STP 995 Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics: Volume II Elastic-Plastic Fracture J D Landes, A Saxena, and J G Merkle, editors m ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nonlinear fracture mechanics (STP; 995) Papers presented at the Third International Symposium on Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics, held 6-8 Oct 1986 in Knoxville, Tenn., and sponsored by ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing Vol edited by J D Landes, A Saxena, and J G Merkle "ASTM publication code number (PCN) 04-995002-30." Includes bibliographies and indexes Contents: v Time-dependent fracture—v Elastic-plastic fracture Fracture mechanics—Congresses I Landes, J D (John D.) II Saxena, A (Ashok) III Merkle, J G IV ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing V International Symposium on Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics (3rd; 1986: Knoxville, Tenn.) VI Series: ASTM special technical publication; 995 TA409.N664 1988 620.1126 88-38147 ISBN 0-8031-1174-6 (v 1) ISBN 0-8031-1257-2 (v 2) Copyright © by American Society for Testing and Materials 1988 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Peer Review Policy Each paper pubhshed in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on PubUcations The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in Ann Arbor, MI May 1989 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author William H Pryle Dedication It was with great sorrow that we learned of the death of William "Gomer" Pryle on July 6, 1987 Although Gomer seldom sought or received much public recognition for his work, he was a vital part of a team which advanced fracture mechanics from the earliest days We have lost a great friend, one who enriched the lives of his fellow workers and made working in fracture mechanics a constant pleasure Gomer grew up near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and served in the U.S Air Force from 1947 to 1951 He began his technical career at Westinghouse R & D Center in February 1952, where he continued working until his death During most of his career at Westinghouse he was part of a widely recognized team, headed by Ed Wessel, which made numerous contributions to the advancement of testing, analysis, and applications of fracture mechanics technology Although his work is reflected in many places in the fracture mechanics literature, his contributions are not always readily apparent The work was presented anonymously and can be recognized only by those associates of his who remember his contributions This is most notable in fracture toughness test standards where, beginning with the development of the compact specimen and the ASTM E 399 Kx^ test standard, his work on specimen design, machining, and precracking technique played a vital role in making this standard a model for those which would follow He played a similar role in some of the newer fracture mechanics test standards, contributing to ASTM Standards E 647, E 813, and E 1152 Some of his important contributions include: • Development of fracture mechanics specimen designs with emphasis on machining practices, including dimensions and tolerances Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize • Development of testing and analysis techniques, including instrumentation, data recording, analysis, and reporting • Development of modern precracking techniques, taking the process from the earliest approach of thermal-mechanical induced cracking to the modern computer-controlled fatigue precracking techniques • Development of precracking techniques for difficult materials, including beryllium alloys and ceramics • Development of systems for identifying specimen size and orientation • Development of modern specimen inventory control methods • Author or coauthor of 36 fracture mechanics papers and reports, most notably ones relating to the development of the compact specimen and the testing of large (12T) compact specimens Besides his technical career, Gomer was dedicated to his wife Barbara, his three children Lynn, John, and Barbie, and his granddaughter Debbie He also showed his concern for people through his association with the fracture mechanics family at Westinghouse He was a continual source of encouragement, bringing hope with his familiar, "Hang in there Tiger." Now that he is gone, the world of fracture mechanics has lost a colleague whose contributions have advanced the technology in more ways than can be counted Those of us who knew him have lost a great friend; we will miss him Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword The publication, Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics: Volume II^Elastic-Plastic Fracture, contains papers presented at the Third International Symposium on Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics, which was held 6-8 Oct 1986 in Knoxville, Tennessee ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing sponsored the event The cochairmen for the symposium section on ElasticPlastic Fracture were J D Landes, University of Tennessee, and J G Merkle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Both men, along with A Saxena, Georgia Institute of Technology, served as editors of this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize Contents Overview ANALYSIS Experimental and Numerical Validation of a Ductile Fracture Local Criterion Based on a Simulation of Cavity Growth—JEAN-CLAUDE DEVAUX, FRANCOIS MUDRY, ANDRE PINEAU, AND GILLES ROUSSELIER Numerical Comparison of Global and Local Fracture Criteria in Compact Tension and Center-Crack Panel Specimens—FRANCOIS MUDRY, FRANCOISE DI RIENZO, AND ANDRE PINEAU 24 Evaluation of Crack Growth Based on an Engineering Approach and Dimensional Analysis—JEAN BERNARD 40 Comparison Between Experimental and Analytical (Including Empirical) Results of Crack Growth Initiation Studies on Surface Cracks— WALTER G REUTER 59 Defect, Constitutive Behavior, and Continuum Toughness Considerations for Weld Integrity Analysis—PETER MATIC AND MITCHELL I JOLLES 82 Plasticity Near a Blunt Flaw Under Remote Tension—DENNIS M TRACEY AND COLIN E F R E E S E 93 Nonlinear Work-Hardening Crack-Tip Fields by Dislocation Modeling— FERNAND ELLYIN AND OMOTAYO A FAKINLEDE 107 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS Geometry Effects on the /?-Curve—JOHN D LANDES, DONALD E MCCABE, AND HUGO A ERNST 123 Evaluating Steel Toughness Using Various Elastic-Plastic Fracture Toughness Parameters—ALEXANDER D WILSON AND J KEITH DONALD Copyright by ASTM Downloaded/printed by University of Washington 144 Int'l (University Evaluation of Attempts to Predict Large-Crack-Growth J-R Curves from SmallSpecimen Tests—CHARLES W MARSCHALL, VICTORIA PAPASPYROPOULOS, AND MARK R LANDOW 169 Fracture Mechanics Tests on Welded Joints—MICHAEL G DAWES, HENRYK G PISARSKI, AND STEPHEN J SQUIRRELL 191 Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics Evaluations of Stainless Steel Tungsten/InertGas Welds—MICHIHIKO NAJCAGAKI, CHARLES W MARSCHALL, AND FREDERICK W BRUST 214 Effect of Prestrain on the /-Resistance Curve of HY-100 Steel—ISA BAR-ON, FLOYD R TULER, AND WILLIAM M HOWERTON 244 APPLICATIONS A Viewpoint on the Failure Assessment Diagram—DONALD E MCCABE 261 Simplified Procedures for Handling Self-Equilibrating Secondary Stresses in the Deformation Plasticity Failure Assessment Diagram Approach— JOSEPH M BLOOM 280 Further Developments on the Modified /-Integral—HUGO A ERNST 306 Stable Crack Growth and Fracture Instability Predictions for Type 304 Stainless Steel Pipes with Girth Weld Cracks—JOSEPH W CARDINAL AND MELVIN F KANNINEN 320 A Methodology for Ductile Fracture Analysis Based on Damage Mechanics: An Illustration of a Local Approach of Fracture—GiLLES ROUSSELIER, JEAN-CLAUDE DEVAUX, GERARD MOTTET, AND GEORGES DEVESA A Closer Look at Tearing Instability and Arrest—JAMES A JOYCE 332 355 Crack Growth Instability in Piping Systems with Complex Loading— JAMES E NESTELL AND ROBERT N COWARD Critical Depth of an Internal or External Flaw in an Internally Pressurized Tube—BRIAN w LEITCH 371 390 Use of a Ductile Tearing Instability Procedure in Establishing PressureTemperature Limit Curves—KENNETH K YOON, JOSEPH M BLOOM, AND W ALAN VAN DER SLUYS 404 Prediction of Critical Crack Size in Plastically Strained Welded Panels— JOHN D G SUMPTER 415 A Study of the Initiation and Growth of Complex Cracks in Nuclear Piping Under Pure Bending—GREGORY S KRAMER AND VICTORIA PAPASPYROPOULOS Copyright by 433 Downloaded/printed University by of Elastic-Plastic Assessment of a Cladded Pressurized-Water-Reactor Vessel Strength Since Occurrence of a Postulated Underclad Crack During Manufacturing—JEAN-CLAUDE DEVAUX, PATRICK SAILLARD, AND ANDRE PELLISSIER-TANON 454 An Analytical and Experimental Comparison of Rectangular and Square CrackTip Opening Displacement Fracture Specimens of an A36 Steel— WILLIAM A SOREM, ROBERT H DODDS, AND STANLEY T ROLFE 470 MODELS AND MECHANISMS Metallurgical Aspects of Plastic Fracture and Crack Arrest in Two HighStrength Steels—JOHN p GUDAS, ROBERT B, POND, AND GEORGE R IRWIN 497 Effect of Fracture Micromechanisms on Crack Growth Resistance Curves of Irradiated Zirconium/2.5 Weight Percent Niobium Alloy— C K CHOW AND LEONARD A SIMPSON 537 A Combined Statistical and Constraint Model for the Ductile-Brittle Transition Region—TED L ANDERSON 563 Kinetics of Fracture in Fe-3Si Steel Under Mode I Loading— MICHAEL H BESSENDORF 584 Separation of Energies in Elastic-Plastic Fracture—MARION F MECKLENBURG, JAMES A JOYCE, AND PEDRO ALBRECHT 594 INDEXES Author Index 615 Subject Index 617 Copyright Downloaded/printed University by by of STP995-EB/Jan 1988 Overview Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) had its birth in the late 1960s and early 1970s After nearly two decades of steadily growing effort, the field has seen a maturing as well as a change in emphasis EPFM developed in response to a real technology need The parent technology, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), did not apply to many of the engineering materials used in modern structures New and better materials were developed to attain more ductiUty and higher fracture toughness, and where LEFM could no longer be used for analyzing failures in these materials, EPFM provided the solution To organize and document the results of the growing research effort in the field, ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing sponsored the First International Elastic-Plastic Fracture Symposium in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1977 The bulk of this symposium, as peer-reviewed papers, is pubhshed in ASTM STP 668, Elastic-Plastic Fracture Subsequently, a second international symposium on this subject was held in 1981, resulting in the two-volume ASTM STP 803, Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium The 1980s saw a rise in more general interest in nonlinear fracture mechanics topics, particularly time-dependent fracture mechanics It became apparent that the title for the next symposium would have to be modified to include this emerging field As a result, that symposium was called the Third International Symposium on Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics and it was held in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1986 This symposium, sponsored by ASTM Committee E-24 and its Subcommittee E24.08 on Elastic-Plastic Fracture and Fully Plastic Fracture Mechanics Terminology, featured both time-dependent and elastic-plastic topics in fracture mechanics The time-dependent fracture mechanics papers (as peer-reviewed papers) are pubhshed in Volume I of this Special Technical Publication (ASTM STP 995); this book Volume II of ASTM STP 995, features elastic-plastic contributions to the symposium In the early years of the field, EPFM activities centered on the power generation industry, particularly the nuclear power industry, where the needs for safety and reliabihty were at an all-time high and a new level of technology was required to satisfy those needs The earliest work concentrated on the development of characterizing parameters and the development of test methods Debate was often centered on two or more candidate parameters or test methods, among them the /-integral, the crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD), and various energy approaches After more than a decade of this debate, it was recognized that the leading candidate parameters were all related and the various test methods produced complementary results Therefore, what was needed was not more work on basic approaches but rather work on standardizing methods of testing and seeking new and better methods of applying the technology Copyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright 1988 b y A S T M International University of ASTM by Int'l (all rights www.astm.org Washington (University of Washing 618 NONLINEAR FRACTURE MECHANICS: VOLUME II Applications (cont.) crack growth instability in piping systems with complex loading, 371-89 applications, 384, 386-87 fully plastic and perfectly plastic hinge behavior, 382 stability analysis, 372-81 stability criteria comparison, 382-84 system comphance, 381-82 critical depth of an internal or external flaw in an internally pressurized tube, 390-403 critical crack depth, 400 elastic material behavior, 392-94 elastic-plastic material behavior, 39496 experimental study, 396-97, 399 finite-element models, 391-92 elastic-plastic assessment of cladded pressurized-water- reactor vessel strength, 454-69 comparison of, to conventional analysis, 466-67 features of thermomechanical stressstrain field, 465-66 finite-element analysis of defect behavior, 461-63, 465 material behavior, 457-58 modeling of cladding operation and initial residual stress state, 458, 460-61 nonlinear analysis, 458 failure assessment diagram, 261-79 dimensional analysis, 266-73 failure assessment via R6 procedure, 263-64 geometry and material effects, 264-66 initiation and growth of complex cracks in nuclear piping under pure bending, 433-53 elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis, 445-47, 449-51 eta-factor analysis of complex-cracked pipe, 445-47, 449 material property characterization pipe fracture experiments, 436, 438-39, 443, 445 predictive 7-estimation scheme analyses, 449-51 methodology for ductile fracture analysis based on damage mechanics, 332-54 application of, to cracked structures, 346-48 ductile fracture characterization of structural steels, 336, 339 ductile fracture model, 333-36 prediction of the inclusion content effect on ductile fracture, 341-43 prediction of the temperature effect on ductile fracture, 343-45 theoretical derivation of the equations of the ductile fracture model, 349-53 modified /-integral, 306-31 apparent stored energy in, 313-15 calculation of, 315-17 general formulas for, 307-9 energies, 311-13, 317-18 physical interpretation of, 309-11 prediction of critical crack size in plastically strained welded panels, 415-32 comparison of actual and predicted critical defect sizes in budge panels, 42528 CTOD tests, 419, 421-23 flawed PeUini bulge tests, 418-19 /-estimation formulas for shallow cracks in full plastic strain fields, 424-25 materials, 416-17 propagation resistance, 428-31 small specimen tests, 417-18 procedures for handling self-equilibrating secondary stresses in the deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram approach, 280-305 stable crack growth and fracture instability predictions for type 304 stainless steel pipes with girth weld cracks, 320-31 tearing instability and arrest, 359-70 use of ductile tearing instability proceduretemperature limit curves, 404-14 acceptance criteria, 406 assessment point evaluation, 409 DPFAD curve generation, 407-9 elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analytical model, 406-10 instability pressure prediction, 410 /-integral formulation, 406-7 technical approach, 405-6 thermal stress, 410-12 Applied stress/net section plastic collapse stress ratio, 280, 287, 289, 300, 3023 ASTM eta-factor method, for calculating /R curves, 53, 58, 171, 172, 174, 176, 182, 183 ASTM /„ standard, 177 ASTM Test E 8-82: 499 ASTM Test E 399: 474, 477 ASTM Test E 399-81: 471 ASTM Test E 399-83: 60,126,145,192,416, 539, 597-99, 611 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize SUBJECT INDEX ASTM Test E 813-81: 2, 9, 10, 30, 60, 61, 126, 144, 147-48, 154, 170, 171, 192, 221, 246, 257, 416, 436, 471, 502, 540, 546, 553, 600 ASTM Test E 1152-87: 2, 362 B Bauschinger effect, 116, 118 Bending initiation and growth of complex cracks in nuclear piping under pure, 433-53 elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis, 445-47, 449-51 eta-factor analysis of complex-cracked pipe, 445-47, 449 material property characterization pipe fracture experiments, 436, 438-39, 443, 445 predictive /-estimation scheme analyses, 449-51 Blue brittleness, 343 Blunt flaw plasticity near, under remote tension, 93106 elastic-plastic results, 99, 102-5 numerical formulation, 95-99 British Standard 5447: 471, 474, 477 British Standard 5762: 193 Bulge panels, comparison of actual and predicted critical defect sizes in, 425-28 Cavity growth validation of ductile fracture local criterion based on simulation of, 7-23 critical cavity growth ratio, 14-15 experimental program, 9-11, 14 measuring process zone size, 15, 17 numerical procedure, 14-15, 17-18 simulation of stable crack growth, 1719 Cavity growth ratio, 8, 14-15 Center-crack panel specimens numerical comparison of global and local fracture criteria in, 24-39 comparison of and CTOD, 32-33 computation of fracture parameters, 30-31 J and local criterion for cleavage fracture, 33-35 / and local criterion for ductile fracture, 35-38 619 local cleavage criterion, 26-27 local ductile criterion, 27-28 numerical simulation, 29-32 theoretical relationships between /je and local criteria under small-scale yielding conditions, 28-29 Cladded pressurized-water-reactor vessel strength elastic-plastic assessment of, 454-69 comparison of, to conventional analysis, 466-67 features of thermomechanical stressstrain field, 465-66 finite-element analysis of defect behavior, 461-63, 465 material behavior, 457-58 modeling of cladding operation and initial residual stress state, 458, 460-61 nonlinear analysis, 458 Cleavage fracture, / and local criterion for, 33-35 Committee on Safety in Nuclear Installations (CSNI), 321 Compact tension panel specimens numerical comparison of global and local fracture criteria in, 24-39 comparison of J and CTOD, 32-33 computation of fracture parameters, 30-31 J and local criterion for cleavage fracture, 33-35 / and local criterion for ductile fracture, 35-38 ; local cleavage criterion, 26-27 local ductile criterion, 27-28 numerical simulation, 29-32 theoretical relationships between 7,^ and local criteria under small-scale yielding conditions, 28-29 Complex-cracked pipe, eta-factor analysis of, 445-47, 449 Computational modeling, 87-89 Computed crack-tip opening angle (CTOA), 234 Constitutive relations, 349 Continuum damage mechanics, 333 Continuum material toughness, 83-84 Continuum thermodynamics, 349-50 Continuum toughness, for weld integrity analysis, 82-92 Crack (s) assessment of, growing in welds, 215-17 initiation and growth of complex, in nuclear piping under pure bending, 43353 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 620 NONLINEAR FRACTURE MECHANICS: VOLUME II Crack(s), initiation and growth of complex, in nuclear piping under pure bending (cont.) elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis, 445-47, 449-51 eta-factor analysis of complex-cracked pipe, 445-47, 449 material property characterization pipe fracture experiments, 436, 438-39, 443, 445 predictive /-estimation scheme analyses, 449-51 Crack arrest metallurgical aspects of, in high-strength steel, 497-536 crack arrest tests, 502, 506 fracture toughness tests, 502, 508-13, 515 materials, 499 mechanical property tests, 499, 502, 506, 507 metallurgical analysis, 508-13 metallographic and fractographic examination, 506 micromechanisms of crack arrest in HY-80 steel, 515-17, 526, 534 tension tests, 499 micromechanisms of, in HY-80 steel, 515-17, 526, 534 Crack arrest tests, 502, 506 Crack branching, 249 Crack deflection, 249 Crack growth evaluation based on engineering approach and dimensional analysis, 40-57 engineering approach, 43-53, 57-58 key curve method, 53-58 material and specimen preparation, 4152 test details, 42-43 Crack growth initiation studies comparison between experimental and analytical results of, on surface cracks, 59-81 analytical approach for /-integral for surface-cracked specimens, 62-65, 68-69, 71, 73 evaluation process, 73-76, 78 material and test procedures, 61-62 Crack growth instabiUty in piping systems with complex loading, 371-89 applications, 384, 386-87 fully plastic and perfectly plastic hinge behavior, 382 stabihty analysis, 372-81 stability criteria comparison, 382-84 system comphance, 381-82 Crack growth resistance curves, 11 effect of fracture micromechanisms on, in irradiated zirconium, 537-62 experimental procedure, 539-51 fracture surface, 542, 546, 555, 559 fracture toughness tests, 539-40 /-resistance curves, 541-42, 546, 553 metallography, 541, 542 microtwins, 554-55 Crack layer theory, 590-91 Crack-opening angle calculations, 184, 186 Crack-opening displacement testing, 471 Crack size prediction of critical, in plastically strained welded panels, 415-32 comparison of actual and predicted critical defect sizes in budge panels, 42528 crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) tests, 419, 421-23 flawed Pellini bulge tests, 418-19 /-estimation formulas for shallow cracks in full plastic strain fields, 424-25 materials, 416-17 propagation resistance, 428-31 small specimen tests, 417-18 Crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) comparison of, and /, 32-33 comparison of rectangular and square, in A36 steel, 470-94 experimental procedures, 473-74 experimental results, 474-84 finite-element analysis procedures, 484 finite-element results, 484-90 material properties, 472-73 estimation of, 31 measurement of, 10 Crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) test, 416, 419, 421-23, 471, 498 applicability of, 450 Critical cavity growth ratio estimation of, 19-20 measuring, 14-15 Critical depth of internal or external flaw in internally pressurized tube, 390-403 critical crack depth, 400 elastic material behavior, 392-94 elastic-plastic material behavior, 39496 experimental study, 396-97, 399 finite-element models, 391-92 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz SUBJECT INDEX Critical void growth criteria, 29 CTOD (See Crack-tip opening displacement) Cyclic/-integral, 115-16 D Damage mechanics methodology for ductile fracture analysis, 332-54 application of, to cracked structures, 346-48 ductile fracture characterization of structural steels, 336, 339 ductile fracture model, 333-36 prediction of the inclusion content effect on ductile fracture, 341-43 prediction of the temperature effect on ductile fracture, 343-45 theoretical derivation of the equations of the ductile fracture model, 349-53 David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center (DTNSRDC), 321 computational results for analysis of pipe experiment at, 325, 327-28 Deformation /, determination of, 140-41 Deformation plasticity analysis of, 320 /-integral structural response for, 282-83 Deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram (DPFAD) analysis procedure, 405-6 curve generation, 407-9 handling self-equilibrating secondary stresses in, 280-305 Deformation theory /, 308-9 Dimensional analysis evaluation of crack growth based on, 4057 engineering approach, 43-53, 57-58 key curve method, 53-58 material and specimen preparation, 4152 test details, 42-43 Direct-current potential drop (PD) method, 539 Dislocation modeling nonlinear work-hardening crack-tip fields by, 107-19 monotonic loading, 108-13, 115 unloading behavior, 115-16 Ductile-brittle transition region combined statistical and constraint model for, 563-83 active volume, 568-70 621 crack-tip stress field, 565-68 fracture stress tests, 572 fracture toughness tests, 572-73 lower-bound toughness, 579-81 predicting fracture toughness distributions, 571-79 predicting transition curves, 573-76 scatter in toughness data, 576-81 test material, 571 toughness predictions, 570-71 Ductile fracture analysis, 332-54 application of, to cracked structures, 346-48 ductile fracture characterization of structural steels, 336, 339 ductile fracture model, 333-36 prediction of the inclusion content effect on ductile fracture, 341-43 prediction of the temperature effect on ductile fracture, 343-45 theoretical derivation of the equations of the ductile fracture model, 349-53 characterization of, in structural steels, 336, 339 / and local criterion for, 35-38 prediction of inclusion content effect on, 341-43 prediction of in low-alloyed steels, 7-8 prediction of temperature effect on, 34345 Ductile fracture local criterion experimental and numerical vahdation of, 7-23 critical cavity growth ratio, 14-15 experimental program, 9-11, 14 measuring process zone size, 15, 17 numerical procedure, 14-15, 17-18 simulation of stable crack growth, 1719 Ductile fracture model parameters calibration, 333-36 theoretical derivation of equations of, 349-53 Ductile tearing analysis, acceptance criteria for, 406 Ductile tearing instabiUty procedure in establishing pressure-temperature limit curves, 404-14 acceptance criteria, 406 assessment point evaluation, 409 DPFAD curve generation, 407-9 elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analytical model, 406-10 instability pressure prediction, 410 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize 622 NONLINEAR FRACTURE MECHANICS: VOLUME II Ductile tearing instability procedure, in establishing pressure-temperature limit curves (cont.) /-integral formulation, 406-7 technical approach, 405-6 thermal stress, 410-12 Dugdale plastic zone model, 266, 274 Dynamic tear test, 417 Elastic-plastic assessment of cladded pressurized-water-reactor vessel strength, 454-69 comparison of, to conventional analysis, 466-67 features of thermomechanical stressstrain field, 465-66 finite-element analysis of defect behavior, 461-63, 465 material behavior, 457-58 modeling of cladding operation and initial residual stress state, 458, 460-61 nonlinear analysis, 458 Elastic-plastic fracture separation of energies in, 594-612 plastic energy dissipation rate, 607,61011 specimen size dependence, 604, 607 Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) analysis of, 406-10, 445-47, 449-51 development of, estimation scheme for, 401 evaluation of stainless steel tungsten/inert-gas welds, 214-43 assessment of cracks growing in welds, 215-17 finite-element analysis, 228-30, 232, 234-37 / estimation analysis of welded pipe, 236-37 /-resistance curves, 220-25, 228 materials and experiments, 220-25, 228 nonproportional loading and definition of general crack-tip parameters, 21718 3T compact specimen results, 230, 232, 234 tensile properties, 220 three-dimensional considerations, 21819 through-wall crack in the TIG weld of a pipe, 235-36 TIG-welded compact specimens, 22830 test standardization for, Elastic-plastic fracture toughness (EPFT) parameters evaluating steel toughness using, 144-68 comparison of elastic-plastic fracture toughness parameters, 154, 167 comparison of / calculation methods, 148, 154 experimental procedures, 145, 147-48 fracture toughness parameters, 154, 167 influence upon metallurgical comparisons, 167-68 Energies, 311-13 related to fracture process, 317-18 separation of, in elastic-plastic fracture, 594-612 plastic energy dissipation rate, 607, 61011 specimen size dependence, 604, 607 Energy density, 83 maximum value of, 84 Energy density ratio, 84 Energy rate method, to calibrate modified /, 131 Energy-related quantities (ERQ), determination of, 317-18 Engineering approach, evaluation of crack growth based on, 43-58 EPRI Handbook, estimate of eta, 132-33 Estimation methods, 320 Eta-factor analysis, of complex-cracked pipe, 445-47, 449 Experimental results comparison between analytical studies of crack growth initiation studies on surface cracks, 59-81 analytical approach for /-integral for surface-cracked specimens, 62-65, 68-69, 71, 73 evaluation process, 73-76, 78 material and test procedures, 61-62 Experimental validation of ductile fracture local criterion based on simulation of cavity growth, 7-23 critical cavity growth ratio, 14-15 experimental program, 9-11, 14 measuring process zone size, 15, 17 numerical procedure, 14-15, 17-18 simulation of stable crack growth, 1719 External flaw critical depth of, in internally pressurized tube, 390-403 critical crack depth, 400 elastic material behavior, 392-94 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author SUBJECT INDEX elastic-plastic material behavior, 39496 experimental study, 396-97, 399 finite-element models, 391-92 F Failure assessment diagram, 261-79 dimensional analysis, 266-73 failure assessment via R6 procedure, 26364 geometry and material effects, 264-66 Fatique precracking, 204-6 Fe-3Si steel kinetics of fracture in, under mode of loading, 584-93 crack layer theory, 590-91 damage distribution, 586 experimental procedures, 584, 586 kinetics of fracture, 586-88, 590 results on crack layer propagation, 58688, 590 stability analysis, 591-92 Finite-element analyses, 177-78 computational results, 178-79 crack-opening angle calculations, 184, 186 J-resistance curves from finite-element method (FEM) analysis, 179, 181-84 3T compact specimen results, 230,232,234 TIG-welded compact specimens, 228-30 First International Elastic-Plastic Fracture Symposium, Fracture kinetics of, in FE-3Si steel under Mode I loading, 584-93 crack layer theory, 590-91 damage distribution, 586 experimental procedures, 584, 586 kinetics of fracture, 586-88, 590 results on crack layer propagation, 58688,590 stability analysis, 591-92 local approach of, 332-54 application of, to cracked structures, 346-48 ductile fracture characterization of structural steels, 336, 339 ductile fracture model, 333-36 prediction of the inclusion content effect on ductile fracture, 341-43 prediction of the temperature effect on ductile fracture, 343-45 theoretical derivation of the equations of the ductile fracture model, 349-53 623 separation of energies in elastic-plastic, 594-612 plastic energy dissipation rate, 607,61011 specimen size dependence, 604, 607 Fracture criterion, independent parameters of, 14 Fracture instability predictions, for Type 304 stainless steel pipes with girth weld cracks, 320-31 Fracture mechanics analysis of piping systems in nuclear power plants, 371-89 applications, 384, 386-87 fully plastic and perfectly plastic hinge behavior, 382 stability analysis, 372-81 stability criteria comparison, 382-84 system compliance, 381-82 on welded joints, 191-213 analysis of specimens after testing, 20911 CTOD specimen geometry and notch location, 193-96 fatigue precracking, 204-6 HAZ testing, 196-201 machining, 203-4 relevant welded joints, 192-93 reporting of test results, 211 straightening before notching, 204 test procedures, 206-9 weld metal testing, 201-3 Fracture micromechanisms on crack growth resistance curves of irradiated zirconium, 537-62 experimental procedure, 539-51 fracture surface, 542, 546, 555, 559 fracture toughness tests, 539-40 J-resistance curves, 541-42, 546, 553 metallography, 541,542 microtwins, 554-55 Fracture parameters, computation of, 3031 Fracture process, energies related to, 31718 Fracture toughness effect of prestrain on the J-resistance curve of HY-100 steel, 244-58 elastic-plastic fracture mechanics evaluations of stainless steel tungsten/inertgas welds, 214-43 assessment of cracks growing in welds, 215-17 finite-element analysis, 228-30, 232, 234-37 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 624 NONLINEAR FRACTURE MECHANICS: VOLUME II Fracture toughness, elastic-plastic fracture mechanics evaluations of stainless steel tungsten/inert-gas welds (cont.) J estimation analysis of welded pipe, 236-37 /-resistance curves, 220-25, 228 materials and experiments, 220-25, 228 nonproportional loading and definition of general crack-tip parameters, 21718 3T compact specimen results, 230, 232, 234 tensile properties, 220 three-dimensional considerations, 21819 through-wall crack in the TIG weld of a pipe, 235-36 TIG-welded compact specimens, 22830 evaluating steel toughness using various elastic-plastic parameters, 144-68 comparison of elastic-plastic fracture toughness parameters, 154, 167 comparison of / calculation methods, 148, 154 experimental procedures, 145, 147-48 fracture toughness parameters, 154,167 influence upon metallurgical comparisons, 167-68 evaluation of attempts to predict large crack growth J-R curves from smallspecimen tests, 169-90 computational results, 178-79 crack-opening angle calculations, 184, 186 experimental procedures, 170-71 finite-element analysis, 177-84, 186 /-resistance curves by the ASTM etafactor method, 172, 174, 176 /-resistance curves by the finite-element method analysis, 179, 181-84 fracture mechanics tests on welded joints, 191-213 analysis of specimens after testing, 20911 CTOD specimen geometry and notch location, 193-96 fatigue precracking, 204-6 HAZ testing, 196-201 machining, 203-4 relevant welded joints, 192-93 reporting of test results, 211 straightening before notching, 204 test procedures, 206-9 weld metal testing, 201-3 geometry effects on the i?-curve, 123-43 background, 126-27 calibration of modified /, 131-32 EPRI handbook of eta factor, 132-33 materials and specimens, 127-29 normalization schemes, 134, 137, 13941 /?-curve test results, 133-34 testing practice, 129-31 Fracture toughness tests, 502, 508-13 GE/EPRI procedure, 449, 450 Generalized energy release rate, 317 Geometry effect, 124 on the 7?-curve, 123-43 background, 126-27 calibration of modified / , 131-32 EPRI handbook of eta factor, 132-33 materials and specimens, 127-29 normalization schemes, 134, 137, 13941 i?-curve test results, 133-34 testing practice, 129-31 Girth weld cracks, stable crack growth, and fracture instability predictions for Type 304 stainless steel pipes, 320-31 Global fracture criteria in compact tension and center-crack panel specimens, 24-39 comparison of/ and CTOD, 32-33 computation of fracture parameters, 30-31 / and local criterion for cleavage fracture, 33-35 / and local criterion for ductile fracture, 35-38 local cleavage criterion, 26-27 local ductile criterion, 27-28 numerical simulation, 29-32 theoretical relationships between /,( and local criteria under small-scale yielding conditions, 28-29 H Heat-affected zones general assessments of, 197-99 specific assessments of cracks, 199-201 testing, 196-206 Hencky equations, 94 Hole growth, quantitative measurements of Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth SUBJECT INDEX Huber-von Mises-Henky initial yield criterion, 228 Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren (HRR) stress singularity, 565-66 Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren (HRR) type asymptotic stress field, 218 HY-80 steel metallurgical aspects of plastic fracture and crack arrests in 497-536 crack arrest tests, 502, 506 fracture toughness tests, 502, 508-13, 515 materials, 499 mechanical property tests, 499, 502, 506, 507 metallographic and fractographic examination, 506 metallurgical analysis, 508-13 micromechanisms of crack arrest in HY-80 steel, 515-17, 526, 534 tension tests, 499 HY-100 steel, effect of prestrain on /-resistance curve of, 244-58 I Inclusion content effect, prediction of, on ductile fracture, 341-43 Instability analysis approach, 330 Instability pressure prediction, 410 Internal flaw critical depth of, in internally pressurized tube, 390-403 critical crack depth, 400 elastic material behavior, 392-94 elastic-plastic material behavior, 39496 experimental study, 396-97, 399 finite-element models, 391-92 Internally pressurized tube critical depth of internal or external flaw in, 390-403 critical crack depth, 400 elastic material behavior, 392-94 elastic-plastic material behavior, 39496 experimental study, 396-97, 399 finite-element models, 391-92 Irwin model, 265, 266 625 for cleavage fracture, 33-35 comparison of, and crack tip opening displacement, 32-33 for ductile fracture, 35-38 engineering usage of, as a fracture analysis parameteer, 416 /p-resistance curves, 225, 228 loss of constraint and variability of, 75-76 theoretical relationships between, and local criteria under small-scale yielding conditions, 28-29 7-controlled crack growth regime, proof of, 306 /-estimation analysis, 215, 449-51 for shallow cracks in full plastic strain fields, 424-25 for welded pipe, 236-37 /-integral, 1, 9, 20, 244, 396-97 advantage of characterization, 107-19 monotonic loading, 108-13, 115 unloading behavior, 115-16 as the crack-driving force parameter, 396 definition of, 115 formulation of, 406-7 modified {See Modified /-integral) for surface-cracked specimens, analytical approach for, 62-65, 68-69, 71, 73 value determinations in, 102 Johnson expression, 171 /-resistance curves, 220-25, 228, 330 ASTM test for determining, 2, 172, 174, 176 determination of, 397 effect of prestrain on, in HY-100 steel, 244-58 evaluation of independence in, 123 from finite-element method analysis, 179, 181-84 from small-specimen tests, 169-90 computational results, 178-79 crack-opening angle calculations, 184, 186 experimental procedures, 170-71 finite-element analysis, 177-84, 186 /-resistance curves by the ASTM etafactor method, 172, 174, 176 /-resistance curves by the finite-element method analysis, 179, 181-84 K calculation of comparisons of, 148, 154 influence of, 148, 154 K|R curve, 405 Key curve (KC) analysis, 316-17, 359, 366 for crack extension estimates, 57-58, 141 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize 626 NONLINEAR FRACTURE MECHANICS: VOLUME II Key curve (KC) analysis {cont.) of crack growth, 53-58 validation of, 362 Lagrangian procedure, 14, 29 LBB.BCLl method, 237, 242 LBB.BCL2 method, 237, 242, 449, 450 Leak-before-break method (LBB.NRC), 237, 241, 390, 449, 450, 537 for analyses of piping systems in nuclear power plants, 371-89 applications, 384, 386-87 fully plastic and perfectly plastic hinge behavior, 382 stability analysis, 372-81 stability criteria comparison, 382-84 system compliance, 381-82 Levy-Mises equations of plasticity, 29 Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) analysis procedure, 405 Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) ordinate, 280 Local approach of fracture, 332-54 application of, to cracked structures, 346-48 ductile fracture characterization of structural steels, 336, 339 ductile fracture model, 333-36 prediction of the inclusion content effect on ductile fracture, 341-43 prediction of the temperature effect on ductile fracture, 343-45 theoretical derivation of the equations of the ductile fracture model, 349-53 Local cleavage criterion, 26-27 Local criterion for cleavage fracture, 33-35 for ductile fracture, 35-38 theoretical relationships between Jk and, under small-scale yielding conditions, 28-29 Local ductile criterion, 27-28 Local fracture criteria in compact tension and center-crack panel specimens, 24-39 comparison of and CTOD, 32-33 computation of fracture parameters, 30-31 / and local criterion for cleavage fracture, 33-35 J and local criterion for ductile fracture, 35-38 local cleavage criterion, Ib-ll local ductile criterion, 27-28 numerical simulation, 29-32 theoretical relationships between /[^ and local criteria under small-scale yielding conditions, 28-29 Loss of constraint theory, 471, 490 M Material toughness, 83 M correction term, adequacy of, 75 Mechanical property tests, results of, 506, 508 Merkle-Corten analysis, 127 Metallurgical aspects of plastic fracture and crack arrest in two high-strength steels, 497-536 crack arrest tests, 502, 506 fracture toughness tests, 502, 508-13, 515 materials, 499 mechanical property tests, 499, 502, 506, 507 metallographic and fractographic examination, 506 metallurgical analysis, 508-13 micromechanisms of crack arrest in HY-80 steel, 515-17, 526, 534 tension tests, 499 Mode I loading kinetics of fracture in Fe-3Si steel under, 584-93 crack layer theory, 590-91 damage distribution, 586 experimental procedures, 584, 586 kinetics of fracture, 586-88, 590 results of crack layer propagation, 58688, 590 stability analysis, 591-92 Models and mechanisms combined statistical and constraint model for the ductile-brittle transition region, 563-83 active volume, 568-70 crack-tip stress field, 565-68 fracture stress tests, 572 fracture toughness tests, 572-73 lower-bound toughness, 579-81 predicting fracture toughness distributions, 571-79 predicting transition curves, 573-76 scatter in toughness data, 576-81 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz SUBJECT INDEX test material, 571 toughness predictions, 570-71 effect of fracture micromechanisms on crack growth resistance curves of zirconium-niobium alloy, 537-62 experimental procedure, 539-51 fracture surface, 542, 546, 555, 559 fracture toughness tests, 539-40 /-resistance curves, 541-42, 546, 553 metallography, 541, 542 microtwins, 554-55 kinetics of fracture in Fe-3Si steel under Mode I loading, 584-93 crack layer theory, 590-91 damage distribution, 586 experimental procedures, 584, 586 kinetics of fracture, 586-88, 590 results on crack layer propagation, 58688, 590 stability analysis, 591-92 metallurgical aspects of plastic fracture and crack arrest in two high-strength steels, 497-536 crack arrest tests, 502, 506 fracture toughness tests, 502, 508-13, 515 materials, 499 mechanical property tests, 499, 502, 506, 507 metallographic and fractographic examination, 506 metallurgical analysis, 508-13 micromechanisms of crack arrest in HY-80 steel, 515-17, 526, 534 tension tests, 499 separation of energies in elastic-plastic fracture, 594-612 plastic energy dissipation rate, 607, 61011 specimen size dependence, 604, 607 Modified / , 124, 127 calibration of, 131-32 Modified /-integral, 306-31 apparent stored energy in, 313-15 calculation of, 315-17 general formulas for, 307-9 energies, 311-13, 317-18 Monotonic loading, 108-10, 113, 115-16 Multipass welds, general assessments of, 201-2 N Newton-Raphson iteration approach, 227 Node release technique, 20 627 for stimulating stable crack growth, 17, 19 Nonlinear work-hardening crack-tip fields by dislocation modeUng, 107-19 monotonic loading, 108-13, 115 unloading behavior, 115-16 Nonproportional loading, 217-18 Nuclear plant critical depth of internal or external flow in internally pressurized tube, 390403 critical crack depth, 400 elastic material behavior, 392-94 elastic-plastic material behavior, 39496 experimental study, 396-97, 399 finite-element models, 391-92 effect of fracture micromechanisms on crack growth resistance curves of irradiated zirconium in, 537-62 experimental procedure, 539-51 fracture surface, 542, 546, 555, 559 fracture toughness tests, 539-40 /-resistance curve's, 541-42, 546, 553 metallography, 541, 542 microtwins, 554-55 fracture mechanics analyses of piping systems in, 371-89 applications, 384, 386-87 fully plastic and perfectly plastic hinge behavior, 382 stabihty analysis, 372-81 stabiUty criteria comparison, 382-84 system comphance, 381-82 initiation and growth of complex cracks in piping in, under pure bending, 3 53 elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis, 445-47, 449-51 eta-factor analysis of complex-cracked pipe, 445-47, 449 material property characterization pipe fracture experiments, 436, 438-39, 443, 445 predictive /-estimation scheme analyses, 449-51 use of ductile tearing instability procedure in establishing pressure-temperature limit curves, 404-14 acceptance criteria, 406 assessment point evaluation, 409 DPFAD curve generation, 407-9 elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analytical model, 406-10 instability pressure prediction, 410 /-integral formulation, 406-7 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au 628 NONLINEAR FRACTURE MECHANICS: VOLUME II Nuclear plant, use of ductile tearing instability procedure in establishing pressure-temperature limit curves (cont.) technical approach, 405-6 thermal stress, 410-12 Nuclear power industry, Numerical comparison pf global and local fracture criteria in compact tension and center-crack panel specimens, 24-39 comparison of and CTOD, 32-33 computation of fracture parameters, 30-31 / and local criterion for cleavage fracture, 33-35 / and local criterion for ductile fracture, 35-38 local cleavage criterion, 26-27 local ductile criterion, 27-28 numerical simulation, 29-32 theoretical relationships between 7,, and local criteria under small-scale yielding conditions, 28-29 Numerical validation of ductile fracture local criterion based on simulation of cavity growth, 7-23 critical cavity growth ratio, 14-15 experimental program, 9-11, 14 measuring process zone size, 15, 17 numerical procedure, 14-15, 17-18 simulation of stable crack growth, 1719 NUREG 1061 approach, 187-88 NUREG model, 265-66 Paris method, 241, 449 Pellini bulge explosion test method, 416, 418-19 Piping systems crack growth instability in, with complex loading, 371-89 applications, 384, 386-87 fully plastic and perfectly plastic hinge behavior, 382 stabiUty analysis, 372-81 stability criteria comparison, 382-84 system compliance, 381-82 Plastic energy dissipation rate, 607, 610-11 Plastic fracture metallurgical aspects of, in high-strength steel, 497-536 crack arrest tests, 502, 506 fracture toughness tests, 502, 508-13, 515 materials, 499 mechanical property tests, 499, 502, 506, 507 metallographic and fractographic examination, 506 metallurgical analysis, 508-13 micromechanisms of crack arrest in HY-80 steel, 515-17, 526, 534 tension tests, 499 Plastic instability, 76, 78 Plasticity, 308-9, 394 near blunt flow under remote tension, 93106 elastic-plastic results, 99, 102-5 numerical formulation, 95-99 Plastic strain fields, estimation formulas for shallow cracks in full, 424-25 POLO-FINITE structural mechanics system, 484 Pop-in, 207-9 Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, 343 Power generation industry, Prandtl-Ruess equations, 98 Pressure-temperature limit curves use of ductile tearing instability procedure in establishing, 404-14 acceptance criteria, 406 assessment point evaluation, 409 DPFAD curve generation, 407-9 elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analytical model, 406-10 instability pressure prediction, 410 7-integral formulation, 406-7 technical approach, 405-6 thermal stress, 410-12 Prestrain, effect of, on 7-resistance curve of HY-100 steel, 244-58 Process zone, 491 measuring size of, 15, 17 Propagation resistance, 428-31 Quantitative metallography, R R6 procedure, failure assessment via, 26364 Ramberg-Osgood approximation to the materialflowbehavior, 566 power law, 381 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize SUBJECT INDEX power-law hardening stress/strain relationship, 380 power-law stress/strain behavior, 383 relationship, 64 stress-strain constants, 406 stress-strain exponent, 285 stress-strain law, 43 stress-strain relationship, 275 work-hardening constants, 264 i?-curve geometry effects on, 123-43 background, 126-27 calibration of modified /, 131-32 EPRI handbook of eta factor, 132-33 materials and specimens, 127-29 normalization schemes, 134, 137, 13941 R-cmve test results, 133-34 testing practice, 129-31 R-curve method, 400-2 R-curve test results, 133-34 normalization schemes, 134, 137, 139-41 Remote tension plasticity near a blunt flaw under, 93-106 elastic-plastic results, 99, 102-5 numerical formulation, 95-99 Rice intercept method, 485 Rik's algorithm, 88 Self-equilibrating secondary stresses, handling, in deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram approach, 280305 Sharp crack blunting, mechanics of, 93 Single-pass welds, general assessments of, 202 Slip-hne theory, 94 Small-specimen tests prediction of large-crack growth J-R curves, 169-90 by ASTM eta-factor method, 172, 174, 176 computational results, 178-79 crack-opening angle calculations, 184, 186 experimental procedures, 170-71 by finite-element analysis, 177-84, 186 Stable crack growth simulation of, 17-19 for Type 304 stainless steel pipes with girth weld cracks, 320-31 629 Stainless steel pipes, stable crack growth and fracture instability predictions for Type 304, 320-31 Stainless steel tungsten/inert-gas welds elastic-plastic fracture mechanics evaluations, 214-43 assessment of cracks growing in welds, 215-17 finite-element analysis, 228-30, 232, 234-37 / estimation analysis of welded pipe, 236-37 /-resistance curves, 220-25, 228 materials and experiments, 220-25, 228 nonproportional loading and definition of general crack-tip parameters, 21718 3T compact specimen results, 230, 232, 234 tensile properties, 220 three-dimensional considerations, 21819 through-wall crack in the TIG weld of a pipe, 235-36 TIG-welded compact specimens, 22830 Steel (See also A36 steel; A508 steel; A710 steel; FE-3Si steel; HY-80 steel; HY-100 steel) evaluating toughness in, with elastic-plastic fracture toughness (EPFT) parameters, 144-68 comparison of elastic-plastic fracture toughness parameters, 154, 167 comparison of / calculation methods, 148, 154 experimental procedures, 145, 147-48 fracture toughness parameters, 154,167 influence upon metallurgical comparisons, 167-68 metallurgical aspects of plastic fracture and crack-arrest in high-strength, 497-536 crack arrest tests, 502, 506 fracture toughness tests, 502, 508-13, 515 materials, 499 mechanical property tests, 499, 502, 506, 507 metallographic and fractographic examination, 506 metallurgical analysis, 508-13 tension tests, 499 Stress-intensity factor/fracture toughness ratio, 280, 285-87, 303-4 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize 630 NONLINEAR FRACTURE MECHANICS: VOLUME II Surface cracks comparison between experimental and analytical results of crack growth initiation studies on, 59-81 analytical approach for /-integral for surface-cracked specimens, 62-65, 68-69, 71, 73 evaluation process, 73-76, 78 material and test procedures, 61-62 Surface-cracked specimens, analytical approach for /-integral, 62-65, 68-69, 71, 73 Tearing instability and arrest, 359-70 Tearing modulus, 371, 372 Temperature effect, prediction of, on ductile fracture, 343-45 Tension tests, 506, 508 Thermal loading, 298-99 Thermal stress, 410 Thermomechanical stress-strain field, features of, 465-66 Third International Symposium on Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics, 3T compact specimen results, 230, 232, 234 Through-wall crack, in TIG weld of pipe, 235-36 TIG-welded compact specimens, 228-30 TIG weld of pipe, through-wall crack in, 235-36 TITUS code, 29 TITUS program, 336 Two-pass welds, general assessements of, 202 U United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 321, 371 Virtual crack extension technique, 392 von Mises, stress distribution, 489 W Weakest link statistics, in predicting the fracture toughness of ferritic steels in ductile-brittle transition region, 563-83 Weakest link theory, 471-472 Weibull distributions, 480, 484 WeibuU model, 480 Weibull statistical distribution, 28 Weibull's theory, 26 Weibull stress, 26-27, 29, 34 Weld(s), assessment of cracks growing in, 215-17 Welded joints fracture mechanics tests on, 191-213 analysis of specimens after testing, 20911 CTOD specimen geometry and notch location, 193-96 fatigue precracking, 204-6 HAZ testing, 196-201 machining, 203-4 relevant welded joints, 192-93 reporting of test results, 211 straightening before notching, 204 test procedures, 206-9 weld metal testing, 201-3 Welded panels prediction of critical crack size in plastically strained, 415-32 comparison of actual and predicted critical defect sizes in budge panels, 42528 CTOD tests 419, 421-23 flawed PeUini bulge tests, 418-19 /-estimation formulas for shallow cracks in full plastic strain fields, 424-25 materials, 416-17 propagation resistance, 428-31 small specimen tests, 417-18 Welded pipe, /-estimation analysis of, 23637 Welded T-section geometry, 85 Weld integrity analysis defect, constitutive behavior, and continuum toughness considerations for, 82-92 computational modehng, 87-89 continuum material toughness, 83-84 material characterization, 85-87 welded T-section geometry, 85 Weld metal testing general assessments of multipass welds, 201-2 general assessments of single-pass welds, 202 general assessments of two-pass welds, 202 specific assessments of cracks in weld metals, 203-4 Yielding conditions, theoretical relationships between /,, and local criteria under small-scale, 28-29 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz SUBJECT INDEX Zirconium effect of fracture micromechanisms on crack growth resistance curve in irradiated, 537-62 631 experimental procedure, 539-51 fracture surface, 542, 546, 555, 559 fracture toughness tests, 539-40 /-resistance curves, 541-42, 546, 553 metallography, 541, 542 microtwins, 554-55 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 13 19:25:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz