FATIGUE MECHANISMS A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee E-9 on Fatigue National Bureau of Standards National Science Foundation Kansas City, Mo., 22-24 May 1978 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 675 Jeffrey T Fong, National Bureau of Standards, editor List price $65.00 04-675000-30 m AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street, Philadelplila, Pa 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Copyright © by A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y F O R T E S T I N G AND M A T E R I A L S 1979 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 78-74562 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this pubhcation Printed in Baltimore Md October 1979 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SHUJI TAIRA 1920-1978 Dedication It was with great sorrow and disbelief that we all learned of the sudden and untimely death of Shuji Taira in October 1978 Professor Taira had long been active in fatigue research, had contributed to this symposium as a member of its international advisory board and the co-author of an invited paper, and had journeyed to Kansas City with Mrs Taira in May 1978 to interact, for the last time, with an international group of fatigue researchers It is with sincere appreciation for his lifelong contribution in fatigue and his personal interest in ASTM Committee E-9 on Fatigue that we dedicate this symposium volume to his memory Professor Taira was born on 22 October 1920 in Nishinomiya, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan He received a Bachelor of Engineering degree from Kyoto University in 1943 and the Doctorate of Engineering from the same University in 1952 From 1954 to 1956, he spent two years at the University of Illinois-Urbana, an association that furthered continuing interactions between scientists and engineers in the United States and in Japan Professor Taira was well known for his excellence as a researcher and research leader in the field of high temperature studies and X-ray diffraction studies of the Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized mechanical behavior of materials He wrote and edited fifteen books as well as numerous technical articles, and was a founder of the Japan Society of Materials Science as well as the International Conferences on the Mechanical Behavior of Materials Among his many distinctions was the presentation by the Emperor of Japan of the Academy Award of the Japanese Academy of Sciences in 1971 The international materials research community has lost one of its most respected and capable members, and this dedication is but an indication of our high regard for this fine gentleman Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reprod Foreword Engineering and medicine are two professions that share several traits, one of which may be described as the responsibility to ensure the health of an object, animate or inanimate To the extent that this analogy holds true, engineers who design for fatigue may be compared with some obstetricians who dare to predict how long babies might live Clearly anyone who reads census data can predict that a newly born infant in the United States has a 90 percent chance of living to at least 50 years old, but it takes a medical scientist with the support of some sophisticated test data to even consider a request for stretching that prediction to a life span of 70 years This is understandable, because the first prediction requires no understanding, while the second does Similarly, a design engineer who is called upon to produce a product for a reasonably long life would know not only the codes and standards for fatigue testing but also the underlying mechanisms of fatigue It is to the latter that this book is dedicated For three days during May 1978, more than 200 leading scientists and research engineers from 12 countries (see Appendix for a list of attendees) gathered at Kansas City, Missouri, to listen to the presentation and discussion of 28 papers on fatigue mechanisms This book, which resulted from the three-day symposium sponsored jointly by the ASTM Committee E-9 on Fatigue, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and the National Science Foundation (NSF), contains the text of all those papers as well as the written and oral discussions transacted at this conference Hence the total number of contributors to this book exceeds 100 The book is divided into eight chapters As expected, the emphasis of the conference was on direct observations of fatigue damage Following the introductory essays in Chapter 1, four chapters deal almost exclusively with direct observations of different physical characteristics (Chapter on dislocation level Chapter on slip bands up to microcracks Chapter on striations, voids, and microcracks, and Chapter on time-dependent damage) The basic concepts of quantitative microscopy and microstructural modeling are dealt with in Chapter Composites and environment-assisted fatigue are touched upon briefly in Chapter The book ends with a chapter summarizing the consensus arrived at by the conference attendees in the form of a symposium summary and a collection of remarks (Chapter 8) It has been 20 years since the last major meeting on the subject of fatigue mechanism was sponsored by ASTM (Boston, Mass., June 1958, ASTM STP 237) Opinions differ as to the extent the field has been influenced by major advances in electron microscopy, computer science, Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions aut mathematical modeling, and fracture mechanics In order to update as thoroughly as possible direct observations of fatigue damage at all microscopic levels, the organizing committee assembled a 22-member international advisory board to invite and review contributions from leading laboratories around the world To promote a sharper exchange of views at the conference, the organizers invited at least one official discusser for each paper, and distributed a symposium preview to all participants who preregistered This symposium preview, which contains abstracts and official discussions of all 28 papers, proved most beneficial to the participants in reaching a better understanding of the technical issues presented at the conference On behalf of the symposium organizing committee, I wish to thank all the authors, invited discussers, session chairmen, session coordinators, members of the symposium advisory board, and numerous others who helped shape the contents of this conference In addition, I wish to mention specifically the following individuals whose assistance and support were essential to the organizing effort of this meeting: ASTM Cavanaugh, W Gross, P Hoersch, H Kaufman G (Alcoa) Palmer, J Stremba, H Wheeler, J NBS Aller, D Burrell, D Colvin, B Fields, R Fong, E N Greenfield, P Hoffman, J Hope, M Horowitz, E Johnson, R Kave, B NBS (continued) Kopec, J Lorden, J Lucas, A McCoubrey, A Martin, R Polyzos, T Serig, G Uglik, B Umberger, S Wright, C Wright, J NSF Astill, C Finally, I would like to thank two persons whose assistance was crucial in having this book published in time as scheduled They are Bette Johnson of NBS who came to me after the conference to help me complete the job of editing an enormous amount of draft manuscripts, and Jane Wheeler of ASTM whose patience and efficiency have endeared her to so many of us who believe in ASTM Jeffrey T Fong Editor, and Chairman of Symposium Organizing Committee October 1978 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded efforts of the reviewers This body of technical experts whose dedication, sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their contribution ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth Related ASTM Publications Fatigue Testing of Weldments, STP 648 (1978), $28.50, 04-648000-30 Corrosion Fatigue Technology, STP 642 (1978), $32.00, 04-642000-27 Use of Computers in the Fatigue Laboratory, STP 613 (1976), $20.00, 04-613000-30 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments, STP 588 (1975), $15.00, 04-588000-30 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Editorial Staff Jane B Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M Hoersch, Associate Editor Ellen J McGlinchey, Senior Assistant Editor Helen Mahy, Assistant Editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproducti APPENDIX HoUox, Graham E Ransome Hoffman Pollard Ltd Chelmsford, Essex, England Asphahani, A I CABOT Kokomo, Ind 46901 # Miller, K J University of Sheffield Sheffield, England Astill, C J NSF-Engineering Division Washington, D.C 20550 # Plumbridge, W J University of Bristol Bristol, England Baik, Sunggi Cornell University Ithaca, N.Y 14853 # Tomkins, Brian U.K Atomic Energy Authority Preston, England Baxter, W J General Motors Research Laboratory Warren, Mich 48090 Worthington, Peter J Central Electricity Research Leatherhead, England UNITED STATES Abelkis, P R McDonnell Douglas Corp Long Beach, Calif 90846 Adams, J H Pittsburgh DesMoines Steel Pittsburgh, Pa 15225 Albertin, Leopold Westinghouse Electric Corp Pittsburgh, Pa 15235 AHc, J A Wichita State University Wichita, Kans 67208 AUbeyer, Earl R The Marley Company Mission, Kans 66202 Alstetter, Carl J University of Illinois Urbana, 111 61801 Amin, Kamal E Bendix Research Laboratory Southfield, Mich 48076 Argon, A S MIT-Department of Mechanical Engineering Cambridge, Mass 02139 Armstrong, E L Mobil R&D Corp Paulsboro, N.J 08066 895 Beardmore, P Ford Motor Co Dearborn, Mich 48121 Bench, Dennis M ARMCO Steel Corp Middletown, Ohio 45043 Bennett, John A Bethesda, Md 20014 Bhat, S P University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Bicicchi, Richard Sun Ship Chester, Pa 19015 Boardman, Bruce Deere & Co Moline, 111 61265 Bogan, W W General Electric Co Cincinnati, Ohio 45215 Bogucki, Gregg R Hampton Technical Center Hampton, Va 23665 Braun, Arthur A University of Missouri Columbia, Mo 65201 Brinkman, C R Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tenn 37830 # Brinson, H Virginia Polytech Institute Blacksburg, Va 24061 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 896 FATIGUE MECHANISMS Brown, S A Dartmouth Medical School Hanover, N.H 03755 Cooper, Robert A Rockwell International Canoga Park, Calif 91304 Bucci, R J ALCOA Laboratories ALCOA Center, Pa 15069 Cowles, Brad Pratt & Whitney Aircraft West Palm Beach, Fla 33402 Burck, Larry H University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wis 53209 Cruse, Thomas A Pratt & Whitney Aircraft East Harford, Conn 06108 Burk, J D McDonnell Douglas Astronautics St Louis, Mo 63166 Cutler, Verne C University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wis 53201 Byrne, J G University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 Davidson, David L Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Tex 78284 Carey, R Beckman Institute, Inc Palo Alto, Calif 94304 deHoff, R T University of Florida Gainsville, Fla 32611 Chait, R Army Materials and Mechanical Research Watertown, Mass 02172 DeVries, K L University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 Chen, Wen-Ching University of Illinois Urbana, 111 61801 Chesnutt, James C Rockwell Science Center Thousand Oaks, Calif 91360 Chien, Kuang-Ho Cameron Iron Works, Inc Houston, Tex 77001 Chisholm, Matthew Reynolds Metals Company Richmond, Va 23261 Chung, Jin-Ho University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242 DeWit, Roland National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Diercks, Dwight R Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, 111 60439 Ditchek, Brian National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Donaldson, Kelly MTS Systems Corp Eden Prairie, Minn 55343 Dorsey, Jim Micro-Measurements Division Romulus, Mich 48174 Coburn, S K U.S Steel Pittsburgh, Pa 15230 Dowling, Norman E Westinghouse Research Pittsburgh, Pa 15235 # Coffin, L P., Jr.* General Electric Co Schenectady, N.Y 12301 # Dvorak, G J Duke University Durham, N.C 27706 Collins, J A Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 Early, J National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized APPENDIX Eaton, Lyle WABCO Peoria, 111 61639 Greenfield, L University of Delaware Newark, Del 19711 Eiffler, E Westinghouse Electro-Mechanical Division Cheswick, Pa 15024 Greenstreet, William L Oak Ridge National Lab Oak Ridge, Tenn 37830 Eisenstadt, R E Union College Schenectady, N.Y 12308 Ekvall, J C Lockheed California Co Burbank, Calif 91520 Esztergar, E P 6308 Avenida Cresta LaJolla, Calif 92037 Faix, Charles R Westinghouse Electric Co Lester, Pa 19113 Fields, R J National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 # Fong, J T.* National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Forte, Thomas P Battelle Columbus Laboratories Columbus, Ohio 43229 Fox, A Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, N.J 07094 Gerberich, W University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minn 55455 Gilbertson, Leslie N Zimmer—USA Warsaw, Ind 46580 Goleniewski, Stanley Lord Kinematics Corp Erie, Pa 16512 897 Gregory, Glinka University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Grosskreutz, J C Solar Energy Research Institute Golden, Colo 80401 Gruen, Richard G Wisconsin Steel Co Chicago, 111 60617 Hanlin, Robert Allis-Chalmers Corp Independence, Mo 64051 Hartt, Wm H.Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Fla 33431 Hebel, A G Benal Corp Detroit, Mich 48216 Hellebrand, Heinz S FAA Washington, D.C 20590 Helmer, Jerry Medical Engineering Racine, Wis 53404 # Hertzberg, R W Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pa 18015 Hillberry, B M Purdue University West Lafayette, Ind 47907 Ho, New-Jin University of Illinois Urbana, 111 61801 Grandt, A F Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 # Hoeppner, D W.* University of Missouri Columbia, Mo 65201 Green, R E Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Md 21218 Hrusovsky, Louis Rockwell International Troy, Mich 48084 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 898 FATIGUE MECHANISMS Huang, T C University of Wisconsin Madison, Wis 53796 Huddleston, Roy L Union Carbide Corp Concord, Tenn 37720 Hyatt, Barry Z Westinghouse Atomic Lower Laboratory Bethel Park, Pa 15102 Kramer, Irvin R David W Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center Annapolis, Md 21402 Krempl, E Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, N.Y 12181 Kruger, Jerome National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Jerina, K L MTS Systems Corp Minneapolis, Minn 55424 Kulkarni, Satish Lawrence Livermore Laboratories Livermore, Calif 94550 Jones, David R TRW Value Division Cleveland, Ohio 44110 Kurath, Peter University of Illinois Champaign, 111 61820 Jones, Wendell B Sandia Laboratories Albuquerque, N Mex 87185 # Laird, Campbell University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Jordan, R E Allied Chemical Corp Moundsville, W Va 26041 Kaisand, Leonard General Electric Company Schenectady, N.Y 12345 Kanninen, M F Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus, Ohio 43201 Kapadia, Behram M U.S Steel Research Monroeville, Pa 15146 Kaufman, J G ALCOA Pittsburgh, Pa 15219 Ke, Jeng Shyong Sundstrand Corp Rockford, 111 61101 Lamba, Hari International Harvester Hinsdale, 111 60521 Landgraf, Ronald W Ford Motor Co Dearborn, Mich 48121 Langenbeck, Sharon University of Missouri Columbia, Mo 65211 Lankford, James Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Tex 78284 Lawrence, F V University of Illinois Urbana, 111 61801 Lawton, Carl W Combustion Engineering Windsor, Conn 06095 Lazaridis, Nassos Inland Steel Research East Chicago, 111 46312 Kilpatrick, N L Westinghouse Electric Corp East Pittsburgh, Pa 15112 Leax, Thomas R Westinghouse Electric Corp East Pittsburgh, Pa 15112 Krafft, J M U.S Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C 20375 Leis, Brian Battelle Columbus Laboratories Columbus, Ohio 43201 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized APPENDIX Lewis, Frank M Wright Manufacturing Co Memphis, Tenn 38002 # McEvily, A J University of Connecticut Storrs, Conn 06268 Liang, S J Xerox Corp Rochester, N.Y 14623 Michel, M Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C 20375 Lillybeck, Norman P Deere & Company Moline, lU 61265 Miller, Alan K Stanford University Stanford, Calif 94305 Lin, S R The Aerospace Corporation El Segundo, Calif 90245 Min, B K Cornell University Ithaca, N.Y 14853 Lin, T H University of California Pacific Palisades, Calif 90272 Mitchell, M R Rockwell International Thousand Oaks, Calif 91360 Little, Robert E University of Michigan Dearborn, Mich 48128 # Moore, George A Rockville, Md 20851 Liu, H W Syracuse University Syracuse, N.Y 13210 Moran, George PSE&G Research Corp Maplewood, N.J 07040 Lou, Alex Y Firestone Tire & Rubber Co Akron, Ohio 44317 Mordfm, Leonard National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Mahmoodi, Parviz M Company St Paul, Minn 55133 If Morrow, J.* University of Illinois Urbana, 111 61801 Majumdar, S Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, 111 60439 Mowbray, Donald F General Electric Co Schenectady, N.Y 12345 Maiya, P S Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, 111 60439 Mueller, Larry University of Missouri Columbia, Mo 65201 Manson, S Stanford Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Mura, T Northwestern University Evanston, 111 60201 Marcus, Harris L University of Texas Austin, Tex 78759 Nemerguth, B F Deere & Co Technical Center Moline, 111 61265 Mauney, David A ALCOA Laboratories ALCOA Center, Pa 15069 Mayor, Michael B Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Hanover, N.H 03755 899 Nichols, Fred A Argonne National Laboratory Western Springs, 111 60558 Novak, Stephen R U.S Steel Corp Monroeville, Pa 15146 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 900 FATIGUE MECHANISMS Ostergren, Warren J General Electric Co Schenectady, N.Y 12345 Reeves, Roger Shell Development Co Houston, Tex 77001 Palmer, J American Society for Testing and Materials 1916 Race St Philadelphia, Pa 19103 # Reifsnider, K.* Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, Va 24061 Patten, David T • Bendix Research Laboratory Southfield, Mich 48076 Paquin, William P Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Bristol, Conn 06010 Pelloux, R M.I.T Cambridge, Mass 02139 Penn, Robert A National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Peterlin, A National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Phippen, Charles G Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Middletown, Conn 06457 Piotrowski, George University of Florida Gainsville, Fla 32611 Poon, Cheung University of Missouri Columbia, Mo 65201 Preston, John L Instron Corp Canton, Mass 02021 Rhines, F N University of Florida Gainsville, Fla 32611 Ridd, Walter J General Motors Corp Dayton, Ohio 45401 Ritchie, R O M.I.T Cambridge, Mass 02139 Ruff, A W., Jr National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Rungta, Ravindra Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 Runkle, J C M.I.T Cambridge, Mass 02139 Ruppen, J University of Connecticut Storrs, Conn 06268 Salivar, Gary C University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 65201 Salmella, L J Hexcel Corp San Francisco, Calif 94108 Sandoz, George Office of Naval Research Chicago, 111 60605 Raj, Rishi Cornell University Ithaca, N.Y 14853 Santangelo, Richard D Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Fla 32212 Raske, D T Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, 111 60439 Sarver, L W Bab cock & Wilcox Co Alliance, Ohio 44601 Reemsnyder, H Bethlehem Steel Corp Bethlehem, Pa 18016 Seeley, R Rodger Babcock & Wilcox Co Alliance, Ohio 44601 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized APPENDIX Sendeckyj, G P Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433 Swindeman, R W Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tenn 37830 Sharma, V K International Harvester Co Hinsdale, 111 60016 Tapay, Harold University of Santa Clara Santa Clara, Calif 95053 Sih, George C Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pa 18015 Taylor, William H #5 Grimal Court Randolph, N.J 07801 Simmons, John A National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Thomson, Robb National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Skibo, M D Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pa 18015 Throop, Joseph F Benet Weapons Laboratory Watervliet, N.Y 12189 Smith, J H National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C 20234 Tomita, Nobuya U.S Industrial Chemical Co Cincinnati, Ohio 45046 Socie, Darrell University of Illinois Urbana, 111 61801 Torcolini, Robert J Carpenter Technology Corp Reading, Pa 19601 Stafford, Robert McDonnell Douglas St Louis, Mo 63145 Torrey, Charles Pratt & Whitney Aircraft West Palm Beach, Fla 33402 Starke, E A., Jr George Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332 Underwood, Ervin E Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Ga 30332 Stentz, Ray Mar-Test Inc Cincinnati, Ohio 45215 Van Den Avyle, James A Sandia Laboratories Albuquerque, N Mex 87185 # Stephens, R I.* University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Vander Sande, J B M.I.T Cambridge, Mass 02139 Stinchcomb, W W Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, Va 24061 VanderVelde, Gordon Dana Corp Richmond, Ind 47374 Stoloff, N S Rensselaer Polytech Institute Troy, N.Y 12181 Van Orden, Jerold M Lockheed-California Co Burbank, Calif 91520 Swearengla, Jack C Sandia Laboratory Livermore, Calif 94550 Vitale, David Turbodyne Wellsville, N.Y 14895 Sweigart, John University of Missouri Columbia, Mo 65211 Waldon, L E Richards Manufacturing Co Memphis, Tenn 38116 901 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 902 FATIGUE MECHANISMS Walker, Ken Lockheed-California Co Burbank, Calif 91520 Wilson, William A Finkl Chicago, 111 60614 Walson, Robert P Deere & Co Technical Center Moline, 111 61265 Winter, Alan Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, L.I., N.Y 11973 Wang, Tzuu Po University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52240 Wnuk, Michael P South Dakota State University Brookings, S Dak 57006 # Wei, R P Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pa 18015 Wolf, Stanley M Department of Energy Rockville, Md 20850 Weissmann, Sigmund Rutgers University Piscataway, N.J 08854 Wright, B E Buick Motor Division Flint, Mich 48550 Wells, C Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Tex 78284 Zinkham, R E Reynolds Metals Co Richmond, Va 23218 Wheeler, J ASTM Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Zuk, Irena M Interdevelopment, Inc Arlington, Va 22202 Wildey, Jim National Transportation Safety Board Washington, D.C 20594 Wilkins, Dick J General Dynamics Fort Worth, Tex 76101 USSR Wilhams, Wendall NSF-Materials Division Washington, D.C 20550 Ivanova, V S Baikove Institute of Technology Moscow, USSR Wilson, Dale A University of Missouri Columbia, Mo 65201 # Pisarenko, G S Academy of Sciences Kiev, USSR Wilson, Alexander D Lukens Steel Co Coatsville, Pa 19320 # Zhurkov, S N loffe Physics and Technical Institute Leningrad, USSR Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize STP675-EB/Oct 1979 Subject/Keyword Index Crack measurement, 422 Crack nucleation, 11, 136, 139, 145, Acoustic fatigue, 10, 13 598, 601, 606 Age-hardening, 215 Crack propagation, 20, 116, 180, a-iron, 71 183, 215, 255, 278, 377, 396, Aluminum alloys, 177, 182, 215, 651 257, 278 Crack propagation mechanism, 237 Analytical models, 293 Crack tip angle, 237 Area fraction, 31, 33 Crack-tip opening displacement, 237 Average geometric properties, 29 Creep, 710 Creep component, 460 B Critical strain rate, 579 Cross slip, 76, 80 Benjamin Rush, 288 Curvature, 26, 28, 31, 33 Bloodletting, 288 Cyclic deformation, 216 Brittle fracture, 382 Cyclic hardening, 463 Cyclic softening, 455 Cyclic strains, 430, 435 Cyclic stress-strain behavior, 594 Chemisorption, 194, 196 Cyclic stress-strain curve, 458 Cobalt, 789 Cyclic stress-strain response, 72 Composite materials, 763, 789 Connectedness, 26, 27, 31, 34 Copper, 71 D Copper alloys, 215 Corrosion fatigue, 816, 841, 843 Damage, 601, 763 Cost-benefit, 7, Damage mechanisms, 529 Crack energy, 842 Direct observation, 234, 287 Crack growth, 135, 146 Discontinuous crack growth, 477 Crack growth rate, 435 Dislocation arrangements, 107 Crack growth resistance, 345 Dislocation microstructure, 72, 76 Crack initiation, 175, 373, 422, 646, Dislocation motion, 11 708 Dislocations, 26, 47, 177 903 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Copyright 1979 www.astm.org Downloaded/printed byb y A S I M International University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a 904 FATIGUE MECHANISMS Dispersion hardening, 594 Dynamic strain aging, 93 E Electron clianneling, 254 Electron diffraction contrast, 255 Electron microscopy (see also Quantitative electron microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy), 48 Elevated temperature, 708 Elevated temperature fatigue, 502, 520 Endurance limit, 342 Engineering, Environmental effects, 183 Eutectics, 789 Eutectoid steel, 686 Extrusion, 375, 715 Ferrite grain size, 687 Fractography, 174, 292, 397 Fracture, 729 Fracture mechanics, 6, 135, 421, 428, 817, 841 Fracture toughness, 397 Global parameters, 25 Grain boundary sliding, 570, 572 Grain size, 30, 136 Grain structure, 634 H Hardening [see also Cyclic hardening and Dispersion hardening), 215, 216, 223, 594, 599 Heat-treated bearing steel, 686 High-temperature fatigue (see also Elevated temperature faFatigue, 5, 10, 31, 47, 69, 215, 234, tigue), 531, 538, 569 287, 292, 371, 396, 420, 501, High-temperature properties, 398, 707, 729, 762, 788, 841 402, 404, 411 Fatigue (materials), 106, 135, 175, Hold time, 381 646 Hydrogen embrittlement, 227 Fatigue (mechanics), 420 Hysteresis, 454 Fatigue crack growth, 683, 817 Fatigue crack growth constants, 684, 686 Fatigue crack propagation, 292, Inclusions, 633 474, 477 Influence of frequency, 216, 222, 227 Fatigue failure, 93 Influence of water vapor, 222, 227 Fatigue fracture, 277 Initial cyclic yield strength, 683 Fatigue fracture (materials), 256 Initiation, 844 Fatigue fracture mechanisms, 471 Intergranular, 600 Fatigue life prediction, 421 Fatigue mechanism, 6, 10, 23, 287, Intergranular fracture, 569 Internal friction, 13 345 Interstitial impurities, 71, 87 Fatigue polymers, 453 Intrusion, 375, 715 Fatigue threshold, 303 Iron (polycrystalline), 107, 293, 295 Feasibility, Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SUBJECT/KEYWORD INDEX 905 K Kinetics, 841 Paper, 736 Particle distribution, 634 Persistent slipbands, 69, 70, 218 Pierre Louis, 289 Pitting, 848 Linear fracture mechanics, 348 Liquid-metal environments, 183, 193 Plain low-carbon steel, 686 Long-range internal stresses, 76, 80 Planar slip, 595 Plastic properties, 256, 259 Low-carbon steel, 136 Low-cycle fatigue, 13, 420, 511, 530, Plastic strain, 13 Plastic zone, 372 538 Polymers, 473 Low temperature, 306, 314 Precipitation hardening, 789 M Martensite-ferrite microstructure, 343 Mathematical modeling, 6, 743 Mechanical properties, 295, 791 Mechanism (see also Fatigue mechanism), 174, 373, 377, 422, 763 Metallography, 174 Metals, 816 Micromechanics, 136, 731 Microscopic fatigue crack, 345 Microstructure, 24, 28, 136, 139, 177, 182, 295, 305, 634, 731 Misorientation, 598 Modeling, 844, 849 Monotonic or static yield strength, 686 Quantitative medicine, 289 Quantitative microscopy, 6, 26, 33, 290, 734 Quantitative stereology, 634 R Resolved shear stress, 710 Rewelding, 379 Saturation, 594, 598 Scanning electron microscopy, 277 Second phase spacing, 345, 353 Silicon iron, 686 Silver, 70, 71 Single crystals, 70, 215, 372 N Size effect, 731, 743 Nickel, 70, 789 Slip line, 435, 708 Nickel-base alloys, 279, 398 Slip markings, 595, 601 Nickel-base superalloys, 502 Slip mechanism, 11 Niobium, 70, 71 Slipbands, 707 Nonpropagating crack, 345, 353 Softening {see also Cyclic softening), Nuclear fuel element, 738 216, 223, 594, 599 Nucleation (of persistent slipbands), Solid mechanics, 729 77 Stage I, 373 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 906 FATIGUE MECHANISMS Stage II, 377 Statistical analysis, Statistical aspects of fatigue, 290 Statistical methods, 734, 738 Steel, 422, 735 Stereology, Strain, 259 Strain rate, 72, 83, 87 Stress relaxation, 10, 13 Structure-property relationship, 28 Superalloy, 502 Surface chemistry, 821 Surface crack, 422 Tempered-martensite steel, 686 Thermal effects, 461 Threshold, 845 Threshold condition, 150, 153, 345 Threshold stress-intensity factor range, 428, 430 Titanium alloys, 48, 293, 298 Transgranular, 601, 606 Triple-junction cracking, 581 U Ultrasonics, 10, 13 W Wavy slip, 598 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP675-EB/Oct 1979 Author/Discussor Index E Ackermann, F., 69 Awatani, J., 107 Adachi, M., 234 Atkinson, C , 340, 722 * Early, J., 585 Ebara, 831, 868 Ellison, E., 554 Esztergar, E., 614 Eyion, D., 47 B Beard more, P., 453, 466 Beevers, J., 368, 388, 417, 815 Bhat, S P., 592, 620 Bhowal, P., 47 Brett, S., 231 Fong, J T., 3, 287, 340, 729, 754, 761, 890, 891 Fuhlrott, H., 371 G Gerberich, W W., 292, 336, 394 Coffin, L F., Jr., 9, 129, 414, 528, Grosskreutz, J C , 133, 276 891 Cruse, T., 416 H Meckel, K., 747 Hertzberg, R., 336, 471, 498 Herz, R K., 69 Davidson, D., 248, 254, 271, 277, Hoeppner, D., 726, 814, 841, 870 785 Hoshina, M., 135 De Vries, K., 337, 368, 491 I deWit, R., 97 Ditchek, B., 101, 269 Ivanova, V., 701 Dowling, N., 418, 838 Driver, J., 390 Duquette, D J., 788 Dvorak, G., 782 Jono, M., 234 D 907 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 908 FATIGUE MECHANISMS N K Kanninen, M., 704 Katagiri, K., 107, 127 Kikukawa, M., 234, 251 Kitagawa, H., 420, 445, 869 Koyanagi, K., 107 Krempl, E., 338, 557 Kroner, E., 751 Kruger, J., 837 Kulkarni, S., 812 Kunio, T., 342, 369 Laird, C , 101, 203, 394, 592, 620 Lamba, H., 367, 784 Langford, J., 277, 335 Le May, I., 208, 339, 838, 873 Lin, S R., 707, 728 Lin, T H., 707, 728 Liu, H., 251 Lynch, S P., 174, 208 M Manson, J A., 471 Manson, S S., 624, 889 Mayr, P., 249 McEvily, A J., 47, 162, 367, 393 Meyer, R., 214 Michel, D., 526, 588 Miller, A., 337 Miller, K., 361, 441, 563, 869 Min, B K., 569, 589, 628 Miyashita, S., 420 Moody, N R., 292 Moore, G A., 35, 680, 753 Morrow, J., 725, 891 Mughrabi, H., 69, 102, 126, 338, 618 Mura, T., 65, 726 Nageswararao, M., 214 Neumann, P., 68, 207, 338, 371, 395, 726, 838 O Omura, A., 107 Patten, D T., 43 Pelloux, R M., 501, 526, 863 Perzyna, P., 749 Peterlin, A., 465 Plumbridge, W., 97, 208, 419, 563 Plumtree, A., 123, 619 R Raj, R., 569, 589 Reemsnyder, H., 752 Reifsnider, K L., 762, 786 Rhines, F N., 23, 44 Ritchie, R., 364 Ruff, A W., 269 Runkle, J C , 501, 526 Ruppen, J., 47, 67 Scarlin, R B., 396, 415, 814 Sendeckyj, G., 784 Shiraishi, T., 107 Sidey, D., 528, 564, 627 Sih, G., 439 Simmons, J., 125, 251, 679 Skibo, M D., 471 Smith, J H., 671 Starke, E., Jr., 230, 633, 682 Stephens, R., 101, 340, 810, 838, 890 Stinchcomb, W W., 762, 786, 814 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized AUTHOR/DISCUSSOR INDEX Stoloff, N., 417, 788, 815 Suh, C M., 420 909 Vander Sande, J B., 42 Vehoff, H., 371 W Taira, S., 135, 170, 890 Takahashi, S., 420 Takao, K., 206 Tanaka, K., 135, 169 Thomson, R., 613 Tomkins, B., 208, 418, 524, 624 U Underwood, E E., 40, 633, 682 Wei, R P., 207, 816, 838 Wells, C , 334 Weissman, S., 163, 366, 619 Wilhelm, M., 214, 232 Wilson, A., 673 Winter, A., 101 Worthington, P., 498, 867 Yamada, K., 342, 369 Yokobori, T., 167, 441, 683, 705 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized