Astm stp 1332 1999

STP 1332 Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: Twenty.Ninth Volume T L Panontin and S D Sheppard, Editors ASTM Stock #: STP1332 ASTM 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz ISBN: 0-8031-2486-4 ISSN: 1040-3094 Copyright 1999 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, West Conshohocken, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: (508) 750-8400; online: http://www.copyright.com/ Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one editor The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were prepared "camera-ready" as submitted by the authors The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in Fredericksburg,VA February 1999 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword This publication, Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: Twenty-Ninth Volume, contains papers presented at the Twenty-Ninth National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics, held in Stanford, CA on 24-26 June 1997 The sponsor of the event was ASTM Committee E8 on Fatigue and Fracture Tina L Panontin, Materials and Failure Analysis Group, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, and Sheri D Sheppard, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, chaired the symposium and served as editors for this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Overview JERRY L SWEDLOW MEMORIAL LECTURE F r a c t u r e Analysis in the Ductile/Brittle Regime: A Predictive Tool Using Cell M o d e l s - - c F SHIH FRACTURE D y n a m i c Initiation F r a c t u r e Toughness of a P r e s s u r e Vessel Steel in the T r a n s i t i o n R e g i o n - - R E LINK AND S M GRAHAM 17 A p p l i c a b i l i t y of S u b - C h a r p y - S i z e Bend a n d I m p a c t Specimens for Estimation of F r a c t u r e Toughness in the Transition R e g i o n ~ T PLANMAN, M NEVALAINEN, M VALO, AND K WALLIN 40 F r a c t u r e Behavior of Surface C r a c k Tension Specimens in the Ductile-Brittle T r a n s i t i o n P e r i o d m J A JOYCE AND R E LINK 55 A New M e t h o d for Predicting Extensive Ductile T e a r i n g Using Finite E l e m e n t Analysis M L GENTILCORE AND R H ROBERTS 82 Elastic-Plastic C r a c k G r o w t h Simulation a n d Residual Strength Prediction of Thin Plates with Single a n d Multiple C r a c k s - - c - s CHEN, P A WAWRZYNEK, AND A R INGRAFFEA 97 Analyses of Buckling a n d Stable- T e a r i n g in Thin-Sheet M e t a l s ~ B R SESHADRI AND J C NEWMAN, JR A N u m e r i c a l Investigation of L o a d i n g Rate Effects in P r e - C r a c k e d CVN S p e c i m e n s - - K C KOPPENHOEFER AND R H DODDS 114 | 35 Effect of Residual Stress on Brittle F r a c t u r e T e s t i n g ~ M R HILL AND T L PANONTIN [ 54 E v a l u a t i o n of Stress-Intensity F a c t o r s Using G e n e r a l F i n i t e - E l e m e n t M o d d s - - s A SMITH AND S RAJU 176 Effects of Finite E l e m e n t Mesh on Numerical Prediction of Ductile T e a r i n g - B SKALLERUDAND Z I ZHANG 201 F u l l y Plastic J - I n t e g r a l s for T h r o u g h - W a l l Axial C r a c k s in P i p e s - D O HARRIS AND P J WOYTOW1TZ 215 Elastoplastic C r a c k G r o w t h in Pressure-Sensitive M a t e r i a l s m K R SHAH 233 A Simplified T r a n s f o r m a t i o n A p p r o a c h to O b t a i n S t r u c t u r a l C a l i b r a t i o n FunctionsmJ R B CRUZ AND J D LANDES 248 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A New Theoretical F r a m e w o r k for Inelastic F r a c t u r e ProcessesmM M RASHID 264 AND R ROY The Use of Local Approach to F r a c t u r e in Reactor Pressure Vessel S t r u c t u r a l Integrity Assessment: Synthesis of a Cooperative Research P r o g r a m Between EDF, CEA, F r a m a t o m e a n d AEA T e c h n o l o g y ~ o MOINEREAU, J M FRUND, J BROCHARD, M P VALETA, B MARINI, P JOLY, D GUICHARD, S BHANDARI, A SHERRY, C FRANCE, AND D J SANDERSON 284 Evaluation of F r a c t u r e Toughness Results a n d Transferability to F r a c t u r e Assessment of Welded J o i n t s ~ F MINAMIAND M TOYODA 315 Micromechanical Prediction of F r a c t u r e Toughness for Pressure Vessel Steel Using a Coupled Method M R GOLDTHORPEAND C S WIESNER 341 O n the G u r s o n Micro-Mechanical P a r a m e t e r s ~ z L ZHANGAND M HAUGE 364 Conditions Causing I n t e r g r a n u l a r Cracking in High Strength Nickel-Copper Alloys~M E NATISHAN AND M WAGENHOFER 384 New Perspectives on the F r a c t u r e of Nicalon F i b e r s m s T TAYLOR, Y T ZHU, W R BLUMENTHAL, M G STOUT, D P BEFIT, AND T C LOWE 393 FATIGUE Stress Ratio Effects on Crack O p e n i n g Loads a n d C r a c k Growth Rates in A l u m i n u m Alloy 2024mw T RIDDELLAND R S PIASC|K 407 Stress-Level-Dependent Stress Ratio Effect on Fatigue Crack G r o w t h - R SUNDER, W J PORTER, AND N E ASHBAUGH 426 A Theoretical a n d Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Crack Tip Plasticity on Fatigue Crack C l o s u r e - - o NOWELL,L J FELLOWS, AND D A HILLS 438 Prediction of Plasticity-Induced Closure in Surface Flaws Using a Modified Strip-Yield M o d e l - - s R DANIEWICZ 453 Reflecting on the Mechanical Driving Force of Fatigue C r a c k P r o p a g a t i o n - M LANG AND G MARCI 474 A Fatigue C r a c k Growth Theory Based on Energy Considerations: F u r t h e r Developments on Small Crack Behavior a n d R Ratio E f f e c t - P P MILELLA Estimation of C r a c k Growth Behavior in a Residual Stress Field Using the Modified Strip-Yield M o d e l - - c -v HOU AND J J CHARNG 496 516 A n Analytical Model for Studying Roughness-Induced C r a c k C l o s u r e - N CHEN AND F V LAWRENCE O n the Crack-Tip Blunting Model for Fatigue Crack Propagation in Ductile M a t e r i a l s - - L GU AND R O RITCHIE 535 552 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au Influence of Bauschinger Effect on Residual Stress and Fatigue Lifetimes in Autofrettaged Thick-Walled Cylinders~A e PARKERAND 565 J H UNDERWOOD Fatigue Durability Enhancement by Controlled O v e r l o a d i n g ~ s M TIPTONAND 584 J R SOREM, JR An Energy Based Critical Plane Approach to Multiaxial Fatigue Analysis-R ROLOVIC AND S M TIPTON 599 Residual Stress Effects in Railroad Rail Fatigue G T FRY, H L JONES,AND S L JONES 614 A Rapid Method for Generation of a Haigh Diagram for High Cycle Fatigue~D c MAXWELLANDT NICHOLAS 626 Ultrasonic Pulse Transmit-Receiver Method for Detecting and Monitoring of Fatigue Damage~i MOSTAFA, S HAILU, G E WELSCH, D HAZONY, AND G R HALFORD 642 Sustained Fatigue Crack Growth Oblique to an Applied Load Using Geometric ConstraintmM A MAGILL AND F J ZWERNEMAN 658 An Evaluation of the Adjusted Compliance Ratio Technique for Determining the Effective Stress Intensity Factor~J K DONALD,G n BRAY,AND 674 R W BUSH The Use of Almost Complete Contacts for Fretting Fatigue T e s t s ~ M CIAVARELLA, G DEMELIO, AND D A HILLS 696 STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS High-Speed Civil Transport Hybrid Laminate Sandwich Fuselage Panel Test M MILLER, A C RUFIN, W N WESTRE, AND G SAMAVEDAM 713 Prediction of Fatigue Life Under Helicopter Loading Spectra for Safe Life and Damage Tolerant Design P E IRVINGAND R G BULLER 727 Structural Loading and Fatigue Failure Analysis of Off-Road Bicycle CompouentsmD s DELORENZO AND M L HULL 743 Mixed-Mode Fatigue Failure in Structural AdhesivesmE SANCAKTAR 764 Microstructure Evolution and Thermomecbauieal Fatigue Life of Solder JointsmB GOLDSTEIN, K L JERINA, S M L SASTRY 786 Fatigue Life Prediction of Resistance Spot Welds Under Variable Amplitude Loads~N PAN, S D SHEPPARD, AND J M WIDMANN 802 Residual Strength Predictions for Multiple Site Damage Cracking Using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis and a CTOA Criterionm D S DAWICKE AND J C NEWMAN, JR Fracture Analyses of an Internally Pressurized Tube Containing an Axial, Through-Wall Crack B w LEITCH 815 830 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized F r a c t u r e Analysis of Ductile C r a c k Growth in Weld Material from a FullThickness Clad RPV Shell Segment J A KEENEYAND P T WILLIAMS 85 Ductile C r a c k Growth from Simulated Defects in Strength Overmatched Butt W e l d s n o s NISHIOKA A N D T L PANONTIN 862 Predicting Extensive Stable T e a r i n g in S t r u c t u r a l C o m p o n e n t s - - R J DEXTER A N D M L GENTILCORE 884 H y d r o g e n C r a c k i n g D u r i n g Service of High Strength Steel C a n n o n Components m j H UNDERWOOD,E TROIANO,~ N VIGILANTE,A A KAPUSTA A N D S TAUSCHER Indexes 897 913 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author STP1332-E B/Feb 1999 Overview The National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics is a forum for presentation and discussion of significant research and its application to life prediction and structural integrity For the 29th symposium, nearly 100 researchers from 14 countries gathered at Stanford University in Stanford, California on June 24-26, 1997 There, they exchanged information on recent developments on modeling and analyzing fatigue and fracture processes; on applications to real structures and new materials; and on directions for future research The symposium was organized toward these goals by a group of leading researchers who work in all aspects of fracture and fatigue The members of this committee were Robert Dodds, Jr., James Newman, Jr., Drew Nelson, Mark Kirk, James Joyce, Robert Dexter, Michael Mitchell, and Walter Reuter, and the success of the symposium is a direct reflection of their efforts This Special Technical Publication (STP) documents the technical interchange of the 29th Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics It contains 51 papers, 27 on fracture mechanics and 24 on fatigue In addition to the fine contributions made directly by the authors of the papers, the quality of the papers is a result of the diligence and commitment of a large number of reviewers The contributions of the editors at ASTM should also be acknowledged The first paper in the volume is a synopsis of the Twenty-Ninth National Symposium J.L Swedlow Lecture by Professor C Fong Shih Professor Shih's lecture, entitled "Fracture Analysis In The Ductile/Brittle Regime: A Predictive Tool Using Cell Models," described the current state of the art of two-parameter and mechanism-based fracture prediction approaches, with emphasis placed on the development of computational cell models Professor Shih showed that, within their respective regimes of applicability, both approaches correctly correlate constraint effects on fracture toughness The 50 papers that followed in the symposium are organized in this volume in three main categories: Fracture Mechanics, Fatigue, and Structural Applications These are described below Fracture Mechanics In sessions led by M.T Kirk, A R Ingraffea, H Gao, J H Underwood, R.H Dodds, and J.A Joyce, fracture mechanics research concerning fracture in the transition region, computational and analytical techniques, micromechanical modeling, and new materials was presented Several papers examined the effects of geometry, specimen size, and loading rate on fracture behavior and toughness in the transition region Dynamic fracture toughness of A533B steel in the ductile-to-brittle transition was investigated at various loading rates Although fracture toughness generally decreased with increased loading rate, this decrease was not as severe at the highest test temperature as previously reported It was also shown for A533B that the reference temperature, To, used in the Master Curve approach to characterizing cleavage fracture was a better index of the variation of toughness with temperature than the nil ductility temperature A second research group reported that sub-size Charpy Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by Copyright9 by(University ASTMInternational University of Washington of Washington) www.astm.org pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS: 29TH VOLUME specimens provided adequate measures of the reference temperature and of fracture resistance curves on the upper shelf In a third study, pre-cracked Charpy specimen sets were shown to inaccurately predict the full constraint Master Curve and to be nonconservative for tension loaded surface crack specimens and bend specimens with short cracks The session on computational fracture mechanics contained papers describing the implementation of several different fracture models within the finite element framework; the study of global loading effects on fracture prediction; and the use of finite element methods in fracture mechanics A model of localized necking at the crack tip, which utilizes a critical strain fracture criterion within a finite element analysis, was shown to predict ductile tearing in high-toughness, thin (plane stress) members Another simulation was presented for elastic-plastic crack growth and residual strength predictions in thin aluminum plates containing multiple cracks In this study, a CTOA fracture criterion was utilized and shown to exhibit constraint effects as experimental and numerical predictions diverged with increasing specimen width The CTOA criterion was also used in a finite element analysis in a third paper to study stable tearing in a variety of thin panels under outof-plane buckling conditions; a significant influence of specimen geometry and material properties on buckling behavior was found Load-type effects on fracture were studied computationally in two papers of this session The first examined the effect of impact loading on cleavage fracture and ductile crack growth using the Weibull stress and the computational cell methodologies, respectively Computational results indicate that impact loading up to m/s significantly raises a material's resistance to ductile tearing and that the Weibull stress is strongly affected by through thickness constraint The second study examined the effect of weld residual stresses and different precracking techniques on constraint conditions and subsequent cleavage fracture in welded fracture specimens Residual stresses and precompression were shown computationally to affect both the driving force for fracture and the constraint conditions at the crack tip The finite element method of determining stress intensity factors was examined in another paper in the session on computational fracture mechanics, with results indicating that only the Equivalent Domain Integral technique was unaffected by lack of orthogonality at the crack front In the final paper of the session, the effects of element type and integration method, mesh refinement and irregularity, and number of void-material layers on predictions of ductile tearing using the Gurson-Tvergaard void growth model were shown to be significant In the area of analytical fracture mechanics, research resulting in new crack solutions and analysis techniques was presented The first paper presented fully plastic Jintegral solutions for through-wall axial cracks in pressurized pipes made of power law hardening materials Derivations of crack stress strain fields for materials that exhibit pressure sensitive dilatation, such as rock, concrete, or ceramics, were described in the next paper A third research group discussed a new technique for obtaining structural calibration functions by scaling a load factor and a deformation factor from a fracture toughness specimen to the structure The final paper in this area presented work on the Exclusion Region theory, a new construct that attempts to remove difficulties associated with boundary value solutions for cracked bodies and the extraction from these solutions of a physically relevant fracture criterion Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized UNDERWOOD ET AL ON HYDROGEN CRACKING OF STEEL CANNON 907 FIG - Scanning Electron Fractographs from Electrolytic Cell Tests; [a] 13-8 Mo, 500x, 3000 hours exposure; [b] A723, 500x, 3000 hours exposure Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 908 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS: 29TH VOLUME FIG - Finite Element Grid for Analysis of Cracking at Location #2 o - - 12 M P a ~ c = IVIPa.~ ~ o = MPa-.,'5~ 0=0~ ~a FIG - Radial Stresses for Location #2 with Average End Load o f 156 MPa Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized UNDERWOOD El" AL ON HYDROGEN CRACKING OF STEEL CANNON 909 that the location #2 cracking in both components started within 30 degrees of normal to the radial direction Figure shows the radial stress distribution resulting from the 156 MPa end load The maximum radial tensile stress in the seal pocket radius is 12 MPa at an angle of 29 degrees from the radial direction, compared with 30 degrees from the radial direction for the observed cracks in Figure Note that most stresses in the area of the seal pocket are compressive and that the o = contour approximates the direction of the observed cracks shown in Figure Figure shows the radial stress distribution resulting from the 3023 MPa seal contact load The maximum radial tensile stress in the seal pocket radius is 233 MPa at an angle of 14 degrees from the radial direction As with Figure 8, most stresses in the area of the seal pocket are compressive and the o = contour approximates the direction of the observed cracks It is clear from these results that stresses from both end loads and from seal contact loads can account for the initiation location and the growth directions of the observed cracking, and that the seal contact loads have the more significant quantitative effect on cracking Next, these results will be used to calculate the approximate value of applied stress intensity factor, for comparison with the measured crack growth rate versus applied K data presented earlier o=o FIG - Radial Stresses for Location #2 with Average Seal Load of 3023 MPa Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho 910 FATIGUEAND FRACTURE MECHANICS: 29TH VOLUME Applied K at Location #2 An expression for the applied stress intensity factor at the initiation of cracking at the seal pocket radius can be written based on the well known short crack K expression and the expression [4] for elastic stress concentration factor, lq, for a notch, as follows: K m ~ = 1.12 lqa,~,~,4 (n a )la + 1.12 p (n a )la (5) lq = + ( a / r ) ' a (6) where 1.12 is the constant for short cracks; a ~ is the sum of the end load and seal contact load stresses from the finite element analysis, 245 MPa; p is the firing pressure, 405 MPa; a is the depth e r a preexisting notch assumed to be present (due to a machining defect) at the seal pocket, 0.1 mm; and r is the radius of the preexisting notch, 0.02 mm For these values, lq = 5.5 and the two terms of Eq (5) become: K ~ , a = 26.7 + 8.0 = 34.7 M P a m la (7) The first term in Eqs (5) and (7) accounts for the maximum sustained tensile stress at the seal pocket radius caused by the end load and seal contact loads and the concentration of this sustained stress by a local defect The second term in Eqs (5) and (7) accounts for the pressure in the notch during firing The sustained stress effects predominate during initiation of cracking, as described in Eq (7) As the crack grows the sustained stresses diminish, as seen in Figures and 9, and the pressure effect can become predominant However, as mentioned earlier, the pressure is applied for a very short time, and this may limit its effect in inducing crack growth Discussion The value of applied K determined above, 34.7 MPa m v2, compared with the growth data in Figure 5, can account for the cracking observed at location #2 in both the A723 steel tube and the 13-8 Me steel chamber Of course the value of applied K depends on the assumption e r a 0.1 mm deep, 0.02 mm radius defect at the seal pocket, and these values are believed to be representative of typical manufacturing methods Recent work [8] in fatigue initiation with cannon components supports this belies It is not known how well the electrolytic cell tests simulate the actual environmental cracking that occurs in the cannon firing environment It is encouraging that tests conducted using an acid hydrogen cracking environment and the same two steels discussed here [3] give similar crack growth results to those shown in Figure Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized UNDERWOOD ET AL ON HYDROGEN CRACKING OF STEEL CANNON 911 Conclusions Cause The cause of cracking at location #2 of both the A723 tube and the 13-8Mo chamber sections of a prototype cannon, given the presence of hydrogen laden propellant products and susceptible high strength steels, was the sustained tensile stresses arising from assembly preloads required to maintain pressure seals between cannon components The seal contact load produced a sustained tensile stress in the seal pocket radius near the location of the observed cracking The end load between the tube and chamber produced a small addition to the sustained tensile stress at the observed cracking location Firing pressure loads may have contributed to the initiation of cracking and are believed to be the predominate cause of continued growth of the cracks Prevention Recommended preventative measures, given that hydrogen containing products can not be avoided, involve either decreasing the cracking susceptibility of the material or reducing the level of sustained tensile stress Decreased material susceptibility can be attained by reducing the strength level of the existing martensitic steels, or, if possible, by changing to austenitic nickel-iron base alloys The technical literature, including results in reference [3], document the decreases in hydrogen cracking susceptibility that can be obtained A reduced level of sustained tensile stress near pressure seals in these cannon components can be accomplished by design changes that reduce stress concentrations near the seal contact area An increased seal pocket radius and a machining process with smaller inherent defect size would reduce the sustained stresses A small further reduction in sustained stress can be accomplished by increasing the separation distance between the seal pocket area and areas of end load between cannon components References [1] Underwood, J H., Olmstead, V J., Askew, J C., Kapusta, A A and Young, G A., "Environmentally Controlled Fracture of an Overstrained A723 Steel Thick-Wall Cylinder," Fracture Mechanics: Twenty Third Symposium, ASTM STP 1189 American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993, pp 443-460 [2] Troiano, E , Underwood, J H., Scalise, A., O'Hara, G P and Crayon, D., "Fatigue Analysis of a Vessel Experiencing Pressure Oscillations," Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 28th Volume, ASTM STP1321, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1997, pp 397-410 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 912 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS: 29TH VOLUME [3] Vigilante, G N., Underwood, J H., Crayon, D., Tauscher, S., Sage, T and Troiano, E., "Hydrogen Induced Cracking Tests of High Strength Steels and Nickel-Iron Base Alloys Using the Bolt-Loaded Specimen," Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 28th Volume, ASTM 1321, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1997, pp 602-616 [4] Roark, R J and Young, W C., Formulas for Stress and Strain, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975 [5] Hill, R., The Mathematical Theory_ of Plasticity, Oxford University Press, 1950 [oq Sopok, S and Oq-Iara, G P., "Chemical Factors Associated with Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Generic Gun Systems," Proceedings of 32nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996 [7] Underwood, J H., O'Hara, G P and Zalinka, J J., "Analysis of Elastic-Plastic Ball Indentation to Measure Strength of High Strength Steels," Experimental Mechanics, Vol 26, No 4, 1986, pp 379-386 [8] Underwood, J H and Parker, A P., "Fatigue Life Assessment of Steel Pressure Vessels with Varying Stress Concentration, Residual Stress and Initial Cracks," Advances in Fracture Research, Vol 1, Pergamon, 1997, pp 215-226 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP1332-E B/Feb 1999 itaahot Index H A Ashbaugh, N E., 426 Hailu, S., 642 Halford, G R., 642 Harris, D O., 215 Hauge, M., 364 Hazony, D., 642 Hill, M R., 154 Hills, D A., 438, 696 Hou, C.-Y., 516 Hull, M L., 743 B Bhandari, S., 284 Blumemhal, W R., 393 Bray, G H., 674 Brochard, J., 284 Buller, R G., 727 Bush, R W., 674 Butt, D P., 393 C Ingraffea, A R., 97 Irving, P E., 727 Charng, J.-J., 516 Chela, C.-S., 97 Chen, N., 535 Ciavarella, M., 696 Cruz, J R B., 248 Jerina, K L., 786 Joly, P., 284 Jones, H L, 614 Jones, S L., 614 Joyce, J A., 55 D Daniewicz, S R., 453 Dawicke, D S., 815 DeLorenzo, D S., 743 Demelio, G., 696 Dexter, R J., 884 Dodds, R H., 135 Donald, J K., 674 K Kapusta, A A., 897 Keeney, J A., 851 Koppenhoefer, K C., 135 L Landes, J D., 248 Lang, M., 474 Lawrence, F V., 535 Leitch, B W., 830 Link, R E., 17, 55 Lowe, T C., 393 Fellows, L J., 438 France, C., 284 Frund, J M., 284 Fry, G T., 614 G M Gentilcore, M L., 82, 884 Goldstein, B., 786 Goldthorpe, M R., 341 Graham, S M., 17 Gu, I., 552 Guichard, D., 284 Magill, M A, 658 Marci, G., 474 Marini, B., 284 Maxwell, D C., 626 Milella, P P., 496 913 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by by ASTM International www.astm.org UniversityCopyright9 of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 914 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS Miller, M., 713 Minami, F., 315 Moinereau, D., 284 Mostafa, I., 642 N Natishan, M E., 384 Nevalainen, M., 40 Newman, J C., Jr., 114, 815 Nicholas, T., 626 Nishioka, O S., 862 Nowell, D., 438 P Pan, N., 802 Panontin, T L., 154, 862 Parker, A P., 565 Piascik, R S., 407 Planman, T., 40 Porter, W J., 426 R Raju, I S., 176 Rashid, M M., 264 Riddell, W T., 407 Ritchie, R O., 552 Roberts, R H., 82 Rolovic, R., 599 Roy, R., 264 Rufin, A C., 713 Samavedam, G., 713 Sancaktar, E., 764 Sanderson, D J., 284 Sastry, S M L., 786 Seshadri, B R., 114 Shah, K R., 233 Sheppard, S D., 802 Sherry, A., 284 Shih, C F., Skallerud, B., 201 Smith, S A., 176 Sorem, J R., Jr., 584 Stout, M G., 393 Sunder, R., 426 T Tauscher, S., 897 Taylor, S T., 393 Tipton, S M., 584, 599 Toyoda, M., 315 Troiano, E., 897 U Underwood, J H., 565, 897 V Valeta, M P., 284 Valo, M., 40 Vigilante, G N., 897 W Wagenhofer, M., 384 Wallin, K., 40 Wawrzynek, P A., 97 Welsch, G E., 642 Westre, W N., 713 Widmann, J M., 802 Wiesner, C S., 341 Williams, P T., 851 Woytowitz, P J., 215 Z Zhang, Z L., 201, 364 Zhu, Y T., 393 Zwerneman, F J., 658 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP1332-E B/Feb 1999 Subject Index A Acoustic pulses, 642 Adhesive fatigue, 764 Adhesive fracture, 764 Adhesives, structural, 764 Adjusted compliance ratio, 674 Aircraft agigg, 97 hl.ghspeed civil,713 Alummum 2024-T3, 815 2324-]39, 674 6013-T651, 674 7075-T6, 552 7075-T7751, 674 alloy, 407, 426, 727, 815 plates, 97 specimens, 453 ASTM standards A 508, Cl13, 284 A 533, Grade B, 17, 341 A 723, 897 E 647, 674 opening load method, 674 Autofrettage, 565, 584 B Bauschinger effect, 565 Bending loads, 552 Beremin model, 284 Bicycle components, off-road, 743 Blunting model, crack tip, 552 Bridge specimens, 696 Brittle fracture, 40, 154 Buckling, 114 C Calibration, 862 Calibration function, 248 Cannon components, high strength steel, 897 Carbon precipitate/nickel grain boundary interfaces, 384 Carrier cloth, 764 Cell models, Center-cracked plate specimen, 9, 82 Charpy specimens precracked, 55 precracked Charpy v-notch, 135 sub-Charpy-size, 40 Cladding, 284 Cleavage fracture, 135, 284, 341 Coarsening, heterogeneous, 786 Compact tension specimens, 284, 674, 815, 851 Compact toughness specimen, 830, 862 Composite materials carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, 713 Compression, 474 Computational cell methodology, 9, 135 Constant amplitude fatigue cycling, 642 Constant amplitude loading, uniform, 453 Constitutive model, 264 Constraint, 40, 55, 135 evaluation, 830 Contact geometry, 696 Continuum damage models, 851 Cracks and cracking axial, throu~,h30wall,215, closure, 426, 496, 674, 727 closure, resulting growth rates, 407 closure, fatigue, 438 closure, plasticity-induced, 453, 516 closure, rOUsg31~ness-induced, closure technique, virtual, 176 configuration, 114 development, 599 915 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 916 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS engineering size, failure definition, 599 extension, 884 extension, 82, 264 extension, ductile, 135 fatigue, 786 fatigue, nucleation process, 614 fatigue, propagation, 474, 552 fields, asymptotic, 233 front, 658, 862 front mesh normality, 176 growth, 565 growth behavior, 516 growth, ductile, 851, 862 growth, fatigue, 407, 426, 552, 658, 713 growth, fatigue, measurement, ASTM E 647, 674 growth, fatigue, theory, 496 growth, increment, 438 growth, mixed mode, 658 growth, plastic, 233 growth, plasticity-induced, 535 growth rate, 438, 897 growth, stable, 97, 341, 815 initiation, 642 length, critical, 830 length, relation to displacement and load, 82 length to specimen width ratio, 114 multiple site damage, 114 oblique, 658 opemng angle, 884 opening displacement, 764 opening displacement method, 176 propagation, 453, 674 propagation stress intensity factor, 474 size, 496 small, 426, 496 specimens, surface, 55 surface, 453 tension specimens, surface, 55 threshold, environmental cracking, 897 tip blunting, 552 tip constraint, 284 tip cyclic strain, 674 tip displacement field, 438 tip loading rates, 17 tip opening angle, 97, 114, 815 tip opening displacement, 315, 552 tip plasticity, 438 tip stress intensity factor, 696 Creep, 384 Creep/fatigue crack growth, 215 Critical planes, 599 Crossbore intersections, 584 Cylinders, 215 thick-walled, 565 D Damage mechanics, 201, 364 Damage models, 851 Damage, multiple site, 815 Damage tolerance, 713, 727 Defects, butt welds, 862 Deformation, 82, 384 factor, 248 fields, 233 plastic, 264, 552 Dispersion strengthening, 786 Displacement, relation to load and crack length, 82 Driving force, 496 mechanical, 474 Ductile-brittle regime, Ductile-brittle transition, 17, 55 Ductile crack extension, 135 Ductile crack growth, 851, 862 Ductile damage, 201, 341 Ductile fracture, 248, 364 Ductile tearing, 40, 82, 341, 884 prediction, 201 resistance, 135 stable, 851 Ductility, residual, 884 Durability, 713 Dynamometers, 743 E Elastic-plastic, 97 fracture, 264 Elastoplastic stress, 233 Energy absorption rate, 496 Equivalent domain integral method, 176 Exclusion region theory, 264 Extraction methods, 176 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX 917 F Failure assessment, 248 Failure loads, buckling influence on, 114 Failure model, micromechanical, 341 Failure stresses, 815 Fasteners, 384 Fatigue, adhesive, 764 Fatigue analysis, multiaxial, 614, 599 Fatigue crack growth, 407, 426, 552, 658, 713 analysis, 215 measurement, ASTM E 647, 674 theory, energy consideration basis, 496 Fatigue crack nucleation process, 614 Fatigue crack propagation, 474 Fatigue cracks, 565 Fatigue damage, ultrasonics for, 642 Fatigue durability enhancement, 584 Fatigue failure, 743, 764 Fatigue, high cycle, 626 Fatigue life estimation, 584, 802 Fatigue lifetime, 565 Fatigue limit, 626 Fatigue, low cycle, 626 Fatigue, railroad, 614 Fatigue strength, 764 Fatigue test, 802 Fatigue, thermomechanical, 786 Fatigue threshold, 674 Fati~.e, variable amplitude, 727 Ferrltic structural steel, 40 Fiber bridging, 713 Fiber diameter, 393 Finite element analysis, 9, 176, 201, 284, 802 curved specimen cracks, 658 ductile crack growth, 851 nonlinear, 135 plane strain, 135, 552 predicting ductile tearing, 82 shell, 97 three-dimensional, 135, 215, 815, 830 Finite element code, two-dimensional, 264 Finite element mesh, 201 Flat plate specimen, 658 Four point bend fatigue tests, 438 Fracture, adhesive, 764 Fracture resistance, 233, 315 Fracture toughness, 154, 315, 393 crack tip constraint influence on, 284 dynamic, 17 predictions, 341 transition region, 40 Fretting fatigue tests, 696 Fuselage panel test, 713 G Geometric constraint, 658 Gradient effect, 364 Grain boundary precipitates, 384 Grain size, 535 Gurson model, 201, 341, 364 Gurson-Tvergaard dilitant plasticity formulation, 862 H Haigh diagram, 626 Handlebar forces, 743 Heat affected zone, 315 Helicopter loading spectra, 727 High-speed civil transport, 713 Homogenization, 154 Honeycomb sandwich, 713 Hoop stress, residual compressive, 565 Hydrogen cracking, 897 Hydrogen laden propellant environments, 897 I-beam specimen, 82 Impact loading, 135 Impact specimens, 40 Intergranular failure, 384 J-integral, 55, 215, 830, 884 Joints, solder, 786 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 918 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS Joints, welded, 315 J-Q approach, J-R curve, 884 J-T approach, L Laminate sandwich fuselage panel test, 713 Lead-tin eutectic solders, 786 Length scale, 201 Life prediction, 474 Linear damage rule, 743 Load, applied, 642, 658 Load, crack opening, 407 Load factor, 248 Loading, biaxial, 764 Loading, constant amplitude, 453 Loading, cyclic, 453 Loading, elastic, 426 Loading, high amplitude, 743 Loading, impact, 135 Loading, multiaxial, 599 Loading, proof, 584 Loading rates, crack tip, 17 Loading, service, 584 Loading spectra, 727 Loading, structural, 743 Loading, tensile shear, 802 Loading, uniaxial, 599 Loading/unloading, 496 deformation, 552 Load interaction effect, 474 Load, limit, 884 Load method, opening, 674 Load ratio, 516 Load ratio effects, 802 Load, relationship to displacement and crack length, 82 Load reversal, 438 Load, shear, 764 Loads, variable amplitude, 802 Local approach, 284, 315 Local compression, 154 M Master curve, 55 Mechanical driving force, 474 Mesh size effect, 201 Micromechanical failure model, 154 Micromechanical parameters, Gurson, 364 Microscopy, high resolution, 384 Microstructure, 535 Microstructure evolution, solder joints, 786 Microvoid density, 407 Middle crack tension specimens, 674, 815 Miner's linear damage rule, 743 Mixed mode specimens, independently loaded, 764 Mohr-Coulomb yield condition, 233 Moir6 interferometry, 438 Multiaxial fatigue analysis, 599, 614 Multiple-site damage specimens, 815 N Nicalon, 393 Nickel-copper alloys, 384 Nickel-iron base alloys, austenitic, 897 Nil-ductility temperature, 17 Notch plasticity, 516 Notch strain analysis, 584 Oscilloscope, digitizing, 642 Overload effect, 474 Overloading, controlled, techniques, 584 P Palmgren-Miner's rule, 803 Pedal forces, 743 Piezoelectric transducers, 642 Pipes, pressurized, 215 Plane strain three point bend specimen, 201 Plastic constraint, 496 Plastic crack growth, 233 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX 919 Plasticity, 438, 535 crack tip, 552 criterion, reverse, 584 Plasticity-induced closure, 453 Plastic strain, 565 Plastic strain energy, 496 Porosities, initial material, 862 Precleavage tearing, 851 Pressure sensitivity, 233 Pressure tube, 830 Pressure vessel shell weld, 851 Pressure vessel steel, 17, 40 Pressure vessel structural integrity, 284 Proof loading, 584 Propellant environments, hydrogen laden, 897 R Rail grinding, 614 Railroad rails, 614 R-curves, 862 Reduced strain technique, 407 Residual compressivehoop stress, 565 Residual compressive stress, 584 Residual strength, 82, 97 prediction, 815 Residual stress, 154, 516 Bauschin~er effect on, 565 compressive, 474, 584 railroad rail fatigue, 614 Reverse plasticity criterion, 584 Reverse yielding, 552, 565 Rolling contact, 614 Roughness, 535 R ratio effect, 496 S Shearing force, 696 Silicon carbide, 393 Single lap shear, 786 Size effects, 40, 233 Slip contact, partial, 696 S-N interpolation approach, 626 S-N method, 743 Solder microstructures, 786 Stable crack growth, 97, 341, 815 Stable tearing, 884 behavior, 114 STAGS shell code, 114 Steel, 40 18G2AV, 516 A 508 C13, 284 A 533, Grade B, 17, 341 A 723, 897 EH-36, 884 ferritic structural, 40, 341 high strength, cannon components, 897 high strength low alloy, 82, 642, 884 pressure vessel, 17, 341 railroad rails, 614 Strain amplitude, 599 Strain, cyclic, 674 Strain energy, stored, 215 Strain hardening, 642 Strain saturation, 642 Stress amplitude, 599 Stress analysis, 453 finite element, 897 Stress, applied, 496 Stress effect, mean, 802 Stress effects, residual, 614 Stress field, residual, 516 Stress incursion, plastic zone, 474 Stress intensity factor, 176, 565, 897 correlation with crack growth increment, 438 crack propagation, 474 crack tip, 696 effective, 674 Weibull stress and, 284 Stress intensity range, 426 Stress, maximum principal, 658 Stress ratio, 407, 426, 626 Stress/rupture specimens, 384 Stress-strain curve, 82 Stress-strain technique, 830 Stress-zone volume, 830 Stretch zone, 496 Strain incursion, plastic zone, 474 Strip-yield model, 453, 516 Structural calibration function, 248 Structural components, 743, 884 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 920 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS Structural constraint, 341 Structural stress method, 802 Subclad flaw, 284 Superposition method, 154 Surface closure measurements, 407 Surface cracks, 453 Surface flaws, 393 Surface roughness, 535 T Tearing, stable, prediction, 815 Tensile behavior, 393 Tensile residual stress, subsurface, 614 Tensile shear loading, 802 Tensile stress, 393 Thermomechanical fatigue, 786 Three-dimensional computational fracture mechanics, 176 Three-point bend, 9, 315 plane strain specimen, 201 specimens, 154 Tin enrichment, 786 Titanium alloy, 727 foils, 713 Ti-6A1-4V, 626 Train derailment, 614 Transferability, 315 Transformationprocedure, simplified, 248 Transition region ductile-brittle, 55 temperature, 40 T-stress, 341 Tube, autofretted, 565 Tube, high strength cannon, 897 Tube, pressure, through-wall crack, 830 Two-dimensional finite element code, 264 Two-parameter approach, U Ultrasonic pulse transmit-receiver method, 642 Upper shelf energy Charpy, 40 Upper shelf temperature, 341 V Variable amplitude fatigue crack growth, 727 Void nucleation law, 364 Void volume fraction, 201, 364 W Waves amplitude, 642 longitudinal, 642 Weibull stress, 135, 284, 315 Welded joints, 315 Weld fracture, 154 Weld material, ductile crack growth in, 851 Welds, resistance spot, 802 Weld strength mismatch, 315 Weld tests, multi-specimen, 862 Y Yieldin,~ locahzed, 584 reverse, 552, 565 Yield strength, 862 Yield stress, 426 Young's modulus, 393 Z Zirconium, 830 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:48:10 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized ISBN 0-8031-2486-4