Astm stp 1192 1993

S T P 1192 Engine Coolant Testing: Third Volume Roy E Beal, editor ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-011920-15 ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 10103 ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN): 04-011920-15 ISBN: 0-8031-1851-1 ISSN: 1050-7523 Copyright 1993 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $2.50 per copy, plus $0.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970; (508) 744-3350 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8031-1851-1/93 $2.50 + 50 Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution to time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printedin Ann Arbor,MI May 1993 Contents Overview A Review of Automotive Engine Coolant Technology H J HANNIGAN Corrosion Protection of Aluminum Heat-Transfer Surfaces in Engine Coolants Using Monoacid/Diacid Inhibitor TechnoIogy JEAN-PmRRE MAES AND P A U L V A N DE VEN Discussion Fleet Test Correlations of Original Equipment Coolant Pump Failures and Engine Coolant Formulations JEFFREY M BURNS Discussion 11 22 25 40 An Investigation of Carboxylic Acids as Corrosion Inhibitors in Engine Coolant-W I L L I A M C M E R C E R Discussion Fleet Test Evaluation of Engine Coolants Using Sebacic Acid Inhibitor Technology NORMAN C ADAMOWICZ AND DANIEL F FALLA Discussion 44 58 63 82 Corrosion Testing for Aluminum Alloy Selection in Automotive Radiators-R O Y E BEAL A N D R E F K I E L - B O U R I N I 83 An Overview of Cavitation Corrosion of Diesel Cylinder Liners-R I C H A R D D H E R C A M P Discussion Phosphate-Molybdate Supplement Coolant Additives for Heavy Duty Diesel Engines R D HUDGENS Discussion 107 126 128 148 Toxicity and Disposal of Engine Coolants R DOUGLAS HUDGENS AND R B B U S T A M A N T E Discussion 149 164 Test Strips for Rapid On-Site Analysis of Engine Coolants PAUL g HEMMES, T H O M A S H KREISER, S A R A H VALLE, A N D R I C H A R D D H E R C A M P Discussion 165 179 Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Emission Spectroscopy and Laser Ablation-ICP for Problem Solving in Coolant Systems-W A L T E R Z A M E C H E K AND DALE A McKENZIE Discussion 180 189 The Chemistry of Oxalic Acid Cleaning of Engine Cooling Systems-190 PETER M WOYCIESJES Investigation of Deposits on Water Pump Seal F a c e S - - R A N D A L L J STAFFORD Discussion 205 213 The Relationship Between Sealing Performance of Mechanical Seals and Composition of Coolants for Automotive Engines KENJI KmYU, OSAMU HIRATA, AKIRA YOSHINO, KEN OKADA, AND HIROSHI HIRABAYASHI Characterization of Used Engine Coolant by Statistical Analysis-STEPHEN M, WOODWARD AND ALEKSEI V GERSHUN Discussion 215 234 246 Coolant Maintenance and Extension of Coolant Life for Light Duty Vehicles-R I C H A R D D H E R C A M P AND ROBERT A REMIASZ Discussion A Multi-Stage Process for Used Antifreeze/Coolant Purification-ROBERT C RICHARDSON Discussion 248 257 258 274 An Evaluation of Engine Coolant Recycling Processes: Part I - WAYNE H BRADLEY Discussion 276 287 Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Coolants: Technology U p d a t e - - F A KELLEY 289 Index 297 STP1192-EB/May 1993 Overview Engine coolant usage continues to increase on a worldwide basis as the overall vehicle population becomes larger Many off-highway vehicles and stationary equipment facilities also use engine coolant Water preservation and environmental concerns are reflected in a gradually expanded use of coolant for industrial cooling applications Vehicle cooling predominates and is the major concern for the symposium Average vehicle size and coolant capacity has recently reduced in the United States More efficient engine designs tend to use less coolant volume for equivalent heat rejection purposes Modern automobiles are made with newer and lighter weight materials The importance of aluminum alloy protection by engine coolant has become evident, together with an increased use of composite plastics Meanwhile, the average age of vehicles on the highway has increased, and these older vehicles require engine coolant replacement at regular intervals The engine coolant specialist has therefore many technical challenges and the technology is developing sufficiently that a meeting to present advances and discuss current problems was needed The first symposium was held in Atlanta, GA, in 1979 It was well supported and resulted in ASTM Engine Coolant Testing: State oftheArt, (STP 705), which still provides a good reference Success led to a second conference in 1984, held in Philadelphia, PA, at which the rapid changes in material usage and testing requirements were expounded upon by many of the authors This symposium resulted in ASTM Engine Coolant Testing." Second Symposium, (STP 887), and probably the most important development was the basis of a new standard for evaluating hot surface protection for aluminum engine alloys that has now become an international standard for the coolant industry Propylene glycol was introduced as an alternate base fluid for coolants Electrochemical test methods were evaluated and discussions of specific needs for heavy duty engines highlighted The third symposium was held in Scottsdale, AZ, Engine Coolant Testing." Third Symposium, 6-8 Nov 199 l, and was well attended with presentations from European, Japanese, and United States authors Papers presented at the conference covered advances in the development, testing, and application of engine cooling fluids for automobiles and heavy duty engines that have occurred since the last meeting A keynote opening address by Hannigan set a good tone to the conference by presenting a brief history of ethylene glycol engine coolant Ethylene glycol was first suggested for use as an engine coolant in military aircraft in England in 1916 Other aircraft applications followed, with the Curtiss Hawk PIA in 1926 being of particular note Use of ethylene glycol in automobiles began in 1927 Wide adoption occurred in the period 1949 through 1955 as a factory fill in place of methanol Developments have continued, and Hannigan presents the highlights bringing us up to the present time Four authors presented papers on new families of engine coolant that operate in a medium pH range Maes and Van Den Ven's work in Europe on the use of low depletion monoacid diacid inhibitor technology reveals good high-temperature corrosion protection of aluminum when acids are properly balanced An evaluation program included ASTM Test Method for Corrosion of Cast Aluminum Alloys in Engine Coolants Under Heat-Rejecting Conditions (D Copyright9 1993by ASTMInternational www.astm.org ENGINECOOLANT TESTING: THIRD VOLUME 4340) hot surface tests, a dynamic heat transfer test, and a coolant aging test These were used with top quality commercial engine coolants and the monoacid dibasic acid technology, for direct comparisons Static heat transfer testing gave good results with all technologies Dynamic heat transfer testing was more discriminating and favored the new monoacid and diacid combinations for aluminum corrosion protection under hot surface conditions with apparently better heat transfer at the metal/coolant interface Burns carried out an extensive fleet test with a carboxylic acid long life coolant formulation with very good results Two hundred and three Ford Crown Victoria Taxi cabs were used The chief objective of the program was to evaluate coolant pump failure with respect to the new carboxylic long life coolant, when compared to more traditional formulations Coolant installation was color coded and pump failures from each group identified Four conditions and a factory fill were involved The new carboxylic formulation resulted in the lowest pump failure rate, although reasons why could only be speculated upon A new coolant pump bench test is recommended for comparative study of coolant formulations Mercer examined experimental carboxylic acid inhibitor formulations, to test their efficiency in both laboratory and fleet tests Problems were encountered with lead based solder and aluminum alloy corrosion, although other metals were adequately protected Aluminum protection required high levels of acids present Compatibility of the carboxylic acid formulations and phosphate buffered coolant was poor, and mixtures resulted in reduced protection No inhibitor depletion was observed, but this did not prevent corrosion of the aluminum and high lead solder alloys in fleet testing Extended life coolant with sebacic acid was compared to current high silicate alkaline phosphate coolant prevalent in the United States in a three-year municipal fleet test by Adamowicz and Falla Results demonstrated no particular advantage with the sebacic acid formulation over current North American coolant They also concluded that factory fill coolant life can be extended far beyond previous expectations Metal coupon corrosion losses were minimal for either coolant throughout the test The relatively high cost of the sebacic acid coolant precludes its use on an economic basis Durability of aluminum alloy automotive radiators in service depends on the alloy selected and the expected engine coolant environment Beal and E1-Bourini investigated accelerated testing procedures for alloy development with appropriate coolant conditions New alloys are continually under development to improve radiator service life The challenge is to find testing methods that correlate with service experience without resorting to long-term vehicle exposure trials A combination of electrochemical studies and simulated service has demonstrated a viable approach Unless related to a particular engine coolant environment, serious mistakes can be made in aluminum alloy radiator materials chosen Heavy duty diesel engines use significant quantities of coolant and emphasis on long operation periods continues as engine design changes, resulting in higher efficiencies Hercamp presented an historical overview of cavitation corrosion in diesel cylinder liners, relating various factors that are involved with liner pitting A major problem in the 1950s, much work has been done since to identify causes and develop solutions The paper covers scientific background and theories, and not all workers agree on the damage mechanism Coolant effects and the use of supplement coolant additives (SCAs) are covered with some reference to engine related factors Education of maintenance personnel is important to follow prescribed procedures in coolant and SCA practice Testing can assist in avoiding trouble and is cost effective in checking coolant condition Hudgens briefly covered the history of supplemental coolant additives used in heavy duty diesel engines, and then went on to describe a new family of phosphate molybdate packages that are designed to perform better with aluminum components and cause less problems if OVERVIEW overtreatment occurs A test scheme involved most ASTM standards and the German FVV Test, in addition to bench cavitation work The phosphate molybdate formula provides better protection in hard water, and the ability to reduce nitrite levels is beneficial to solder protection Liner pitting is prevented at lower overall inhibitor addition Toxicity and disposal of engine coolants is a topical subject that was reviewed and discussed by Hudgens and Bustamante Properties of ethylene and propylene glycols and major additives used in engine coolants are included Propylene glycol is not toxic and provides an environmentally acceptable coolant base However, inhibitors used have varying degrees of toxicity, and after use, when heavy metals are dissolved into the coolant, the resultant fluid is definitely toxic, whether propylene glycol or ethylene glycol are used as the base fluid Present laws and regulations are referenced, and a discussion on the hazardous concept is included Used coolant may or may not be hazardous depending on its condition when tested against EPA threshold values Both ethylene and propylene glycols are biodegradable 400 million gal ( 1514 million L) of coolant are sold every year 10% of coolant may be lost by leakage, 25% or more by improper disposal, and the remainder generally handled according to regulations Recycling is becoming a commercial feasibility and is being done in the western United States in particular on a large scale Total volume of recycled coolant is still low compared to coolant sold per year The paper gives a good overview of facts and concerns regarding handling and disposal of engine coolants Test strips have been developed for rapid on-site analysis of engine coolants for some specific attributes Hemmes et al described their efforts Strips for nitrite and molybdate measure protection for cavitation erosion One has been developed for MBT in conjunction with chloride level identification Test strips for pH and RA also are available Measurement of freeze point has been carried out for over ten years The wider range of test strips assist in maintenance programs and for identifying when SCAs should be used in heavy duty vehicles Engine coolant analysis techniques use standard equipment with particular procedures for accurate results Advances coincide with new analytical instrumentation Problems in coolant systems can be solved by application of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy and laser ablation ICP according to Zamechek and McKenzie Coolant analysis by ICP is enhanced by specially developed software for interferences and data reduction Aqueous standards are used with 50-fold dilution of the analytical samples Preparation methods are described The laser ablation system was used for spacial mapping of elements on the surfaces of water pump seals A uniquely adapted sample cell and target area was devised with optical focusing and alignment Oxalic acid cleaning of engines removes inhibitors, rusts, and other deposits Some concern has been expressed on the post cleaning effect of the process when vehicles are used for coolant testing Woyciesjes reviewed the chemistry involved Oxalates form a variety of complexes with typical metals in the engine circuit Ferrous oxalate can be 10 #m or more in thickness Borate conditioning removes some of the oxalate Oxalates can affect subsequent coolant properties by having a detrimental influence on pH, RA, and inhibitor levels A high pH, borate conditioning fluid minimizes the consequences, and in new vehicles the effect is small Vehicles exhibiting heavy corrosion should not be used for coolant testing, because cleaning will not be totally effective Pump seal failures are a contemporary problem with disagreements on causes and solutions This topic was received with much interest by the attendants Deposits on water pump seal faces were examined by Stafford from heavy duty diesel on-highway engines Coolant leakages were traced to deposit films built up on the siliconized graphite seals Surface analyses of the buildup revealed elements from the coolant, coolant additives, corrosion metals from the engines and calcium from hard water Mileage at pump removal ranged from 28 000 to ENGINECOOLANT TESTING: THIRD VOLUME 199 000 miles (45 060 to 320 251 km) A calcium-iron-phosphate complex precipitated during nucleate boiling episodes was determined as the cause of seal leakage because of seal face separation caused by the deposit Kiryu et al examined the effect of coolant on water pump mechanical seals in a very thorough investigation There is an urgent problem attributed to coolant formulation contamination and an increase in engine operation condition severity Leakage occurs by deposit formation and growth of the film, which creates a gap at the seal face Oxygen-rich conditions at 150"C can cause inhibitor solidification that deposits on the seal Test work confirmed that high-temperature seal operation causes deposits related to silicates, when they are present In triethanolamine coolant, copper and iron salts were the culprit, usually from breakdown acids promoting corrosion of copper parts A third coolant formulation resulted in precipitation of dibenzothiazyl disulfide on seal ring surfaces leading to leakage All the deposition problems were solved by designing seals with lower interface operating temperature, controlling materials used, and reducing surface roughness at the seal face Depletion of engine coolant inhibitors, contamination, and breakdown of the glycols occurs during the use of engine coolant in service Vehicle makers provide recommendations on changing coolant on a regular basis These changes provide the waste stream that can be used for recycling Statistical analysis of used coolants gathered from New England through Georgia was performed by Woodward and Gershun A total of 2500 vehicles was reviewed in the results Standard laboratory techniques were used for the analyses with appropriate conditions for accuracy of data collected A wide range with nonnormal distribution was found for residual inhibitors Corrosive contaminants, such as chloride and sulfate, varied widely with chloride levels similar to ASTM corrosive water and sulfates significantly higher Degradation of the glycol to acetates, glycolates, and formates depletes the reserve alkalinity A prediction is made that 20% of used engine coolant will have lead in excess of ppm, and thus be regarded as hazardous waste Suspended solids are found regularly with over 25% of those coolants tested having 500 ppm or more Recycling needs careful consideration because of variations in fluid conditions and the need for a balanced product Extension of coolant life in automobiles is feasible when a three-step examination is made that determines coolant has not been used for 65 000 kin, is not oily, murky, or rusty, or is less than 25% concentrated with a reserve alkalinity of less than Under these conditions Hercamp and Remiasz show that a supplemental coolant additive package can provide at least a further year of life to the coolant Standard ASTM tests were used for verification, and field experience has been satisfactory The additive is used in conjunction with a closed-loop coolant flushing system attached to the vehicle Richardson described a recycling process for used coolant that involves a multistage process with dual bed deionization The process purifies the coolant removing contaminants and particulates The resulting fluid has very low concentrations of all species providing a clean fluid for reinhibition The process used and data obtained are described The author considers that efficient removal of contaminates to a low total dissolved solids level is necessary for a consistent finished product Recycling processes were discussed by Bradley The paper reviewed several different approaches to providing the service Awareness of environmental issues in the disposition of spent engine coolant prompted a study to examine the efficiency of various systems A reference coolant was utilized that was collected from many vehicles, resulting in a mixture of several types of inhibitor packages and degradation products All recycling processes used the same coolant for test purposes Processes evaluated were filtration, filtration-flocculationcoagulation, deionization, reverse osmosis and vacuum distillation Some systems were combinations of these processes These systems are described Off site coolant recycling is performed on a large scale typically by fractional distillation, and these companies are included OVERVIEW in the G.M approval program Recycled coolants must meet or exceed GM 1825 M coolant specification A progressive test program was undertaken Coolants failing any test in the sequence were rejected Physical tests, followed by ASTM Test Method for Corrosion Test for Engine Coolants in Glassware (D 1384) and ASTM D 4340 hot surface evaluation were performed Only those passing proceeded to pump cavitation and simulated service Results were not available at the conference and will be published later Two keynote papers were invited covering automotive and heavy duty vehicles technologies The objective was to educate the newcomers and remind the veterans of coolant technology development over the years to the present time Both papers were timely and a success at the symposium Hannigan covered automotive cooling technology in which he has been personally involved over many years making a good presentation of history and finishing with highlights of present challenges A summary of current heavy duty technology in coolants was ably addressed by Kelley with discussion on liner pitting, silicate drop-out, water pump seal leakage, and other problems He discussed the value of ASTM standards and new requirements for the future with a good overview The symposium was a success and reflected advances in coolant technology and present areas of concern A special thanks to all the authors, the symposium subcommittee, chairmen of the individual sessions, and the ASTM staff is warmly given Jenny Beal, Denise Steiger, and Gloria Collins deserve specific mention for the organization of the conference and social events This volume will make a valuable contribution to publicly available information on coolant technology Roy E Beal Amalgamated Technologies Inc., Suite 208, 13901 N 73rd St., Scottsdale, AZ 85260; symposium chairman and editor H J H a n n i g a n ~ A Review of Automotive Engine Coolant Technology REFERENCE: Hannigan, H J., "A Review of Automotive Engine Coolant Technology," Engine Coolant Testing: Third Volume, ASTMSTP 1192, Roy E Beal, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, pp 6-10 ABSTRACT: A brief history of ethylene glycol application as an engine coolant is presented Concurrent engine cooling system corrosion problems and coolant corrosion inhibition requirements are reported Comments on current engine system corrosion problems are provided Resistance to corrosion failure is shown to depend upon the correct combination of cooling system design, materials, coolant inhibition, and coolant retention KEYWORDS: ethylene glycol, engine coolants, engine cooling systems, corrosion, corrosion inhibition Automotive engine coolant technology probably began in 1885 when Karl Benz invented and patented the first automotive radiator to provide recirculation cooling for the watercooled engine that he built for his first horseless carriage The radiator was developed to eliminate the problem with evaporative cooling, which boiled away one gallon of water each hour of operation of the single cylinder engine It is interesting to note that ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and their derivatives were first synthesized in 1859 by Charles Wurtz, a French chemist It was not until World War I that a commercial process for making ethylene glycol from alcohol was developed in Germany for use in explosives The first engine coolant application of ethylene glycol was suggested in England in 1916 for high performance military aircraft engines In the United States, the initial experimental glycol coolant applications took place in 1923 Shortly thereafter, a liquid cooled Curtiss Navy Racer captured the world seaplane speed record The monoplane was powered with a Curtiss inverted V 12 aluminum engine cooled with an ethylene glycol-water solution The cooling system used heat exchanger panels in the wings to combine cooling with aerodynamic efficiency By 1926, this engine, equipped with an underslung radiator and cooled with an ethylene glycol-water solution, was the power plant for the Curtiss Hawk P 1A, which became the standard U.S Army Air Corps pursuit plane Parallel development of glycol cooling was underway in Great Britain and Europe The recognized advantage of glycol-water coolants was the high boiling point, which permitted high temperature cooling with reduced frontal area Also, the lower vapor pressures raised the threshold of coolant pump cavitation, enabling operation at higher altitude In the following years, coolant inhibitors were developed to control corrosion and coolant degradation at coolant temperatures as high as 275~ (135~ in normal pressurized operation Triethanolamine phosphate MBT inhibitor compositions were eventually specified for military aircraft coolants both in England and the United States Although a U.S patent was issued in 1918 for the use of ethylene-glycol to lower the freezing Consultant, International Copper Assoc., Ltd., Dallas, PA Index Terms Links W Woodward, S M 234 Woyciesjes, P M 190 Y Yoshino, A 215 Z Zamachek, W 180 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation SUBJECT INDEX Index Terms Links A AA7072 clad AA3003 alloy 83 Acute Lethal Dose (LD50), PG antifreeze and SCAs 149 Alkalinity, reserve depletion by glycol degradation 234 oxalic acid cleaning effects 190 test strips for 165 in used coolant, statistical analysis 234 Aluminum corrosion protection of heat transfer surfaces 11 protection with phosphate-molybdate SCAs radiators, sebacic acid coolant effects 128 63 Aluminum alloys carboxylic-acid corrosion inhibitors 44 radiators, corrosion testing 83 Antifreeze, see Coolant/antifreeze formulations ASTM standards D 1121 234 D 1287 234 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links ASTM standards (Cont.) D 1384 11 44 63 83 128 248 276 D 2272 258 D 2570 248 276 D 2809 44 276 D 2847 63 190 D 3306 25 44 190 276 11 25 44 63 248 276 D 4985 25 289 G 85 83 D 4340 standards under development 289 Automotive radiators, see Radiators B Bench tests, for comparative coolant studies 25 Biodegradability, ethylene and propylene glycols Borate conditioning 149 190 C Calcium-iron-phosphate complexes on seal faces 205 Carboxylic acid cooling formulation 25 corrosion inhibitors 44 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 128 Index Terms Links Cavitation corrosion cylinder liners 165 diesel cylinder liners 107 heavy duty engines 289 history of phosphate-molybdate SCAs for diesel engines theories of Centrifugation, of coolants 128 107 276 CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) 149 Chloride, test strips for 165 Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 149 Closed-loop coolant flushing system 248 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 149 Contaminants in engine coolants 149 removal with multi-stage purification process 258 Coolant/antifreeze formulations carboxylic acid corrosion inhibitors in 44 comparative, fleet test of 25 heavy duty 248 ICP and LA-ICP applications 180 LD50 of PG antifreeze and SCAs 149 life extension of 248 light duty 248 289 276 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Coolant/antifreeze formulations (Cont.) SCA effects 128 and sealing performance 215 silicate-based 44 test methods 289 Coolant pumps, see also Water pumps bench test for 25 failure, fleet tests 25 Coolant toxicity, see Toxicity Cooling systems design history oxalic acid cleaning Copper, deposition on sealing surfaces 190 215 Corrosion inhibitors carboxylic acid 25 and coolant life extension 248 coolant recycling processes evaluation 276 history of requirements for oxalic acid cleaning effects 190 phosphate-molybdate SCAs 128 44 removal with multi-stage purification process 258 and seal performance 215 sebacic acid extended life coolant 63 traditional, pump failure and 25 in used coolant, statistical analysis 234 Corrosion protection, aluminum surfaces 11 Corrosion testing, radiators aluminum alloys 83 electrochemical methods for 83 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Cylinder heads, design history Links Cylinder liners cavitation protection diesel engines 107 pitting 107 test strips for 165 D 1, 10-Decanedioic combination coolants 44 Degradation acids, in used coolant 234 Deionization, of coolants 276 Depletion rates, sebacic acid and silicate phosphate coolants 63 Diacids, monoacid/diacid inhibitors 11 Dibenzothiazyl disulfide deposition 215 Diesel engines coolant technology update 289 cylinder liners, cavitation corrosion 107 phosphate-molybdate SCAs 128 water pump seal deposits 205 128 Diethylene glycol, in used coolant, statistical analysis Disposal, coolants and additives 234 149 Dual-bed deionization-based multi-stage coolant purification Dynamometer test method 258 E Electrochemical corrosion testing, radiator materials 83 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 289 Index Terms Links Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, comparison with LA-ICP sample analysis 180 Environmental concerns, toxicity and disposal of coolants 149 Environmental Protection Agency, hazardous waste characterization guidelines EP Tox (extraction procedure toxicity test) 234 234 Ethylene glycol biodegradability 149 toxicity and disposal 149 in used coolant, statistical analysis 234 Ethylene glycol coolants, history of 2-Ethylhexanoic acid coolants 44 Extended life coolants disposal sebacic acid inhibitor technology Extraction procedure toxicity test (EP Tox) 149 63 234 F Face deposits, water pump 205 Ferrous oxalate, formation chemistry 190 Filling, of coolants 248 Filtration, of coolants 248 276 Filtration-flocculation-coagulation, of coolants 276 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Fleet tests carboxylic acid coolants 44 coolant pump failure 25 oxalic acid cleaning carryover effects 190 sebacic acid coolants 63 silicate phosphate coolants 63 Flushing, of coolants 248 Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, protective films 11 Freezepoint, test strips for 165 FTIR, see Fourier transform infrared spectrometry FVV Test (German) 128 G Gas chromatography, carboxylic-acid corrosion inhibitors German FVV Test 128 GM 1825M coolants 276 GM 6038M coolants 25 GM 6043M coolants 44 149 H Hard water, effects on pump seals 205 Hazardous waste determination in used coolant 234 EPA characterization guidelines 234 management 149 in multi-stage purified coolant 258 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Heater cores, sebacic acid coolant effects Links 63 Heat-exchange surfaces aluminum, corrosion protection scaling 11 289 Heavy duty diesel engines, see Diesel engines Heavy metals removal with multi-stage purification process in used coolant, statistical analysis 258 234 High lead solder alloys, carboxylic-acid corrosion inhibitors 44 I ICP, see Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy carboxylic-acid corrosion inhibitors for coolant systems 44 180 Inhibitor depletion high silicate alkaline phosphate coolant 63 sebacic acid coolant 63 Ion chromatography, carboxylic-acid corrosion inhibitors 44 Ion exchange, multi-stage coolant purification using 258 Iron deposition on sealing surfaces 215 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Iron (Cont.) effects on water pump seals 205 Iron oxalate, formation chemistry 190 K K805 cladding 83 L LA-ICP, see Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy 180 in multi-stage purified coolant 258 in used coolant, statistical analysis 234 Lead Lead solder alloys, carboxylic-acid corrosion inhibitors 44 Lethal dose 50, PG antifreeze and SCAs 149 Life extension, of coolants 248 Light duty vehicles, coolant life extension 248 276 Liner pitting of diesel cylinders 107 heavy duty engines 289 test strips for 165 128 Long life coolants carboxylic acid 25 disposal 149 and seal performance 215 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links M Maintenance, of coolants 248 Mercaptobenzothiazole, test strips for 165 Microscopy, protective films 11 Monoacid/diacid inhibitors 11 Multi-stage process, for coolant purification 289 258 O Octanoic acid coolants 44 Off-site coolant recycling 276 On-site analyses, test strips for 165 On-site coolant recycling 276 Oxalic acid cleaning, chemistry of 190 Oxygen, and inhibitor solidification 215 289 P PG antifreeze, LD50 149 pH oxalic acid cleaning effects 190 test strips for 165 in used coolant, statistical analysis 234 Phosphate-molybdate SCAs, for diesel engines Phosphorus, deposition on sealing surfaces 128 215 POTWs (publicly owned waste treatment works) 149 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Propylene glycol biodegradability 149 toxicity and disposal 149 in used coolant, statistical analysis 234 Protective films, analysis, microscopy and FTIR 11 Publicly owned waste treatment works (POTWs) 149 R Radiators aluminum, sebacic acid coolant effects 63 aluminum alloy, corrosion testing 83 deposits, ICP spectroscopy for Radiator solder corrosion, history of 180 RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) 149 Recycling coolant life extension and 248 multi-stage process with dual-bed deionization 258 off-site 276 on-site 276 processes, evaluation 276 regulations for coolants 149 technology update 289 289 Regulatory issues, coolant toxicity and disposal 149 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Reserve alkalinity depletion by glycol degradation 234 oxalic acid cleaning effects 190 test strips for 165 in used coolant, statistical analysis 234 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 149 Reverse osmosis recycling processes 276 “Right to Know” laws, Federal 149 S Scaling heat transfer surfaces 289 Scanning auger microprobe/energy dispersive X-ray, comparison with LA-ICP sample analysis 180 Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray, comparison with LA-ICP sample analysis 180 SCAs, see Supplement coolant additives Sebacic acid coolants 63 Silicate-based coolants 44 Silicate deposits, high-temperature-related 215 Silicate gelation, phosphate-molybdate SCA effects 128 Silicate phosphate coolants depletion rates 63 fleet tests 63 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Sodium tolyltriazole coolants Links 44 Solder bloom in heavy duty engines 289 phosphate-molybdate SCA effects 128 Solidified silicates 215 Statistical analyses, used coolant characterization 234 Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act Title III 258 Supplement coolant additives coolant life extension with 248 in diesel engines 107 LD50 data 149 overtreatment effects 107 phosphate-molybdate 128 SWAAT test, method G43 128 83 T Test strips, for on-site analyses Tolyltriazole coolants 165 44 Toxicity borate-nitrate SCAs 128 coolants and additives 149 phosphate-molybdate SCAs 128 V Vacuum distillation recycling processes 276 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links W Water pumps, see also Coolant pumps failure coolant composition and fleet tests 215 25 leakage, phosphate-molybdate SCA effects 128 seals and coolant composition 215 deposit compositions 205 in heavy duty applications 289 LA-ICP for 180 Wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, pump face seal deposits 205 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation