H dale beggs production optimization using nodabookfi

Production Optimization TM Using Nodal Analysis H Dale Beggs Production Optimization Using NODALTM Analysis PHAM HỐNG mí ANH H Dale Beggs OGCI and Petroskills Publications Tulsa, Oklahoma I I Production Optimization Using NODALTM Analysis COPYRlGHT 1991, 200~ 2003 by OGCI, Inc., Petroskills, llC and H Dale Beggs P O Box 35448 Tulsa, Oklahoma 74153·0-148 AH rights rescrved No part of this text may be r~produced Oc transcribed in any fonn oc by any mcans withoUl ¡he written pennission of OGCI and Pelroskills lts use in adult training programs is specifically reserved for OGCI and Pmoskills Printed in the United States of Americ Libr.ry of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90·064081 International Standard Book Number: 0·930972·14·7 Second printing-Febru.ry, 1999 Third printing-November, 2002 Second Edition-May, 2003 Contents Introduction Systems Analysis Approach Applications Summary References Production Systems Analysis Reservoir Performance Introduction Well Performance Equations OarcyOs Law Factors Affecting Productivity Index 15 Factors Affecting Inflow Performance 15 Orive Mechanisms 17 18 Oissolved Gas Orive Gas Cap Orive 18 Water Orive 18 Combination Orive 19 HJ Orawdown or Producing Rate Zero Skin Factor' 19 Non-zero Skin Factor 20 Effect 01 Oepletion 20 IPR Behavior 01 Gas Wells 20 Predicting Present Time IPRs lor Oil Wells 21 Vogel Method 21 Application 01 Vogel Method-Zero Skin Factor 23 24 Saturated Reservoirs UndersOaturated Reservoirs 24 Application 01 V0gel Method-Non-Zero Skin Factor (Standing Modification) Undersaturated Reservoirs 29 Oetermining FE from Well Tests 29 ' 26 1° Fetkovich Method 30 31 Flow-After-Flow Testing Isochronal Testing 31 Modified Isochronal Testing 32 Jones, Blount and Glaze Method 35 Constructing IPRs When No Stabilized Tests Are Available 37 IPR Construction for Special Cases Horizontal Welis 37 Waterflood Welis 37 Stratified Formations 38 Static Reservoir Pressure Unknown 39 Predicting Future IPRs for 011 Welis 40 Standing Method 40 Fetkovich Method 42 Combining Vogel and Fetkovich 42 Predicting Present Time IPRs for Gas Welis 43 Use of the Back Pressure Equation 43 Jones, Blount and Glaze Method 45 46 Predicting Future IPRs for Gas Wells Weli Completlon Effects 47 48 Open Hole Completions Perforated Completions 48 Perforated, Gravel-Packed Completions 53 Innow Performance Summary 54 Oil Welis ·54 Gas Welis 54 References 55 36 Flow in Pipes and Restrictions Introduction 57 Basic Equations and Concepts 58 The General Energy Equatlon 58 Single-Phase Flow 62 64 Two-Phase Flow Two-Phase Flow Variables 64 Liquid Holdup 64 No-Slip Liquid Holdup 65 Denslty 65 65 Velocity Viscosity 66 SUrface Tension 66 Modification of the Pressure Gradient Equation for Two-Phase Flow 66 Elevation Change Friction Component 67 Acceleration Component 67 Two-Phase Flow Patterns 67 Pressure Traverse Calculation 67 Procedure When Temperature Distribution is Unknown 69 Fluid Property Calculations 72 Fluid Density 75 vi 57 66 Gas 75 Oil 75 Waler 75 76 Fluid Velocity Gas 76 Oil 76 Water 76 Empirical Fluid Property Correlalions 76 Gas Compressibility Factor 77 Salution or Dissolved Gas 78 Formation Volume Factor 79 Gas 79 79 Oil Water 79 Isothermal Compressibilily 79 80 Viscosily Oil 80 Waler 80 80 Gas Interfacial Tension 81 Gas/Oil Inlerfacial Tension 81 GasN'laler Inlerfacial Tension 81 Predicling Flowing Temperatures 81 Flowing Temperature in Wells 82 82 Flowing Temperature in Pipelines Well Flow CarrelaClons 83 84 PoeHmann a"d Carpenler ~lethod 85 Hagedorn ane Brown Method 86 Duns and Ros Melhod Orkiszewski 1'.lethod 86 87 Bubble Flow Slug Flow 87 Transition Flow 87 Misl Flow 87 Aziz, Govier and Fogarasi Melhod 87 88 Chierici, Clucci and Sclocchi Method Beggs and Brill Method 88 MONA, Asheim Method 90 Hasan and Kabir Method 90 Flow in Annuli 90 Hydraulic Radius Cancept 90 Cornish Methad 91 Evaluation al Correlations Using Field Data 91 Elfects 01 Variables on Well Performance 93 93 Liquid FlolV Rate Gas/Liquid Ralio 93 94 Waler/OiI Ratio or Water Cut Liquid Viscosity 95 Tubing Diameler and Slippage 95 96 Flow in Gas Wells 97 Flaw in Direclional Wells Use 01 Prepared Pressure Traverse Curves 98 di Preparation of Pressure Traverse Curves Generalized Curves 98 Application of Traverse Curves 98 Pipeline Flow Correlations 104 Horizontal Flow Pattern Prediction 108 Eaton, et al., Method 109 Dukler, et al., Method 110 Seggs and Srill Method 111 Flanigan Method for Hilly Terrain 112 Hybrid Model 114 MONA, Asheim Method 114 Evaluation of Pipe Flow Correlations 114 Effects of Variables on Pipeline Performance Liquid Flow Rate 116 Gas/Uquid Ratio 116 Water Cut 117 Liquid Viscosity 117 Pipe Oiameter 117 Single-phase Gas Flow 117 Use of Prepared Pressure Traverse Curves Parallel or Looped Pipelines 122 Pressure Orop Through Restrictions 123 Surface Chokes 123 Gas Flow 123 Two-Phase Flow 124 Subsurface Safety Valves (SSSVs) 127 Gas Flow 127 Two-Phase Flow 127 Valves and Pipe Fittings 128 Eroslonal Velocity 129 References 129 116 118 Total System Analysis Introduction 133 Tubing Size Selection 135 Flowline Size Effect 136 Effect of Stimulation 139 Systems Analysis for Wells with Restrictions Surface Chokes 141 Subsurface Safety Valves 143 Evaluating Completion Effects 143 Nodal Analysis of Injection Wells 146 Effect of Oepletion 148 Relating Performance to Time 150 Analyzing Multiwell Systems 151 98 133 141 Artificial Lift Design Introduction 155 Continuous Flow Gas Uf! 155 155 l'iii ' Well Performance 156 Valve Spacing 160 Gas Uf! Valve Performance 165 Otis Design Procedure 167 Submersible Pump Selection 174 Sucker Rod or Beam Pumping 177 Hydraulic Pumping 183 Summary 183 References 185 Nomenclature 187 Appendix A 191 Two-phase Flow Correlation Examples Hagedorn and Brown Method 197 Appendix B Pressure Traverse Curves 191 197 Production Systems Analysis INTRODUCTION -\ny procluctioll \Vell i~ drillcd :lnd completcd lo mQVC Ol" g"l~ fnJl1l irs original iocatioll in the rescrvoir (;-:(' oil ¡~ ¡he stock tank or sales line ~foYel1lcnr or {rampart of !luids rcquircs ~ncrgy to t)V('rcol11c friction losscs ::1 Ihe syslcm and lO !in (he products to lhe surfJcc The (uids mus! travel Ihrough rhe rescrvoir and lhe piping ¡:-,¡;';C ~~ ~tem and ultinltHe]y 110\\1 into J scparator for gas-liquid Thc produclion system can be relati"cly simr!c or can ínelude many components in which energy al' fíessurc losscs occur Far cxample íl diagram of:1 COI11rkx production systcm, which ¡Ilustrares a numbcr of ~('rJration l:-;e componcnls in which prcssure losses OCCUf, is shown ioFig.I·1 Thc prcssurc drop in thc fotal syslcm al any lime will ~ the iñitial nllid prc!'surc minus Ihe final nuid pres~:Jre, pI{ ~ P ", This pressure drnp is the slIm of the rressure drops occurring in all ol' lhe componcnts of the ~~ stem Since the pressure drop through any component yaries with producing rate, the producing rate will be cQntroJled by Ihe components selecled The selcction and ~izing of the individual components is very important, r:Jt because of Ihe intcraction í.lmong the components, a ch.:lIlge in the prcssurc drop in one Il1