a t i n g scale of to 5, could for example, be a s s i g n e d to each b e n e f i t v a r i a b l e to w e i g h t its importance It w o u l d be n e c e s s a r y to q u a n t i f y all the a g e n c y d e s i g n a t e d b e n e f i t s of all f e a s i b l e M R & R t r e a t m e n t s of all feasible projects In this way, r a n k i n g of b e n e f i t s of e a c h c a n d i d a t e p r o j e c t can be used to d e t e r m i n e w h i c h p r o g r a m ranks h i g h e s t in terms of the w e i g h t e d b e n e f i t s provided A software tool, such as that d e v e l o p e d for the M i c h i g a n DOT Ref [4], is n e e d e d to f a c i l i t a t e s o r t i n g t h r o u g h the t h o u s a n d s of p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s of p r o j e c t s and treatments This software tool is r e f e r r e d to as p r o j e c t a n a l y s i s and w o u l d be a part of the M R & R p r o g r a m d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s as shown in Fig A s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS should also support a m a i n t e n a n c e m a n a g e m e n t system The simplest a p p r o a c h should be to c o n s i d e r m a i n t e n a n c e as h a v i n g two d i f f e r e n t purposes Reactive maintenance, w h i c h is to m a i n t a i n a r e a s o n a b l e level of s e r v i c e a b i l i t y and safety, but does not effect the p a v e m e n t s RSL Preventive maintenance which improves (increases) the p a v e m e n t s RSL The e a s i e s t m e t h o d of h a n d l i n g r e a c t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e is to d e f i n e the u n a c c e p t a b l e c o n d i t i o n t h r e s h o l d in terms of w h e n a p a v e m e n t r e q u i r e s r e a c t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e Hence, p e r c e n t of n e t w o r k in u n a c c e p t a b l e c o n d i t i o n is equal to the r e a c t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e w o r k load This a p p r o a c h to r e a c t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e is e x p l a i n e d in Ref [8] P r e v e n t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e can be t r e a t e d as a s u p p l e m e n t to the M R & R program That is, p r e v e n t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e , repair, and r e c o n s t r u c t i o n t r e a t m e n t s all c o m p e t e on the b a s i s of their cost effectiveness Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions 496 PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION Suqqested Analysis Methods A c o m p l e t e a p p l i c a t i o n software a n a l y s i s s y s t e m is n e e d e d to p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e PMS products for the p o l i c y / d e c i s i o n m a k i n g process The a n a l y s i s s o f t w a r e m o d u l e s n e c e s s a r y to m a k e a c o m p l e t e s t a n d a r d PMS are o u t l i n e d in the f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s in d e s c e n d i n g o r d e r of PMS a n a l y s i s listed in Fig PMS S t r a t e q y Analysis An analysis p r o c e d u r e is n e e d e d to relate a l t e r n a t i v e n e t w o r k M R & R strategy to the long t e r m n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e The n e t w o r k analysis chart is a m a n u a l m e t h o d that lacks flexibility, accuracy, and the a b i l i t y to t r a c k i n t e r i m n e t w o r k performance These p r o b l e m s are o v e r c o m e by the s t r a t e g y analysis m o d e l s p r e s e n t e d in Refs [4] and [5] A n o t h e r n e c e s s a r y part of s t r a t e g y analysis is to e s t i m a t e p r o g r a m cost W h i l e this is easy to a c c o m p l i s h on the basis of the agencies h i s t o r i c a l M R & R p r o g r a m records, as p r e v i o u s l y explained, a b e t t e r m e t h o d such as that e x p l a i n e d in Refs [4] and [5] is needed This m e t h o d uses the cost of all feasible t r e a t m e n t s of all feasible p r o j e c t s that m a k e up the n e t w o r k to d e v e l o p a cost m a t r i x that for the d e s i g n a t e d cost e f f e c t i v e n e s s limits lists the lane m i l e cost and lane miles of p a v e m e n t a v a i l a b l e to move from each lower RSL c a t e g o r y to e a c h higher RSL category This cost e s t i m a t i n g m e t h o d o l o g y is n e e d e d for a s t a n d a r d PMS if it is to have the a b i l i t y to improve f u n d i n g efficiency PMS N e t w o r k Analysis Since n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e is b a s e d on its a v e r a g e RSL and p e r c e n t of the n e t w o r k in u n a c c e p t a b l e condition, it is n e c e s s a r y to p a r t i t i o n the n e t w o r k into sections of u n i f o r m p e r f o r m a n c e B o u n d a r i e s of u n i f o r m sections could be fixed or m o v e a b l e and the m e t h o d of s e l e c t i n g b o u n d a r i e s non a g e n c y specific R e g a r d l e s s of the m e t h o d used to identify u n i f o r m sections, it is n e c e s s a r y for a s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS to t r a c k the c o n d i t i o n of each u n i f o r m s e c t i o n w i t h i n the network To be non agency specific, the e s s e n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d at the n e t w o r k level is the RSL and length of e a c h u n i f o r m section A s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS must p r o v i d e m e t h o d o l o g y for the software to p e r f o r m d e t a i l e d p r o j e c t analysis of all c o n t i g u o u s u n i f o r m sections that m a k e up the network This s h o u l d r e q u i r e i t e m i z i n g each o c c u r r e n c e of distress, and its physical dimensions S e m i - a u t o m a t i o n of d i s t r e s s surveys have r e d u c e d the cost of c o l l e c t i n g such d e t a i l e d c o n d i t i o n data and m a k e it a f f o r d a b l e for m o s t agencies W i t h such d e t a i l e d data, n e t w o r k analysis can p r o d u c e a listing of all repair and p r e v e n t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e quantities, their costs, and their cost effectiveness A s t a n d a r d i z e d n e t w o r k analysis must p r o v i d e for user d r i v e n menus and user d e f i n e d s u b r o u t i n e s such as those p r e s e n t e d in Ref [5] Project Analysis The r e q u i r e m e n t s of a s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS n e c e s s i t a t e the a b i l i t y to treat each u n i f o r m s e c t i o n of the n e t w o r k as a p o t e n t i a l project For each u n i f o r m section, p r o j e c t analysis should p r o d u c e the following output: i C u r r e n t c o n d i t i o n and rate of c h a n g e of c o n d i t i o n for each m e a s u r e of condition; i.e., roughness, distress, rut depth, etc An i n v e n t o r y of repair and r e a c t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e requirements E s t i m a t e d d e s i g n service life (DSL) of all feasible M R & R treatments E s t i m a t e d cost of all feasible M R & R treatments P r o b a b l e causes of deterioration Benefit e s t i m a t e s for each b e n e f i t the a g e n c y wants to c o n s i d e r for all feasible M R & R t r e a t m e n t s of all u n i f o r m sections Non agency specific c o n d i t i o n a s s e s s m e n t should include m e t h o d o l o g y to p r o c e s s the most d e t a i l e d distress, l o n g i t u d i n a l and Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth NOVAK ET AL ON STANDARDIZATION OF A PMS ANALYSIS METHOD 497 t r a n s v e r s e profiles, and surface f r i c t i o n data The m e t h o d o l o g y must also p e r m i t agencies to scale down to any one m e a s u r e of c o n d i t i o n and any level of p r e c i s i o n desired, via user d r i v e n m e n u s and user d e f i n e d subroutines This p r o j e c t analysis is p r e s e n t e d in Ref [5] It is the source of cost and cost e f f e c t i v e data u s e d to g e n e r a t e a cost m a t r i x w h i c h is a key component of strategy analysis P r o j e c t analysis also r e q u i r e s that DSL e s t i m a t e s be b a s e d on the same p a r a m e t e r s u s e d to e s t i m a t e RSL This can be a c c o m p l i s h e d u s i n g the m e t h o d o l o g y p r e s e n t e d in Ref [3] A s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS analysis m e t h o d m u s t a c c o m m o d a t e such d e t a i l e d analysis to p r o v i d e the b e n c h m a r k to e v a l u a t e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of less d e t a i l e d PMS methods PMS C o n d i t i o n Data Analysis The current t r e n d to automate p a v e m e n t c o n d i t i o n surveys enables c o l l e c t i o n of m o r e d e t a i l e d c o n d i t i o n data at lower cost It should, therefore, be n e c e s s a r y for a s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS to accept e v e r y t h i n g from the m o s t d e t a i l e d to the most general c o n d i t i o n a s s e s s m e n t s possible This could be a c c o m m o d a t e d via user d r i v e n menus and user d e f i n e d subroutines The p u r p o s e of c o n d i t i o n data analysis is to p r o c e s s raw c o n d i t i o n d a t a into data forms r e q u i r e d for use by project, n e t w o r k and strategy analysis software PMS P r o q r a m Analysis In a s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS, the p o l i c y level sets the n e t w o r k M R & R strategy, the funding level, and the b e n e f i t s that are to be m a x i m i z e d by the M R & R program The c a n d i d a t e p r o j e c t s and t r e a t m e n t s can be d e v e l o p e d via the agency's normal o p e r a t i n g procedures N e t w o r k M R & R strategy is b a s e d on o p t i m i z i n g n e t w o r k p e r f o r m a n c e and a v a i l a b l e funds It is the p u r p o s e of PMS p r o g r a m analysis to a s s e m b l e feasible p r o j e c t s and t r e a t m e n t s into a l t e r n a t i v e p r o g r a m s that meet strategy constraints P r o g r a m a n a l y s i s ranks the p r o g r a m s in order of b e n e f i t s provided A top r a n k e d p r o g r a m c a n d i d a t e w o u l d meet strategy constraints, be w i t h i n b u d g e t limits and r a n k h i g h e s t in b e n e f i t s provided The m o r e c a n d i d a t e p r o j e c t s and t r e a t m e n t s considered, the greater the o p p o r t u n i t y is to m a x i m i z e benefits Two to five times the number of p r o j e c t s that could n o r m a l l y be p r o g r a m m e d in one year should be a n a l y z e d to d e v e l o p each annual program SUMMARY I The issue of c o m p l i a n c e of an agencies system of d e v e l o p i n g M R & R p r o g r a m s b a s e d on FHWA r e g u l a t i o n s and A A S H T O g u i d a n c e is a difficult, inconsistent, and s u b j e c t i v e process The a v a i l a b i l i t y of a s t a n d a r d i z e d non agency specific PMS w o u l d m i n i m i z e this problem PMS l i t e r a t u r e indicates each agency is e x p e c t e d to d e v e l o p its own PMS analysis m e t h o d s so they can be c u s t o m i z e d into their M R & R p r o g r a m d e v e l o p m e n t process This a p p r o a c h tends to increase agency cost and reduce b e n e f i t s c o m p a r e d to a PMS that is not i n t e g r a t e d into the o p e r a t i o n a l M R & R p r o g r a m d e v e l o p m e n t process A s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS w h i c h is independent of the p r o g r a m d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s e s is p r o p o s e d so that agencies can secure at low cost a PMS that can improve funding e f f i c i e n c y and avoid the c o n v u l s i v e e f f e c t s of i n s e r t i n g a PMS in their o p e r a t i o n a l p r o g r a m d e v e l o p m e n t process The r e q u i r e m e n t s for a s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS can be t r a n s l a t e d into the f o l l o w i n g non agency specific PMS requirements: 3.1 Simplicity 3.2 M a x i m u m flexibility 3.3 R e q u i r e no operational, o r g a n i z a t i o n a l , or a d m i n i s t r a t i v e changes 3.4 Possess the c a p a b i l i t y to p r o v i d e all the i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r y for rational d e c i s i o n m a k i n g and answer any rational p a v e m e n t p r e s e r v a t i o n question Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au 498 PAVEMENTMANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION 3.5 P r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n for d e c i s i o n m a k i n g but not d i m i n i s h the d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p r e r o g a t i v e s of any users or a d m i n i s t r a t o r s 3.6 P r o v i d e a top down flow of decisions B a s e d on the non agency specific PMS r e q u i r e m e n t s , and the c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n flow of PMS i n f o r m a t i o n and the a g e n c i e s flow of p o l i c y and M R & R decisions, a s y s t e m of PMS a n a l y s i s for p r o c e s s i n g p a v e m e n t c o n d i t i o n d a t a into project, network, and p o l i c y i n f o r m a t i o n must be a separate p l a n n i n g and d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p r o c e s s that p r e c e d e s the M R & R p r o g r a m d e v e l o p m e n t process It should be p o s s i b l e for the A S T M to d e v e l o p a s t a n d a r d PMS a n a l y s i s m e t h o d if the PMS is a p r e - M R & R p r o g r a m d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s and if n e t w o r k and M R & R p r o g r a m s are c h a r a c t e r i z e d in terms of non agency specific variables M a j o r e x i s t i n g b a r r i e r s that could p r e v e n t agencies d e v e l o p i n g and i m p l e m e n t i n g a PMS are as follows: from 6.1 I n a d e q u a t e technology 6.2 The c o n s e n s u s d e c i s i o n m a k i n g process 6.3 L a c k of PMS d e v e l o p m e n t incentives A s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS analysis m e t h o d is n e e d e d to r e d u c e the cost of PMS d e v e l o p m e n t and implementation, to m i n i m i z e the s u b s t a n t i a l d u p l i c a t i o n of effort now going on, and to b r i n g down the m a j o r b a r r i e r s faced by agencies t r y i n g to d e v e l o p and i m p l e m e n t a PMS The stated p u r p o s e for a PMS is to "manage F e d e r a l - a i d h i g h w a y p a v e m e n t s in a cost e f f e c t i v e manner." The o n l y m e a n s of o b j e c t i v e l y e v a l u a t i n g if an agency's M R & R p r o g r a m s are e f f i c i e n t is on the basis of the q u a l i t y and c o m p l e t e n e s s of the following: 8.1 The i n f o r m a t i o n u s e d for d e c i s i o n making 8.2 The raw data u s e d for analysis 8.3 The analysis m e t h o d s u s e d and t h e i r output A s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS analysis m e t h o d d e s i g n e d to p r o v i d e a b e n c h m a r k m e a s u r e of M R & R funding e f f i c i e n c y and w h i c h is b a s e d on a c o m p l e t e set of analysis software should fulfill the F H W A ' s stated p u r p o s e for a PMS The basic m e t h o d o l o g y of a s t a n d a r d i z e d PMS a n a l y s i s m e t h o d is that it can p r o c e s s d e t a i l e d condition, p h y s i c a l inventory, unit costs, traffic, and r e l a t e d data into p r o j e c t DSL, p r o j e c t cost, and b e n e f i t s for e a c h of all feasible t r e a t m e n t s of 100% of the u n i f o r m sections that m a k e up a network And, the c a p a b i l i t y to d e v e l o p n e t w o r k M R & R s t r a t e g y and p r o g r a m cost e s t i m a t e s w i t h o u t the need to deal w i t h c a n d i d a t e projects i0 The use of t e c h n o l o g y to solve funding s h o r t f a l l is not n o r m a l l y considered To address this problem, a s t a n d a r d i z e d non a g e n c y specific PMS a n a l y s i s m e t h o d that is based on v a r i a b l e s c o m m o n to both m a n a g e r and t e c h n i c a l staffs, that has a software s y s t e m to p r o c e s s and t r a n s f o r m t e c h n i c a l data into the v a r i a b l e s u s e d by managers, and that u t i l i z e s the agency's p a v e m e n t r e s e a r c h staff for the PMS f e e d b a c k p r o c e s s is proposed Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au NOVAK ET AL ON STANDARDIZATION OF A PMS ANALYSIS METHOD 499 REFERENCES [1] "Federal-Aid Highway Program Manual" Volume 6, Chapter 2, Section 4, Subsection (Pavement Manaqement and Desiqn Policy) Federal Highway Administration, March 6, 1989 [2) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO Guidelines for Pavement Management Systems, Washington, D.C., July 1990 [3] Baladi, G Y., Novak, E C., Kuo, W H Pavement Condition Index And Remaining Service Life Michigan State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan [4] Kuo, W H., Novak, E C., Baladi, G Y Development Of Optimal Long-Term Network Strategies Using Remaining Service Life Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, Michigan [5) Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and Transportation Research Board "An Advanced Course In Pavement Management Systems." (Chapter of the manual) Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C [6] Cooper, K Manual Methods For Using Proqram Strategy Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, Michigan, October 1990 [7] Novak E C., Kuo W.H PMS Network Analysis Chart Michigan Department Of Transportation, Lansing, Michigan, January 1992 [8] Richardson M J Manual Methods For Estimatinq Reactive Maintenance (Routine) Maintenance Cost Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing Michigan, January 1991 [91 Novak E.C., Kuo W.H The Roll Of PMS Analysis In The MR&R Program Process Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, Michigan, January 1992 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP1121-EB/Jan 1991 Subject Index A Airport pavement management system, 32, 228, 240, 272,297 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (See also State highway agencies), 13,466,484 Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, 167 road test, 41l Automation, 198 airport pavement management system 228, 240 distress measuring device, 424 expert systems, 47, 106 management data and pavement surface model, 394 Micro PAVER, 211 PAVER, 256,272, 297 Axle weights, 411 B-C Bayesian updating, 359 Bearing capacity, 334 Bridges and structures management system, 359 Capital Improvement Programs, airport pavement management, 228 Condition assessment, 3, 106, 167, 256,318,466 index, 63,211,394 airport, 228,297 load equivalencies, 411 standardardization, 350 technologies for, 437 visual, 334,424 Crack density method, standard, 424 D Databases, 198,376 airport pavement management, 240 inventory, 394 Data collection and management, 148, 334, 272, 359, 376, 394 needs, 32, 106 performance, 297 procedure evaluation, 376 standards for, 350 Deflection, 334 equipment, 437 Degradation models, 359 Delaware Department of Transportation, 376 Design methods, mechanistic, 106 Design, overlay, 334 Design, pavement, 411 Design service life, 466 Deterioration rate, pavement, 106, 211 performance variable, 63 Diffusion of innovation studies, 91 Distress evaluation, 297, 334 Distress pavement indices, 63 severity, 350 surface, 211 survey, visual, 424 E-F Eddy current technology, 437 Electromagnetic waves, 437 Engineering principles, applications in pavement management systems, 106 Equipment evaluation, 376 Expert systems, 47, 106 Federal Aviation Administration, 256 pavement condition inspection procedures, 228 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 3, 198, 256,484 pavement management system history, 13 pavement management system, impact of, 47 G-It Geographic information systems, 47, 211,240 Highway information systems, 148 History, pavement management systems (See also Management systems, pavement-development), 47 airport, 228 Delaware Department of Transportation, 376 Federal Highway Administration, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 167 Ohio Department of Transportation, 318 PAVER, U.S Army, 256 Illinois Department of Transportation, 185, 411 Image processing, 424 Indiana Department of Transportation, 228 Infrastructure management, 91 Institutional issues, pavement management implementation, 132, 148, 185, 198, 256 implementation barriers, 91 Integrated Airport Pavement Management System, 240 Intervention levels, 334 J-L Joint/crack damage, 437 Joint/crack spalling, 437 5OO Copyrightby 1991 by ASTM International www.astm.org Copyright ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth INDEX Kansas Department of Transportation 350 Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 167 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 359 Lagrange methods, 359 Load equivalency 411 Load power factor 411 Longitudinal equipment 437 M Maintenance management, 47,318, 350, 359, 466 airport, 228 240,297 planning system, 334 priorities, 32 standardization and, 106, 211 strategies, 376 Management systems, pavement analysis standardization, 484 barriers to implementation of, 91, 132, 148, 185, 198,256 engineering principles in, 106 evaluating, 148 feedback systems, 185 innovation, 132,272 models for, 32, 106, 148, 334, 359, 394 priorities for, 32 research for, 132 standardization of, 19, 132,211,334, 350, 424, 484 status of, 47 training course in, 13 Management systems, pavement development, 47, 350 Delaware Department of Transportation, 376 Kentucky Transportation, 167 Illinois Department of Transportation, 185 in Indiana, airports, 228 North Dakota Department of Transportation, 198 Ohio Department of Transportation, 318 U.S Army, 256 Management systems, pavement history, 47 airport, 228 Delaware Department of Transportation, 376 Federal Highway Administration, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 167 Ohio Department of Transportation, 318 PAVER, U.S Army, 256 Management systems, p a v e m e n t - implementing, 47, 318, 334 airports, 228, 240 Illinois Department of Transportation, 185 Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 167 monitoring, 148 North Dakota Department of Transportation, 198 Ohio Department of Transportation, 318 Rhode Island, 211 U.S Air Force, 272 U.S Army, 256 501 Markovian based optimization, 359 Metropolitan Transportation Commission, San Francisco, 91 Micro PAVER, 211 Models, pavement management systems activities, 32 analytical, 148 pavement performance, 106 pavement surface, 394 prediction, 334, 359 N National Cooperative Highway Research Program, 19 Nondestructive testing, 297 North Dakota Department of Transportation, 198 O-P Ohio Department of Transportation, 318, 359 Optimization methods, 13, 117, 318, 359 Pavement design, 106, 334, 411 Pavement distresses, 167 Pavement Division, Federal Highway Administration, 13 Pavement management systems (See Management systems, pavement) Pavement network optimization, 117 Pavement policy, PAVER system, 211,256, 272 Port Authority of New Jersey and New York, 240 Prediction techniques, pavement performance, 106, 198,318, 334, 359 Q-R Quadtrees, 394 Reconstruction, 297,376 Reference system, pavement management, Regulations, pavement management systems, 3, 13, 47, 198,256, 484 Rehabilitation, pavement, 32, 47, 211,297, 318 parameters for implementing, 350 programs, 466 scheduling, 198 strategies, 117, 228, 376 Remaining service life, pavement, 63,484 strategy analysis method and, 466 Report generation, 318,376 standards for, 350 Rhode Island, pavement management system, 211 Rideability index, 167 Ride quality, 466 Road Work, 411 Roughness, definitions, 350 Roughness index, 167 Roughness measurement, 334, 350 Rut depth, 334, 437, 466 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 502 PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION S San Francisco, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, 91 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of, 359 Sensing, non-contact, 394 Serviceability, 411 Service life, 63,466, 488 Skid resistance, 334, 437 Spinup/spindown technology, 437 Standards, pavement management systems, 132, 211,334, 350, 394 analysis, 484 concepts for, 19 distress measurements, 424 engineering, 106 skid trailer, 437 State highway agencies, 63, 148, 240, 466, 484 Delaware Department of Transportation, 376 Illinois Department of Transportation, 185, 411 Indiana Department of Transportation, 228 institutional issues, 91, 132, 148, 185, 198,256 Kansas Department of Transportation, 350 Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 167 North Dakota Department of Transportation, 198 Ohio Department of Transportation, 318, 359 Rhode Island, 211 Statistical procedures, for updating degradation models, 359 Stochastic optimization system, 359 Surface condition, pavement, 63 Surface distress, 211 Surface model, pavement, 394 T-V Training, pavement management, 13, 376 Transportation Research Board, 13 U.S Air Force, 272 U.S Army, pavement management system, 256, 297 Ultrasonic technology, 437 User interface, 148 Visual distress survey, 334, 424 Voice recognition systems, 47 Voids detection, 437 Author Index Allen, D L., 167 AI-Qadi, I L., 437 Amirkhanian, S N., 47 Baladi, G Y., 63,466, 484 Bowen, G E., 211 Carmichael, R F., III, 19 Cation, K A., 198 Clark, G N., 350 Darter, M I., 117 Dirckx, P., 334 Eaddy, D L., 272 Eckrose, R A., 228 Grau, R W., 297 Grogan, W P., 297 Haas, C T M., 394 Haas, R C G., 32, 132, 394 Hachiya, Y., 297 Hall, J P., 117, 185 Hall, J W., 297 Harper, W V., 359 Heleven, L J E., 334 Hendrickson, C T., 394 Hudson, W R., 19, 132,411 Hudson, S W., 19 Kennedy, J C., Jr., 318 Kim, Y R., 272 Kuo, W.-H, 63,466, 484 Lee, H., 424 Lee, K W., 211 Majidzadeh, K., 318, 359 Matsen, D W., 376 McNeil, S., 394 McNerney, M T., 411 Mohseni, A., 117 Moore, R K., 350 Murrell, S D., 240 Nostrand, W A., 13 Novak, E C., Jr., 63,466,484 Papet, L M., Paterson, W D O., 148 Rada, G R., 240, 376 Reynolds, W G., 228 Rizenbergs, R L., 167 Robinson, R., 148 Saraf, C L., 318 Saraswatula, S R., 47 Schwartz, C W., 240 Sebaaly, P E., 437 Shahin, M Y., 256 Sharpe, G W., 167 Smith, H A., 376 Smith, R E., 91 Stubstad, R N., 106 Ullidtz, P., 106 Wambold, J C., 437 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:36:36 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized ISBN - - -