Astm stp 534 1973

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized MANUAL OF INDUSTRIAL CORROSION STANDARDS AND CONTROL Sponsored by ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 534 F H Cocks, editor List price $16.75 04-534000-27 Jt~[~ AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 191 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 191 03 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized (~) BY A M E R I C A N SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1973 Library of Congress Catalog Card N u m b e r : 73-75375 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore, Md November 1973 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword The Manual of Industrial Corrosion Standards and Control has been prepared and sponsored by the members of ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals Dr Franklin H Cocks was responsible for the organization of this material Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduction Related ASTM Publications Metal Corrosion in the Atmosphere, STP 435 (1968), $27.00 (04-435000-27) Localized Corrosion Cause of Metal Failure, STP 516 (1972), $22.50 (04-516000-27) Stress Corrosion Cracking of Metals A State of the Art, STP 518 (1972), $11.75 (04-518000-27) Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Introduction Chapter Chapter Introduction to Corrosion F H COCKS Corrosion Standards and Control in the Petroleum Industry 42 A S C O U P E R Chapter Corrosion Standards and Control in the Gas Industry L M 60 BULL Chapter Corrosion Standards and Control in the Automotive Industry-81 C O D U R B I N Chapter Corrosion Standards and Control in the Pipeline Industry-89 A W P E A B O D Y Chapter Corrosion Standards o SCmCK Chapter Corrosion Standards B F BROWN Chapter Corrosion Standards dustry w E BERRY Chapter Corrosion Standards and Control in the Telephone Industry-107 and Control in the Marine Industry-133 and Control in the Nuclear Power In144 and Control in the Chemical Industry L W GLEEKMAN Chapter 10 Corrosion Standards and Control in the Nonferrous Metals Industry w H AILOR Chapter 11 Corrosion Standards and Control in the Iron and Steel Industry 164 194 H P LECKIE 209 Appendix A-1 Tabulated list of Current Corrosion Standards, Test Methods, and Recommended Practices Issued by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) 236 Appendix A-2 Selected Tabulation of British, French, and German Standards Concerned with Corrosion Testing Methods and the Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of Materials and Products 240 Appendix B Selected ASTM Standards Referred to Frequently in Book: A 279-63 Standard Method of Total Immersion Corrosion Test of Stainless Steels 245 B 117-73 Standard Method of Salt Spray (Fog) Testing 253 G 1-72 Standard Recommended Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens 261 G 4-68 Standard Recommended Practice for Conducting Plant Corrosion Tests 266 G 15-71 Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing 279 G 16-71 Standard Recommended Practice for Applying Statistics to Analysis of Corrosion Data 281 Frontispiece: Photograph of U.S 35 Highway Bridge, Point Pleasant, W.Va taken after its collapse on 15 Dec 1967 Courtesy National Transportation Safety Board Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP534-EB/Nov 1973 Introduction This manual is a working source book of procedures, equipment, and standards currently being used to solve industrial testing and control problems It is intended as a guide to those in university and government, as well as in industrial laboratories, who are faced with combatting corrosion problems or developing more corrosion resistant materials The aim throughout is to combine a brief discussion of fundamental principles with clear descriptions of concomitant techniques and methods as well as the types of problems to which these have been and are being applied Although corrosion problems are common to all industries, the test methods and control procedures that have been developed to deal with them are diverse By combining descriptions of major corrosion problem areas together with discussions of the approaches that have been evolved for controlling them, more effective means for reducing corrosion losses may be fostered Thus, this manual is organized so that the first chapter provides a concise introduction to basic corrosion science, while subsequent chapters, each written by a leader in his field, review the application of these principles in practice Emphasis is placed on the explanation of proven methods and standards, as well as on suggestions for procedures which might well become standards in the future These chapters are followed by two appendices The first provides abstracts and sources for existing corrosion standards, while the second appendix includes six ASTM standards referred to most frequently in the text Within the past decade it has become clear to an increasing number of diverse scientific and industrial groups that more emphasis on the standardization of corrosion tests and the means for interpreting data derived from them is both necessary and valuable It is often difficult, however, when faced with a specific corrosion problem, to know which of several different testing procedures and standards should be utilized or where information directly relevant to a particular situation might be obtained It is hoped that this manual will assist in resolving this difficulty Franklin H Cocks Duke University School of Engineering Durham, N.C 27706 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Copyright9 1973 by ASTM International www.astm.org Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP534-EB/Nov 1973 Chapter Introduction to Corrosion F H C o c k s I Webster [1] defines corrosion as "the action or process of corrosive chemical c h a n g e , a gradual wearing away or alteration by a chemical or electrochemical essentially oxidizing process as in the atmospheric rusting of iron." This definition does not restrict corrosion to any one class of materials, nor to any one environment It does, however, imply a degradation in properties through the reaction of a material with its surroundings This environment may be liquid, gaseous, or even solid as in the case of the reaction of filaments of SiC with an aluminum matrix they are intended to reinforce Although many such new corrosion reactions are being encountered as more complex materials are applied in increasingly varied and unusual situations, the problems associated with far more mundane and widespread corrosion reactions have by no means been satisfactorily solved The formation of oxides on iron exposed to the atmosphere at both ambient and elevated temperatures, for example, in automobile mufflers, year after year continues to extract a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars Considerable progress has been and continues to be made, however, in reducing these corrosion losses It is to the further control and reduction of practical and industrially important corrosion problems that this manual is directed Corrosion studies and the development of improved methods of corrosion prevention and control are of enormous practical industrial importance It has been estimated that in the United States alone, the costs attributable to corrosion amount to more than 10 billion dollars annually [2] While some corrosion losses may appear inevitable, the proper selection of materials and the application of known principles and protection methods can be expected to reduce these losses greatly In this introductory chapter, the basic principles of corrosion science are reviewed as a guide to subsequent chapters which each provide a discussion of how this knowledge can be applied in industrial practice to achieve the desired goal the minimization of the economic burden imposed by corrosion The unifying theme throughout these chapters is the use of Duke University, School of Engineering, Durham, N.C 27706 Italic numbers in brackets refer to references hsted at the end of this chapter Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Copyright 1973 by ASTM International www.astm.org Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDUSTRIAL CORROSION STANDARDS AND CONTROL standards which accurately detail the testing methods and control procedures now carried out in major industries It is to be hoped that the information provided will contribute not only to the more effective and widespread use of available standards but to the development of additional corrosion standard test methods and control procedures as well The attack on metals by their environment can take many forms, ranging from uniform general attack and tarnishing to more complex reactions such as pitting, filiform corrosion, corrosion fatigue, stress corrosion, and other specific forms of damage discussed later in this chapter The type of property degradation that will occur depends not only on the nature of the metallic material, and its physical state and conditions of use, but on the composition of the environment as well The specific chemical species present in this environment, their concentration, and the temperature can determine whether attack will be general or localized or whether it will be fast or slow, accelerated or inhibited The physical structure of many metals of a given composition can be enormously altered by heat treatment or cold working, and this structure in many cases will determine whether attack will be catastrophic or relatively mild In evaluating and correcting an existing or potential corrosion situation there are several fundamental choices to be considered Does the metal or alloy being considered represent an optimum choice both from the point of view of economics as well as corrosion resistance? What will the environmental conditions this alloy is exposed to be and is it feasible to consider modifying this environment? What limits are imposed on the design of the structure being considered and how can this design be changed to minimize corrosive effects? Can protective coatings be used to isolate the whole structure, or critical parts of it, from the environment? The design engineer, too, can influence corrosion processes, not only directly through the specification of materials but also by providing material and environment configurations that minimize corrosive effects Such designs can only be optimized if the processes that might lead to damage are understood While the range of possible corrosion situations is so large that a description of even a small fraction of them is not practical, a surprisingly few basic principles are sufficient to understand the detailed mechanisms of each case Once the mechanism of damage is understood, the likelihood of making the correct choice to eliminate or minimize this damage is greatly improved In the following section, these underlying principles of corrosion processes are described before going on to consider important special forms of corrosion attack and methods of corrosion protection and control Basic Corrosion Principles The conversion of elemental metals or alloys into ions in an electrolyte (any electrically conducting solution, for example, seawater) is an essentially electrochemical process The electrochemical character of corrosion has Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduction APPENDIXES 481, 9.4 On the other hand, extremely large sample sizes are required to obtain significant resuits if the evaluation is a go-no-go type, such as pitting versus no pitting or cracking versus no cracking Snedecor has assembled probabilities for observation of these types They are listed in Table A s an illustration assume that ten tubes were selected r a n d o m l y from a heat exchanger and were e x a m i n e d t h o r o u g h l y for stress-corrosion cracking If cracks were found in only one of the ten tubes, it would be predicted at the 95 percent confidence level that between and 45 percent of the rem a i n d e r of the tubes would contain a stresscorrosion crack On the other hand, if none of the ten tubes contained a crack that it would still be predicted at 95 percent confidence that between and 31 percent of the r e m a i n i n g tubes would contain a crack It can be seen from T a b l e that no c r a c k s in 100 tubes would reduce the predicted percentage to to for the r e m a i n d e r of the tubes 10 Comparison of Variance (10) Effects Analysis of 10.1 The d a t a presented in Table 10 are the results of l a b o r a t o r y i m p i n g e m e n t tests in percent N a C I solution C o p p e r alloy specimens by by 0.05 in were bolted radially to the periphery of nonmetallic disks Each disk carried four specimens of each of four alloys T h e m a x i m u m p e r i p h e r a l v e l o c i t i e s of the outer edge of the specimens were 20, 25, and 40 ft/s The test was run for 10 weeks and the m a x i m u m pit depth was obtained for each specimen The whole test was then repeated There were the f o l l o w i n g sources of variation: alloys, velocities, tests, and replicate specimens There were the following m a i n effects: " a m o n g alloys," "'among velocities," "between tests"; the following two-way interactions: alloys-velocities, alloys-tests, velocities tests; one three-way interaction: alloysvelocities-tests; and an e r r o r t e r m (derived from the v a r i a t i o n a m o n g replicate specimens) The e q u a t i o n s are: For m a i n effects, SS = ( I / n ) ~ t ~ - ( ? n / N ) For two-way interactions, SS = ( l / n ) [(~tt) ~ + (2;t2)2 + - + (~tz)~] - [(?n/N) + SS for each of the main effects] G16 For three-way interactions, SS = (I/n) [(~tl) + (~t~) ~ + +'(]gtz)2] - [(?n/N) + SS for all main effects and interactions] For error term, Zt - l(?n/N) + SS for all main effect and interactions] where: S S = sum of squares, n = n u m b e r of data within e a c h level being compared, l = sum of d a t a c o m m o n to a given level of the m a i n effect, Ix, t~ - tz = test results c o m m o n to a given c o m b i n a t i o n of the levels of the two m a i n effects (two-way interaction) or three main effects (threeway interaction) For example, in the alloy and test interaction 2;t's is the sum of 12 data points for a given alloy and test and n = 12, T = sum o f a l l t h e data, and N = total n u m b e r of observations 10.2 The sum of squares and m e a n s q u a r e are determined for each m a i n effect, two-way interaction, three-way interaction, and error term The m e a n square, M S S S / D F , where DF = degrees of freedom The degrees of freedom are: Tests: ( - I ) = I Alloys: (4 - 1) = Velocities: (3 - 1) = Tests-alloys: (2 - l) • (4 - 1) = Tests-velocities: (2 - 1) x (3 - I) = Alloys-velocities:(4 - 1) • (3 - 1) = Tests-alloys-velocities: (4 - 1) • (3 - 1) • (2 - 1) = Error term: (96 - 1) - (the sum of the DF's of all main effects and interactions) = 72 10.3 The m e a n square for each effect is divided by the m e a n square of the m o s t significant interaction containing that effect or the error if none of the interactions are significant The result is c o m p a r e d with values from F tables which may be found in m o s t text books on statistics (see T a b l e i 1) The F value is found by locating the degrees of freedom in the error term down in the table If the calculated value is g r e a t e r than the F value, the effect is significant If it is less than the F value, the effect is not significant 10.4 C a l c u l a t i o n of the sum of squares and m e a n squares is shown in Table 12 Analysis Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductio 290 INDUSTRIAL CORROSION STANDARDS AND CONTROL 4Bib of variance is shown in Table 13 be further subscripted as yA+B+C+, and YA+B+C+ The error sum of squares for the experiment is: 11 Two-Level Factorial Design (8) 11.1 The two-level factorial design experiment is an excellent method for determining which variables have an effect on the outcome The significance of each effect can be determined by analysis of variance 11.2 As many variables as possible that may be expected to have an effect on the outcome should be included in the original experiment In order to simplify the following example, only three variables will be used 11.3 Assume that the stress-corrosion cracking endurance of aluminum alloys is being evaluated on alternate immersion tests in percent NaCI Suppose that one alloy contains silver and another does not, and in addition, that the effects of cold working and overaging are to be studiedl The following nomenclature is then assigned: A + Alloy with silver A - Alloy without silver B+ Withcold work B - Without cold work C + With overage C - Without overage A+ B+ AB- B+ B- C+ C- 11.4 This experiment requires eight entirely different sets of conditions In order to determine the within-sample error more accurately, it is wise to replicate each condition It is thus necessary to perform a minimum of 16 separate tests In this particular example, the outcome is the log of the endurance of each stress-corrosion specimen A+ A- B+ B- B+ G16 B- 1.86 2.54 2.01' 3.02 1.95 2.43 2.32 2.89 1.65 2.32 1.98 2.56 1.73 2.25 1.87 2.60 C+ CEach res onse can be identified by its location For example, Y^+B+c+ has two responses, which are 1.86 and 1.95 They can Each pair of responses must be squared, then added, and also added then squared For example, the responses for A + B + C + would be treated in the following manner: (1.86)~ + (1.95)2 - 1/2 [I.86 + 1.95]3 = 0.004 Each of these figures is then summed, to give the error sum of squares, which in this example is 0.0789 The error degree of freedom is (2 - 1) (8) = The is the number of times the response is replicated, and the is the number of pairs 11.5 In studying the effects of variables it is mathematically easier to work with differences between levels rather than with means at each level The difference is referred to as a contrast: 9~ = ( I / N ) [Zy+ - Z y ] where: = contrast or effect of silver, N = number of tests, which is 16, y+ = any response in the A + columns, and y_ = any response in the A - columns and ~ are calculated in a similar manner 9The interactions A'B, A~'C, 1~, and A~'C use the same procedure, except the signs for the responses are determined by products of the signs for ~ e variables For example, (A+) (BF~) is ~,~.~) and ( A + ) (B+) ( C - ) is A B C - For AB, A + B + i s ( + ) , A + B - i s ( - ) , A - B + is ( - ) , and A - B - is (+) The absolute value of each response remains the same Each effect or contrast has (2 - 1) degrees of freedom The is for the levels at each condition 11.6 Each contrast is squared and multiplied by the number of tests (16) to obtain the sum of squares Table 14 shows the values as they are used in analysis of variance F is the ratio of the sum of squares of the effect to the error sum of squares An F distribution table shows that for degree of freedom for the greater sum of squares (numerator) and degrees of freedom for the lesser sum of squares (denominator), the percent and percent levels of F are 5.32 and 11.25, respectively Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized APPENDIXES 291 @ Thus, in this example, there is less than percent probability that the B effect is caused by random error On the other hand, the remainder of the effects are not significant 11'.7 If this were a true problem, it would show that materials without cold work were not as susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking as materials with cold work The addition of silver and overaging had no significant effect Note that this is a hypothetical example 11.8 Each time an additional variable is to be studied, twice as many experiments must be performed to complete the two-level factorial design When many variables are involved, the number of experiments becomes prohibitive 11.9 Fractional replication can be used to reduce the amount of testing When this is done, the amount of information that can be obtained from the experiment is also reduced 11.10 The example of the factorial design with three variables will be used However, the negative" side of the A'BC contrast will not be included G16 A+ B+ AB- B+ 1.86 B3.02 C+ 2.89 1.95 2.32 1.98 2.25 1.87 C- 11.11 With the previous method for analysis of variance it is found that ABC cannot be obtained ' because the negative values are ~ A missing and that contrasts ~, = BC B = AC, and ~ = AB In this particular example, an assumption that all the interaction effects are unimportant is correct and it is possible to arrive at the same conclusions that were obtained from the full factorial design experiment In some cases, it may be that the interaction effects are much greater than the effects of the main variables, in which case an assumption would lead to drastically wrong conclusions It is wise to have some idea about the effect of interactions before fractional replication is used REFERENCES (1) Mickley, H S., Sherwood, T, K., and Reed, C E., Editor, Applied Mathematics in Chemical Engineering Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York, N.Y., 1957, pp 46-99 (2) Douglas, D M., ARMCO Steel Corp "Are You Using or Abusing Data'?," paper presented at the 1965 joint Northeast-North Central Regional Meeting National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Pittsburgh Pa., Oct 4-6, 1965 (3) Booth, F F., and Tucker, G E G., "Statistical Distribution of Endurance in Electrochemical Stress-Corrosion Tests," Corrosion, CORRA, Vol 21, 1965, pp 173-177 (4) Aziz, P M., "'Application of Statistical Theory of Extreme Values to the Analysis of Maximum Pit Depth Data for Aluminum," Corrosion, CORRA, Vol 12, 1956, pp 495-506t (5) Hanes, H D., "The Effect of Gas-Pressure Bonding on the Corrosion Resistance of Zir- (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) caloy-2," a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of S~:ience, The Ohio State University, 1961 Youden, W J., Experimentation and Measurement, National Science Teachers Assn., Washington, D C., 1962 Freeman, H A., lndustrial~Statistics, John Wiley & Sons, inc., New York, N.Y., 1942 Haynie, F H., Vaughan, D A., Phalen, D 1., Boyd, W K., and Frost, P D., "A Fundamental Investigation of the Nature of StressCorrosion Cracking in Aluminum Alloys," AFML-TR-66-267, June 1966 Snedecor, G W., "'Statistical Methods Applied to Experiments in Agriculture and Biology," 4th Ed., Iowa State College Press, Ames, iowa, 1946 Contribution by D H Thompson, Anaconda American Brass Co., Waterbury, Conn Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 292 INDUSTRIAL CORROSION STANDARDS AND CONTROL G16 TABLE I Computing Standard Deviation x d an x d aTM x d an 190 195 169 185 180 178 170 179 177.17 a=lx-~l 13 18 8 I 169 324 64 64 I 49 178 162 162 171' 192 172 195 181 15 15 15 18 225 225 36 225 25 324 16 178 164 189 178 171 172 156 185 I 13 12 I 21 I 169 144 I 36 25 441 64 = s = ~ ) = ~ = 10.71 TABLE /'(%) = 100[(i - 0.375)/(n + 0.25)] = Cumulative Probability (see Fig 2) i P(%) Data i /'(%) Data 2.6 6.7 10.8 15 19 23 27 31.5 156MDD 162 162 164 169 170 171 171 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 35.5 40 44 48 52 56 60 64.5 172MDD 172 178 178 178 178 179 180 TABLE I ntensiostatie 40 m A / i n ) Potentiostatic -0.34 V (S.C.E.) o i P(%) Data 68.5 72.5 77 81 85 89.2 93.3 97.4 181MDD 185 185 189 190 192 195 195 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 n = 24 Endurances of Aluminum-5 percent Magnesium Stress-Corrosion Specimens Exposed Anodicully in percent NaC| Solution (see Fig 3) 66, 90, 97, 108, 122, 150, 70, I, 97, 108, 122, 152 72, I, 97, II0, 123, 73, 92, 99, III, 126, 75, 92, 99, 115, 127, 75, 93, 100, 116, 128, Geometric mean Mean of Iog~o endurance Standard deviation of Iog~o endurance 50, 52, 57, 60, 60, 60, 67, 67, 68, 68, 69 69 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 76, 76 76, 76, 76 76, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 81, 84, 84, 85, 85, 85, 85, 89, 90, 90, 92, 92, 92, 97, 97, 98, 98, 99, 99, 108, 112, 112, 115 Geometric mean Mean of Iog,o endurance Standard deviation of logto endurance 76, 93, 100, 116, 130, 77, 94, 100, 116, 130, 80, 94, 101, 116, 132, 80, 94, 106, 117, 133, 82, 95, 106, 117, 135, 82, 96, 106, 118, 135, 82, 96, 107, 119, 136, 88, 96, 107, 120, 140, 89, 97, 107, 122, 147, = 103.2 = 2.014 = 0.0844 62, 63, 70, 70 72 73, 77 77, 81, 81, 85, 86, 92, 92, 99, 99, 63, 70, 74, 77 82, 86, 93, 99, 64, 70, 74, 78, 82, 86, 93, 100, 66, 70 74, 78, 82, 86, 94, 100, 66, 71, 74, 78, 83, 86, 94, 100, 67, 71, 75, 78, 83, 87, 95, 102, 67, 71, 75, 78, 83, 88, 95, 105, 67, 71, 75, 78, 83, 88, 97, 105, = 80.15 = 1.90387 = 0.0697 a Saturated Calomel Electrode Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized APPENDIXES 293 G16 Ordered Maximum Pit Depths Developed on Alcoa 3S-O Coupons Immersed in Kingston Tap Water for the Time Peiiods Slmwn Together with Their R ~ m k s and Plotting Positions (see Fig 4) TABLE Rank Weeks Plotting Position I Month Plotting Position Months Plotting Position Months Plotting Position 330 460 500 5(}0 530 0,1000 0,2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 570 620 640 640 700 0.0909 0.1818 0.2727 0.3636 0.4545 600 670 770 790 790 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 620 620 670 680 720 0.0909 0.1818 0.2727 0.3636 0,4545 640 650 670 700 720 I0 540 560 560 580 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000 0.9000 740 780 810 840 910 0.5454 0.6363 0.7272 0.8181 0.9090 830 860 930 1030 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000 0.9000 780 780 800 830 920 0.5454 0.6363 0.7272 0.8181 0.9090 730 750 770 780 850 TABLE Plotting Months Position I Year Plotting Position 0.0909 0.1818 0,2727 0.3636 0.4545 700 70(" 750 770 700 0.0909 0.1818 0.2727 '.3636 0.4545 0.5454 0.6363 0.7272 0.8181 0.9090 810 820 830 830 930 0.5454 0.6363 0.7272 0.8181 0.9090 Weight Gain of Zircaloy-2 in 750 F Steam at Time Indicated, rag/din Days l 14 28 42 9.8 7.2 6.6 8.5 9.9 I 1.8 I 1.8 10.5 13,8 13.9 20.3 19.7 19f0 22.3 22,4 25.6 25.5 24.3 26.9 27.1 34.8 36.0 34.1 34.8 41.7 47.2 49.2 47.3 48.6 52.2 TABLE Log of time (x): Log of weight gain (y): Zx = 27.75 Degrees of Freedom I 15 30 99 Z y = 39.92 Least Squares Calculation Zircaloy-2 in 750 F Steam 0.99 0.86 0.82 0.93 1.00 ~xy = 41,303 0.48 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.14 1.14 Z x z - 35.0015 TABLE Distribution of t 0,50 0.95 0.99 1.000 0.816 0.765 0,741 0.727 0.718 0.706 0.691 0.683 0.676 0.674 12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2,571 2.447 2.306 2,131 2.042 1.984 1.960 63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.355 2.947 2.750 2.626 2.576 Probability 0.85 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.35 1.35 I, 15 1,41 1,41 1,39 1.43 1,43 1.45 1,54 1.56 1,53 1.54 1.62 1,62 1.67 1.69 1,67 1,69 1,72 TABLE Comparing Means Zircaloy-2 for 14 Days in 750 F Steam 1450 F WQ 1650 F WQ 25.6 Mean = 25.9 25.5 Xan = 5.29 24.3 s = 1.15 26.9 27.1 s~,2 for both measurements = X/'{~d, ~ + Y.d2Z)II(n~ 25.5 26.8 26.8 27.2 30.5 - I) + Mean = 27.3 ~a n = 24.35 s = 2.46 (n~ - = "~/(5,29 + 24.35)/[(5 - I) + (5 Correct s = s~ ~(x/'2) = 1,92 (X/2) = 2.70 t l)J I)J = 1.92 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized o i+ - ~ - - ~ ~ ~ # ~ R ~ - o ~ Z ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ - o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ~ o o o ~ o o o o o o o ~ ~ ~ ' 6o 1~ o~ ~~ ~~ -~ o~ ~~ ~~ -' o~ ~ ~7 -6 - ~ Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized .m n i i P._ ~a ~1 7 Z ,-I o 3" Z Z Z o o f't '0 APPENDIXES 295 TABLE 10 Maximum Depth of Pitting, Mils Velocity, ft/s Test I Alloy A Alloy B Alloy C Alloy D TABLE 11 DF of Error MS 10 25 50 70 80 100 ~c Test 20 25 40 20 25 40 24 24 22 23 23 22 22 20 5 10 10 19 18 20 21 21 19 19 19 28 30 20 23 13 33 35 31 34 31 36 30 33 21 19 24 18 14 32 27 34 26 29 32 31 27 14 11 II 21 20 21 19 18 21 20 20 11 18 13 7 37 44 42 43 40 37 36 38 11 12 12 10 Partial Table of the Distribution of F (5 percent) Top (1 percent)-Bottom DF of Effect MS 10 161 4052 18.51 98.49 10.13 34.12 7.71 21.20 6.61 16.26 4.96 10.04 4.24 7.77 4.03 7.17 3.98 7.01 3.96 6.96 3.94 6.90 3.84 6.64 200 4999 19.00 99.00 9.55 30.82 6.94 18.00 5.79 13.27 4.10 7.56 3.38 5.57 3.18 5.06 3.13 4.92 3.11 4.88 3.09 4.82 2.99 4.60 216 5403 19.16 99.17 9.28 29.46 6.59 16.69 5.41 12.06 3.71 6.55 2.99 4.68 2.79 4.20 2.74 4.08 2.72 4.04 2.70 3.98 2.60 3.78 225 5625 19.25 99.25 9,12 28.71 6,39 15.98 5,19 11.39 3,48 5,99 2.76 4.18 2.56 3.72 2.50 3.60 2.48 3.56 2.46 3.51 2.37 3.32 230 5764 19.30 99.30 9.01 28.24 6.26 15.52 5.05 10.97 3.33 5.64 2.60 3.86 2.40 3.41 2.35 3.29 2.33 3.25 , 2.30 3.20 2.21 3.02 234 5859 19.33 99.33 8.94 27.91 6.16 15.21 4.95 10.67 3.22 5.39 2.49 3.63 2.29 3.18 2.23 3.07 2.21 3.04 2.19 2.99 2.09 2.80 237 5928 19.36 99.34 8.88 27.67 6.09 14.98 4.88 10.45 3.14 5.21 2.41 3.46 2.20 3.02 2.14 2.91 2.12 2.87 2.10 2.82 2.01 2.64 239 5981 19.37 99.36 8.84 27.49 6.04 14.80 4.82 10.27 3.07 5.06 2.34 3.32 2:13 2.88 2.07 2.77 2.05 2.74 2.03 2.69 1.94 2.51 241 6022 19.38 99.38 8.81 27.34 6.00 14.66 4.78 10.15 3.02 4.95 2.28 3.21 2.07 2.78 2.01 2:67 1.99 2.64 1.97 2.59 1.88 2.41 242 6056 19.39 99.40 8.78 27.23 5.96 14.54 4.74 10.05 2.97 4.85 2.24 3.13 2.02 2.70 1.97 2.59 1.95 2.55 1.92 2.51 1.83 2.32 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 296 INDUSTRIAL CORROSION STANDARDS AND CONTROL @ TABLE 12 61e Calculations Based on Section l0 and Examples of Table 10 TZ/N = (1811)2/96 = 34163.76041 SS for tests = y4,[(895) + ( ) 2] - T ~ / n = 4.59375 S S f o r a l l o y s = y2,[(670) + ( 4 ) + ( ) ~ + ( ) z] - T ~ / N = 7124.78125 SS for velocities = DF MS = = 4.59375 DF MS = = 2374.92708 DF MS = = 664.76042 DF MS = = 270.59375 DF MS = = 86.15625 ys2[(524) + ( 5 ) + ( 7 ) 3] _ T2/N = SS for tests-alloys 1329.52084 = ~/1z[(304) + ( 6 ) + + ( I l l ) 2] - [ T / N + + 7124.78125] = 811.78125 SS for tests-velocities y~6[(232) + ( ) + + ( ) 2] - [ T / N + 4.59375 + 1329.52084] SS for alloys-velocities = 172.31250 = Ys[(212) ~ + ( ) z + ( 9 ) + (206) +(157) z + (281) + (31) + ( ) + ( I O ) ~ + (75) + (47) + (83) 2] - [T2/N + 7124.78125 + 1329.52084] 1924.56250 DF MS = SS for tests-aUoys-velocities = = SS for error = Y41(93) + (78) + + ( ) 2] - [TZ/N + 4.59375 + 7124.78[25 + 1329.52084 + 811.78123 + 172.31250 + 1924.56250] 129.43750 [(24) + (24) * + (22) + + ( ) 2] [T2/N + SS for all main eltects and interactions] 438.2500 = = 320.76041 DF MS = = 21,57291 DF MS = 72 = 6.08680 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 23:09:17 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions APPENDIXES 297 616 TABLE 13 Analysis of Variance Degrees of Freedom Tests Calculated M S Ratio 4.59375 - =