THERAAAL TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF INSULATION A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal and Cryogenic Insulating Materials AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS Philadelphia, Pa., - Sept 1977 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 660 R P Tye, Dynatech R/D Company editor List price $39.50 04-660000-10 # AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND AAATERIALS 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho Copyright © by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1978 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 78-060000 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Washington D.C December 1978 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize Foreword This publication, Thermal Transmission Measurements of Insulation, contains papers presented at a symposium on Heat Transmission Measurements held in Philadelphia, Pa., 19-20 Sept 1977 The symposium was sponsored by Committee C-16 on Thermal and Cryogenic Insulation Materials of the American Society for Testing and Materials R P Tye, Dynatech R/D Company, presided as symposium chairman and editor of this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Related ASTM Publications Heat Transmission Measurements in Thermal Insulations, STP 544 (1974), $30.75, 04-544000-10 Thermal Insulating Covers for NPS Piping, Vessel Lagging and Dished Head Segments, C 450 Adjunct (1%5), $6.25, 12-304500-00 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded efforts of the reviewers This body of technical experts whose dedication, sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their contribution ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further r Editorial Staff Jane B Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M Hoersch, Associate Editor Ellen J McGlinchey, Senior Assistant Editor Helen Mahy, Assistant Editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Introduction REFERENCE MATERIALS Reference Materials for Insulation Measurement Comparisons Fibrous Insulating Materials as Standard Reference Materials at Low 30 Temperatures—M BERTASI, G BIGOLARO, AND F DE PONTE An Interlaboratory Comparison of the ASTM C 335 Pipe Insulation 50 Test—MARION HOLLINGSWORTH, JR Does the Insulation Have a Thermal Conductivity? The Revised ASTM Test Standards Require an Answer—c M PELANNE 60 MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES Natural Convective Heat Transfer in Permeable Insulation—c G 73 BANKVALL Blown Cellulose Fiber Thermal Insulations: Part 1—Density of Cellulose Fiber Thermal Insulation in Horizontal Applications— 82 M BOMBERG AND C J SHIRTLIFFE Blown Cellulose Fiber Thermal Insulations: Part 2—Thermal Resist- 104 ance—c J SHIRTLIFFE AND M BOMBERG Measurement of the Thermal Resistance of Thick Low-Density Mineral 130 Fiber Insulation—M DEGENNE, S KLARSFELD, AND M-P BARTHE LINE SOURCE METHODS FOR INSULATIONS Analysis of the Applicability of the Hot-Wire Technique for Deter- 147 mination of the Thermal Conductivity of Diathermanous Materials—H A FINE Thermal Conductivity Measurements on High-Temperature Fibrous 154 Insulations by the Hot-Wire Method—A J JACKSON, J ADAMS, AND R C MILLAR Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Thermal Conductivity of Refractories: Working with the Hot-Wire 172 M e t h o d — p JESCHKE Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Refractory Insulating 186 Materials by the Hot-Wire Method—w R DAVIS PARAMETERS AFFECTING THERMAL PERFORMANCE Heat Transfer Versus Pitch Angle for Nonventilated, Triangular-Sec- 203 tioned, Apex-Upward Air-Filled Spaces—T J THIRST AND S D PROBERT Influence of Moisture and Moisture Gradients on Heat Transfer 211 Through Porous Building Materials—M BOMBERG AND C J SHIRTLIFFE Laboratory and Field Investigations of Moisture Absorption and Its 234 Effect on Thermal Performance of Various Insulations—F J DECHOW AND K A EPSTEIN H E A T TRANSMISSION MODELS AND MEASUREMENTS Light Transmission Measurements Through Glass Fiber Insulations— 263 CM.PELANNE Fibrous Insulation Heat-Transfer Model—c R KING 281 Heat Transfer in Refractory Fiber Insulations—A H STRIEPENS 293 Pipe Insulation Testers—s H JURY, D L MCELROY, AND J P MOORE 310 SYSTEMS EVALUATION A Calibrated/Guarded Hot-Box Test Facility—R G MILLER, E L 329 PERRINE, AND P W LINEMAN New High-Temperature Guarded Hot-Box Facility for Reflective In- 342 sulation—H W WAHLE, D A RAUSCH, AND B A ALLMON A Calibrated Hot-Box Approach for Steady-State Heat-Transfer Mea- 357 surements in Air Duct Systems—T L LAUVRAY Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Evaluation of High-Temperature Pipe Insulations Using a 16-In.-Di- 374 ameter Pipe Test Apparatus—R C SVEDBERG, R J STEFFEN, A M RUPP, AND J W SADLER OTHER PARAMETERS AND MEASUREMENTS Forced Convection: Practical Thermal Conductivity in an Insulated 409 Structure Under the Influence of Workmanship and Wind— C G BANKVALL Draft Measurement Technique Applied to Poor Conductors—T ASH- 426 WORTH, W G L A C E Y , AND E ASHWORTH SUMMARY Summary 439 Index 445 Copyright Downloaded/printed University by by of 436 THERAAAL TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF INSULATION tinuous data over a temperature range of 35 K was obtained As our technique is improved and some automation added to the apparatus, a temperature range of 200 to 400 K, depending upon the specimen, could be fully explored in four or five days References [/] Hust, J G., Powell, R L., and Weitzel, D H., Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol 72-A, 1970, pp 673-690 [2] Shirtliffe, C J., Stephenson, D G., and Brown, W C , National Research Council of Canada, Research Paper 638, 1974 [3] Hildebrand, F B., Advanced Calculus for Applications, Prentice Hall, 1%2 [4] Tye, R P., Ed., Thermal Conductivity, Academic Press, New York, 1969 [5] Neville, A M., Properties of Concrete, Wiley, New York, 1973 [6] Loomer, J E and Ashworth, T., Proceedings South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol 51, 1972, pp 238-243 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Summary Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP660-EB/Dec 1978 Summary In many ways the energy crisis can be considered a blessing in disguise Certainly it brought upon us the realization that our supply of energy in convenient forms was finite Furthermore, it could be seen that a concerted international effort would be required to solve what is a global problem There is no one solution: solar, wind, tidal, nuclear, fusion, and the other proposed newer sources of energy, coupled with measured efficiency in current forms of energy production and conservation, all have their particular position in time and place in the overall scene Conservation may be considered a prime subject in the short- and medium-term solution of the problem Within this overall subject, thermal performance of insulations is a major factor With only a cursory study, it soon becomes apparent that our knowledge of the thermal performance of thermal insulation materials and systems is inadequate whatever the application The subject of thermal insulation is no longer simple in terms of consideration only of materials applications and results obtained as a result of laboratory tests Thermal insulations have to perform in the real world where steady-state conditions are virtually unknown We have to know more about their performance under realistic conditions in order to design and operate better systems and to be more certain of the energy savings The economic factors of poor thermal performance are available to all of us when monthly statements of utilities costs are received Thermal insulation performance and its measurement has always been prominent in the activities of ASTM C16 Thermal Insulation Committee For the past 25 to 30 years various symposia have been devoted to the subject In examining the subject in more detail, it becomes obvious that the scope of the symposia, unless it was restricted to a particular topic, as in 1966, widens at each successive meeting This reflects the growing complexity of the subject, and the contents of the present publication are ample evidence of this fact In the 1973 symposium, the C16.30 Thermal Measurements Subcommittee presented a position paper on "What Property Do We Measure." This outlined the basic philosophy that thermal insulation material or 439 Copyright by Copyright 1978 Downloaded/printed University of ASTM by Washington b y A S T M International Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 www.astm.org (University of Washington) pursuant to 440 THERMAL TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF INSULATION system is, in fact, a complex entity which could not be considered in simple physical terms The concept of thermal conductance or thermal resistance was proposed and the term "thermal conductivity" eliminated unless it was truly applicable Since that time the subcommittee has been involved in the revision of their test specifications to reflect this philosophy It is to be hoped that other national and international standards will follow this example In 1973 the C 16.30 subcommittee also recommended that much work should be carried out in the area of reference materials production and evaluation since our knowledge of thermal performance will improve only when we are satisfied that our measurement techniques are adequate There are several contributions to the present publication which extend these subjects first discussed in 1973 The subcommittee itself provides a further position paper amplifying the need not only for reference materials of known thermal performance, but for a variety of materials of different sizes and forms to provide a range of thermal conductances for a wide range of applications and temperature This is a logical extension of the first paper since it is realized that problems of measurement of different orders of thermal conductance exist and can be remedied only if measurement apparatus and techniques can be evaluated by use of known reference specimens The need for reference materials is now more urgent since it is expected that laboratory accreditation for the evaluation of insulating materials and systems will be in force in the United States by 1979 Furthermore, there are indications that the accreditation of test laboratories and organizations is becoming an international subject Clearly the whole subject is one where intense activity among members of the insulation community within ASTM C16 and International Standards Organization (ISO) 163 committees is expected in the next two years The paper by Bertasi et al indicates that the subject of reference materials is important to the insulation field in Europe As a result of this work in the United States and Europe, it is clear that the molded highdensity fibrous glass board (-250 kg/m") has been studied enough to accept that it is truly a reference material Since the symposium, the National Bureau of Standards has analyzed all of its measurements on this material and has recommended that it be classed as a Standard Reference Material However, this one material is clearly not sufficient for the total requirements Papers by Degenne et al and Pelanne highlight the problems which face us if we talk in terms of an insulating material having a thermal conductivity Clearly both papers show how radiation heat transfer predominates in low-density materials They further illustrate the errors in measurements of thermal performance which can be made unless a material or system Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SUMMARY 441 is evaluated in its actual thickness or at such a thickness that the thermal resistance is directly proportional to thickness The accuracy of the results in, these thick specimens is still dependent upon there being available a number of thick reference specimens, both for qualifying guarded hot-plate apparatus and for calibrating heat flowmeter equipment However, the present uncertainties in the accuracy of measurements of thick specimens of low-density materials, when the measurements are properly carried out, are less than the errors which can arise by evaluating the thermal resistance in terms of the results obtained on a thin specimen As more reference materials become available and additional apparatus is used, these uncertainties will be reduced still further The present ASTM Tests for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate (C 177-76) and the Heat Flow Meter (C 518-76) implemented the new concepts in 1976 The methods are currently accepted by a wide section of the thermal insulation industry and are being incorporated in various U.S and Canadian Government specifications These standards are recognized internationally as the leading documents in their field as to their direct applicability to the real performance characteristics of thermal insulations as opposed to the limited physical concept of thermal conductivity The original philosophy of the 1973 symposium was that better insulation practices would follow when we knew more about the heat-transfer mechanisms in insulation Recently, more attention has been paid to modeling of heat-transmission materials, especially fibrous insulations, and four papers on this topic are included in the present publication Three of the authors related their model to experimental results, and the overall picture in this area is encouraging The paper by Pelanne relating light transmission measurements to thermal performance characteristics in building insulation is of considerable interest and the extension of the principle to other temperatures should be considered A completely new topic covered herein is the application of transient measurement techniques for determining thermal performance of insulations Until recently, steady-state measurement techniques have been the only ones utilized for evaluating thermal performance One of the objectives of the present symposium was to present to the attendees possible alternatives, particularly since there is always the definite need to reduce the time of measurement whenever practical An international selection of analytical and experimental papers on this subject was presented and, as in many other subjects, no definite conclusions were forthcoming Jeschke outlined the German experience, including the development of a national specification for refractory materials While these methods appear to be very promising for the thermal Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 442 THERAAAL TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF INSULATION conductivity range of these types of materials, the range is somewhat above that of the basic thermal insulations Two papers from the United Kingdom presented opposing views Jackson et al indicated that the line source heat flow method can be used for fibrous insulations at elevated temperatures by means of measurements with heat flow in two perpendicular directions coupled with an analysis In application, two measurements have to be made on the same specimen, one with the line source lying along the fibers and one with the line source perpendicular to the fibers However, Davis indicated that there were still problems with the method The analytical paper by Fine also indicated that the line source method was not truly applicable on materials where radiation was the significant heat-transmission mode Thus the whole subject is open for further analytical and experimental contributions for fibrous and cellular materials Since the 1973 symposium when the first paper on the calibrated hotbox technique for evaluating building systems was presented, a number of such facilities have been built and more experience has been gained Furthermore, the calibrated-system approach has also been used for nonbuilding applications The paper by Miller et al outlines a further advance on a system for building components This hot-box facility can be used in both the calibrated and guarded modes as well as for steady-state or dynamic conditions, and thus is a very reliable tool for research purposes The approach by Lauvray for studying duct systems is also new and potentially of great use in an industrial field which until now has been somewhat neglected These measurement systems are both large and expensive to develop and to operate However, they are absolutely necessary to enable one to obtain the necessary basic information on the real-life performance of thermal insulation systems and thus to bridge the gap between laboratory measurement and field test studies Ultimately, field testing is the only sure way of measuring actual performance It has been estimated that currently there is more energy lost from industrial systems than from buildings Thus the subject of high-temperature insulation is most relevant Much of the current thermal performance information for high-temperature thermal insulations has been obtained from small-scale horizontal flat-plate and horizontal pipe-oriented apparatus Results for this orientation can be transposed directly for the vertical orientation, particularly for heterogeneous and reflective-type insulation systems External and internal convective heat transfer can be a very significant factor in the vertical orientation In addition, applicability of the results from small-scale tests to larger-scale systems has not been verified Several contributions to the present publication indicate that some much-needed attention is now being paid to this subject HoUingsworth Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author SUMMARY 443 in his paper covers the results of a round-robin series of measurements carried out on one specimen of a pipe insulation material by a large number of organizations Svedberg et al describe a large high-temperature pipe apparatus while Allmon and Wahle provide details of a new high-temperature hot-box facility specifically designed to investigate reflective-type insulation systems Collectively the papers just touch the surface of the whole subject and only illustrate how much additional work is required in this area The excellent agreement in the results of the round robin indicate clearly that one can have great confidence in the present ASTM Test for Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Insulation (C 335-69) when run in the horizontal orientation The preliminary results obtained on mass-type insulations in both the hot-box apparatus and on the large pipe are very encouraging We can only look forward with great anticipation to further papers by these and other authors describing their experiences with the more complex heterogeneous systems It is to be hoped that these papers will stimulate others to carry out the necessary analytical and experimental work which will allow us to have the same confidence in results obtained for this orientation as those for the horizontal direction The development and use of the larger-scale apparatus are necessary to evaluate not only the thermal performance characteristics of heterogeneous materials in systems, but also to study heat-transfer mechanisms in more detail, the effects of joints, and the effects of forced convection Once reliable, quantitative laboratory studies have been made, the results of field studies, particularly those by thermography, can be better interpreted Three papers from Scandinavia relating to factors which affect overall systems performance illustrate the advances made in this geographic region compared with the materials approach still taken by many others Of particular interest are two papers by Bankvall illustrating the very real effects of both natural and forced convection in building structures This is an area where more quantitative information is required, and Sweden is to be commended in being among the leaders in this matter The paper by Thirst and Probert from the United Kingdom described a particular system for insulated roofs Clearly, systems evaluation is the subject of topical interest It is where we should see a great deal of impetus in the future While system studies of the total thermal insulation system are directly relevant to our present and future requirements, studies on the individual materials should not be neglected since they are complementary Concern is very often expressed at the lack of knowledge of materials performance after installation in buildings or in an industrial system The past decade has seen a vast improvement in the individual techniques available for determining thermal properties under "ideal" laboratory conditions It Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize 444 THERAAAL TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF INSULATION must be realized, however, that during and after installation, thermal insulation materials are subjected to real-world conditions, and among these there are a number of critical factors which can influence performance Two of these factors are discussed herein Dechow and Epstein deal with some effects of moisture on cellular plastics, and moisture effects on porous media are also discussed by Bomberg and Shirtliffe Moisture may affect thermal insulation both in terms of the immediate decrease in thermal resistance as the moisture is picked up and the possible longerterm problems caused by environmental cycling Bomberg and Shirtliffe, in another paper, describe their work on the effects of various parameters, but especially density, on the thermal performance of cellulose fiber insulations This material has become very widely used in North America, particularly for retrofit applications It is also one where a great deal of controversy does exist both on absolute value of thermal resistance and the variations with "settled" density The present results help to reduce these areas of controversy The topics covered advance our knowledge in two very specific cases devoted to thermal insulation materials used in buildings However, they only highlight the necessity for more detailed and systematic studies dealing both with the different affecting parameters and with all materials, whether used for buildings or industrial applications To summarize, therefore, the papers of the present Symposium have continued to bring about the realization that the thermal insulation field is both complex and multifaceted Measurement techniques are developing and improving and there is now more confidence in the results of such studies Materials and systems are better understood and they too are being improved International cooperation in the field, essentially begun at the 1973 symposium, is continuing to flourish, which augurs well for the results of the future activities of the newly established ISO Committee 163 on Thermal Insulation There is much we now know but there is a great deal more that we not Given the expertise and enthusiasm of the present group of authors and those whom they stimulate, we should expect to see remedies to this problem in the coming years We should thus expect to see further symposia in this continuing series R P Tye Senior scientist, Dynatech R/D Co., Cambridge, Mass 02139; symposium chairman and editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP660-EB/Dec 1978 Index Absorption cross section, 302, 305 Accreditation program, Accuracy, 180 Additives, 104 Aging, 19, 148 Air cracks, 413 Air duct systems, 358 Air filled cavity, 204 Air flow along structures, 414, 417 Air flow through structures, 414, 417,421 American Society for Testing and Materials, 51, 311 C16 Committee, 1, 8, 311, 439 C 16.30 Subcommittee, 1, 8, 24, 51, 60,345,439 Standards: C 168, 381 C 177, 60,69, 107, 128, 131, 139, 285, 289, 303, 339, 358, 375 C 182, 166 C , 166 C236, 330, 346 C335, 51, 53, 289, 311, 375, 402 C417, 166 C518, 60, 69, 107, 128, 266, 271, 358, 375 C , 129 C 666, 244 C 667, 343 C 691, 344 C 739, 105 D 2842, 235, 259 Apparatus Calibrated end, 53 Double guard, 52 Pipe test, 376 Single guard, 53 Applications Below ground, 235, 258 Highway, 235 Applied density effect, 86 ASHRAE 90-75, 358 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 362 Aspect Influence, 77 Ratio, 76, 80 Attic ventilation Effect of restriction, 209 Axial leakage, 315 B Backscattering, 302 Cross sections, 304 Blowing Agent, 19 Machines, 84 Technique, 91 Blown insulation, 82 Boundary conditions influence, 80 Breather springs, 379, 385, 390 British Ceramic Research Association, 156, 175, 194 Bureau Communautaire de Reference, 39 Bureau National de Metrologie 445 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Copyright 1978 b y AS I M International www.astm.org Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 446 THERMAL TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF INSULATION Calibrated hot box, 330, 355, 363 Calibrated/guarded hot box, 330 Cahbrated samples, 51 Calibration Constant, 131 Of hot box, 369 Calorometer Dull, 184 Polished, 184 Canadian Government Specification, 105 Capillary phenomenon, 35 Cardboard, 131 Certification, 131 Circular arrays, 43 Climatic cycling, 101 Coefficient of heat transfer, 177 Cold bridges, 410 Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory,241 Commercial availability, 18 Comparative disk method, 175 Condensation, 212, 214, 228 Conductivity coefficient, 282 Contact resistances, 133 Convection Flow path, 18, 33, 73 Forced, 73, 348, 410, 414 Free (natural), 18, 33, 73 Internal, 354 Onset, 40, 208 Orientation effects, 355 Simulated, 418 Cracking of insulation, 398 Crinkled liner, 354 D Darcy equation, 74 Defects, 424 Density Optimum, 307 Reproducibility, 92 Department of Commerce, 26 Didier Research Institute, 175 Diffusion, 228 Diffusion approximation, 150 Diffusivity, 158 Dimpled liner, 354 Diurnal cycle tests, 341 Drift Correction factor, 430 Measurement technique, 427 Dual probe method, 213 E Effective insulation, 155 Effects Anisotropic, 314 Metal foil, 352 Mean temperature, 125 Radiation, 21 Settlement, 96 Specimen size, 164 Temperature difference, 124 Thickness, 21, 68 Elastic modulus of fiber, 219 Emissivity Effective, 285 Of surfaces, 270, 370 Total hemispherical, 285 Emittance, 8, 61, 297 Fiber, 30 Of paint, 350 Plate, 63 Energy distribution, 264 Erroneous data, 10 Errors Calibration, 108 Edge losses, 108, 127, 666 Estimates, 58 Due to moisture flow, 225 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz INDEX Principal, 108 Scaling, 204 European Economic Community, 39 Evaporation, 212, 228 447 H Heat flow meter, 214, 220 Apparatus, 215 Method, 130 Heat flux mapping, 356 Heating Program, 314, 326 Heat loss Corrections, 431 Difficult to determine, 427 Fast Flux Test Facility, 375 Estimation, 290 Fiber orientation, 35, 159 Of system, 379 Fielddata, 92, 411 Orientation effect, 345 Field measurements, 257 Heat and mass transfer Finite difference conduction mode, In porous media, 212 351 Measurement, 213 Fire retardant, 85 Heat transfer mechanisms, 8, 32, Four flux model, 288 63 Fourier Convection, 9, 14, 32, 61, 73, First law, 133, 100 204, 287, 295, 300 Second law, 148, 150 Coupled, 9, 140, 298 Fragility, 21 Diffusion like, 149 Freeze-thaw Dominant, 10 Action, 235 Gaseous conduction, 9, 73, 287, Critical number of cycles, 245 295, 298 Cycling, 235, 241, 259 In moist materials, 211 Study, 240 Interactions, 63 Water absorption, 240, 259 Layer to layer, 288 Models, 36 Radiation, 9, 14, 61, 131, 149, 152, 204, 281, 288, 295, 300 General Services Administration Relative magnitudes, 204 Specification, 105 Solid conduction, 9, 14, 61, 73, German Standard, 156, 176, 191 133, 150, 204, 298 German Standards Committee, 194 Simplified model, 281 Grashof number, 355, 372 To sloping sides, 204 Greenhouse effect, 264 Horizontal boundaries, 77 Guarded hot box, 337, 343 Hot box correlation tests, 341 High temperature, 343 Hot wire techniques, 148, 150, 155, Mode, 337 186 Modified, 347 Comparison, 183 Guarded hot plate, 152, 294 Further development, 183 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho 448 THERAAAL TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF INSULATION I M Ideal pipe tester, 313 Imbedding influence, 180 Inclusions in square arrays, 37 Infra-red transmission, 296, 303, 304, 308 Installation influence, 410 Institut International du Froid, 138 Internal conduction, 344 Internal convection, 344, 347 Interference, 165, 190 Interferograms, 206 International Standards Organization, TC133-SC2, 176 TC163, 51,440, 444 TC163-SC1, 51 Interlaboratory comparison, 51 Isotropic limit, 159 Mass transfer, 32, 35 Transient phase, 44 Materials Availability, 21 Characterization, 9, 239 Diathermanous, 149 Homogenity, Microporous, 20 Properties, Semitransparent, 149, 153 Specifications, 61 Variability, 52 Mean fiber diameter, 34, 40 Mean free path, 127 Molecule-fiber collision, 299, 301 Photon, 297, 300 Measurements Absolute, 136 Cooperative program, Nonsteady state, 427 Precision, 108 Relative, 136 Scatter, 218 Technology, Moisture Conductivity, 222 Content, 106 Distribution, 106 Flow, 214 Gain, 43 Gradient effect, 230 In paper, 86 Redistribution, 214, 216 Transport, 221 Moisture flow equation, 212 Joints, 359, 417 K Kelvin Law, 35 Laminar flow, 74, 416 Laminar structure, 277 Light transmission, 272 Measurements, 266 Scatter, 279 Limited convection, 307 Line source, 172 Technique, 189 N National Bureau of Standards, 11, 51, 137,427,440 Certification program, 23 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize INDEX National Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers Association Specification, 101 National Physical Laboratory, 138 National Research Council of Canada, 18, 19, 88, 109 National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program, 8, 10,23 Natural convection Cell, 344 Dependence on geometry, 344 Gross, 349 Newsprint, 86, 104 Nonuniform heat flux, 354 Nusselt number, 75 O Office of Standard Reference Materials, 11, 24, 27 Onsager relation, 221 Onset of convection, 40, 208 Optimum air setting, 90 Orifice plates, 362 Panel to panel convection, 343 Parallel plate method, 155, 167 Particle size distribution, 22 Permeability, 73 Permeance, 424 Phase transitions, 427 Pipe tester ASTM, 3114 Ideal, 313, 316, 317 Pitch roof, 204, 210 Pore Closed, 73 Open, 73 Prandtl number, 372 449 Precision, 51 Processes Pot and Marble, 265 Rotary, 265 Products Low density, 140 Quality assurance, 101 Variability, 92 Properties Solid matrix, 48 Variations, Public Services of Colorado, 107 Pure parallel model, 40 Pure series model, 40 Quasi steady state Radial cracks, 387 Radial flux procedure, 183 Radial heat flow, 315 Radiation Absorption, 32, 34, 282, 300 Characteristics, 14, 264 Coefficient, 288 Conductivity, 149 Flux, 66 Remission, 32, 300 Reradiation, 34 Scattering, 32, 34, 282, 301, 308 Rate of deterioration, 209 Rayleigh number, 40 Critical, 80 Modified, 33, 76 Recycling, 95 Reference Materials Criteria, Opal, 269 Recommended program, 24 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz 450 THERAAAL TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF INSULATION Research (RM), 11 Selection criteria, 14 Special (GM), 12 Standard (SRM), 8, 9, 10, 31, 440 Values, 137 Reflective insulation system, 343 Regional climatic condition, 240 Relative humidity Effects, 40 Influence, 48 Repeatability, 51 Reynolds number, 362 Rosseland approximation, 149 Scaling errors, 204 Scaling up of tests, 405 Screen heater, 317 Semitransparency, 141 Series model, 297 Series parallel model, 37, 297 Settled density, 83, 101 Method, 83 Settlement, 96 Shot content, 21 Space shuttle, 294 Spherical inclusion model, 43 Split specimen, 131 Stabilized condition, 11 Standard panel, 338 Standardization, 101 International, 184 Steady-state Condition, 48, 368 Data, 432 Suction load on roof, 260 Surface roughness, 370 Surface temperatures, 379 Temperature profile Curves, 292 Estimation, 291 Nonlinear, 215 Stability, 336 Test methods Generic, 12 Standard, Test sample frames, 333 Thermal capacity, 154, 158 Thermal conductance, 9, 370 Measurement, 386 Thermal conductivity Apparent or effective, 9, 39, 63, 131, 142, 150,212,222,227, 285, 294, 297, 305, 312 Chronological change, 51 Comparisons, 387 Composites, 226 Effect of moisture, 230, 247 Gas phase, 32, 226 Heterogeneous materials, 39 Laminar materials, 170 Liquid phase, 226 Probes, 189, 214 Relation to number of joints, 404 Simultaneous with diffusivity, 437 Solid matrix, 32, 36, 226, 296 Thickness effect, 21, 68, 105, 127, 141 True, Validity of concept, 61 Thermal diffusivity, 158 Term, 187 Thermal energy, 212 Thermal Insulation Manufacturers Association, 373 Thermal resistance Air, 204 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Apparent, 218 Continuous monitoring, 276 Dependence on density, 105 Dependence on moisture, 220 For optimum pitch, 207 Function of pressure difference, 428 Influence of cracks, 413 Overall, 216 Per unit length, 18 Per unit thickness, 9, 10 Quasi-equilibrium value, 248, 251 Surface to surface, Versus thickness, 118, 258 Thermal transmittance, 357, 370 Transport coefficients, 221 Triangular cavities, 204 Turbulent airflow, 414 Two flux model, 288, 296, 301 451 U Unguarded plate apparatus, 427 Unit cell, 297 Upside down roofs, 234, 251 Vapor barriers, 410 Vapor migration, 427 W Water Absorption, 36, 226, 235, 238, 258 Adsorption, 43, 226 Desorption, 36, 43 Thickness effects, 245 Wien displacement curve, 264 Workmanship, 412 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:27:17 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized