color imaging - fundamentals and applications - e. reinhard, et al., (a k peters, 2008)

i i i i Color Imaging i i i i i i i i Color Imaging Fundamentals and Applications Erik Reinhard Erum Arif Khan Ahmet O uz Akyă z g u Garrett Johnson A K Peters, Ltd Wellesley, Massachusetts i i i i i i i i Editorial, Sales, and Customer Service Office A K Peters, Ltd 888 Worcester Street, Suite 230 Wellesley, MA 02482 www.akpeters.com Copyright 2008 by A K Peters, Ltd All rights reserved No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reinhard, Erik, 1968– Color imaging : fundamentals and applications / Erik Reinhard [et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN: 978-1-56881-344-8 (alk paper) Computer vision Image processing Color display systems Color separation I Title TA1634.R45 2007 621.36’7 dc22 2007015704 Printed in India 12 11 10 09 08 10 i i i i i i i i Contents Preface I Principles Introduction 1.1 Color in Nature 1.2 Color in Society 1.3 In this Book 1.4 Further Reading xiii 10 12 14 Physics of Light 2.1 Electromagnetic Theory 2.2 Waves 2.3 Polarization 2.4 Spectral Irradiance 2.5 Reflection and Refraction 2.6 Birefringence 2.7 Interference and Diffraction 2.8 Scattering 2.9 Geometrical Optics 2.10 Application: Image Synthesis 2.11 Application: Modeling the Atmosphere 2.12 Summary 2.13 Further Reading 17 18 28 38 45 47 63 66 78 84 96 104 119 120 Chemistry of Matter 3.1 Classical Physics 3.2 Quantum Mechanics 3.3 Atoms and Ions 121 122 124 138 v i i i i i i i i vi Contents 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Molecules Sources of Radiation Polarization in Dielectric Materials Dichroism Application: Modeling of Fire and Flames Further Reading 144 159 182 190 191 197 199 200 201 212 228 230 237 245 247 250 Perception 5.1 Lightness, Brightness, and Related Definitions 5.2 Reflectance and Illumination 5.3 Models of Color Processing 5.4 Visual Illusions 5.5 Adaptation and Sensitivity 5.6 Visual Acuity 5.7 Simultaneous Contrast 5.8 Lightness Constancy 5.9 Color Constancy 5.10 Category-Based Processing 5.11 Color Anomalies 5.12 Application: Shadow Removal from Images 5.13 Application: Graphical Design 5.14 Application: Telling Humans and Computers Apart 5.15 Further Reading 251 252 254 256 259 270 279 282 286 295 298 302 309 312 314 314 Human Vision 4.1 Osteology of the Skull 4.2 Anatomy of the Eye 4.3 The Retina 4.4 The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 4.5 The Visual Cortex 4.6 A Multi-Stage Color Model 4.7 Alternative Theory of Color Vision 4.8 Application: Modeling a Human Retina 4.9 Further Reading II Color Models Radiometry and Photometry 6.1 The Sensitivity of the Human Eye 6.2 Radiometric and Photometric Quantities 6.3 The Efficacy of Optical Radiation 6.4 Luminance, Brightness, and Contrast 317 319 320 322 337 340 i i i i i i i i Contents 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 vii Optical Detectors Light Standards Detector Standards Measurement of Optical Radiation Visual Photometry Application: Measuring Materials Further Reading 342 345 346 347 356 359 362 Colorimetry 7.1 Grassmann’s Laws 7.2 Visual Color Matching 7.3 Color-Matching Functions 7.4 CIE 1931 and 1964 Standard Observers 7.5 Calculating Tristimulus Values and Chromaticities 7.6 Practical Applications of Colorimetry 7.7 Application: Iso-Luminant Color Maps 7.8 Further Reading 363 364 366 373 375 378 387 397 403 Color Spaces 8.1 RGB Color Spaces 8.2 Printers 8.3 Luminance-Chrominance Color Spaces 8.4 Television and Video 8.5 Hue-Saturation-Lightness Spaces 8.6 HVS Derived Color Spaces 8.7 Color Opponent Spaces 8.8 Color Difference Metrics 8.9 Color Order Systems 8.10 Application: Color Transfer between Images 8.11 Application: Color-to-Gray Conversion 8.12 Application: Rendering 8.13 Application: Rendering and Color-Matching Paints 8.14 Application: Classification of Edges 8.15 Further Reading 405 411 418 427 430 439 444 448 459 465 467 474 478 480 484 490 Illuminants 9.1 CIE Standard Illuminants and Sources 9.2 Color Temperature 9.3 Color-Rendering Index 9.4 CIE Metamerism Index 9.5 Dominant Wavelength 9.6 Excitation Purity 9.7 Colorimetric Purity 491 491 503 508 512 514 517 517 i i i i i i i i viii Contents 9.8 9.9 9.10 Application: Modeling Light-Emitting Diodes Application: Estimating the Illuminant in an Image Further Reading 518 520 524 10 Chromatic Adaptation 10.1 Changes in Illumination 10.2 Measuring Chromatic Adaptation 10.3 Mechanisms of Chromatic Adaptation 10.4 Models of Chromatic Adaptation 10.5 Application: Transforming sRGB Colors to D50 for an Workflow 10.6 Application: White Balancing a Digital Camera 10.7 Application: Color-Accurate Rendering 10.8 Further Reading ICC 553 555 562 564 11 Color and Image Appearance Models 11.1 Vocabulary 11.2 Color Appearance Phenomena 11.3 Color Appearance Modeling 11.4 Image Appearance Modeling 11.5 Applications of Color and Image Appearance Models 11.6 Further Reading 565 566 582 591 605 620 629 III Digital Color Imaging 12 Image Capture 12.1 Optical Image Formation 12.2 Lenses 12.3 Aberrations 12.4 The Diaphragm 12.5 The Shutter 12.6 Filters and Coatings 12.7 Solid-State Sensors 12.8 In-Camera Signal Processing 12.9 A Camera Model 12.10 Sensor Noise Characteristics 12.11 Measuring Camera Noise 12.12 Radiometric Camera Calibration 12.13 Light Field Data 12.14 Holography 12.15 Further Reading 525 526 530 532 538 631 633 635 649 654 667 668 669 672 678 682 683 688 694 697 701 706 i i i i i i i i Contents ix 13 High Dynamic Range Image Capture 13.1 Multi-Exposure Techniques 13.2 Response Curve Recovery 13.3 Noise Removal 13.4 Ghost Removal 13.5 Image Alignment 13.6 Single Capture High Dynamic Range Images 13.7 Direct High Dynamic Range Capture 13.8 Application: Drawing Programs 13.9 Application: Image-Based Material Editing 13.10 Further Reading 709 710 715 722 726 733 734 737 739 740 741 14 Display Technologies 14.1 Cathode-Ray Tubes (CRTs) 14.2 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) 14.3 Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays 14.4 Plasma Display Panels (PDPs) 14.5 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Displays 14.6 Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays 14.7 Field Emission Displays 14.8 Surface-Conduction Electron-Emitter Displays 14.9 Microcavity Plasma Devices 14.10 Interferometric Modulator (IMOD) Displays 14.11 Projection Displays 14.12 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Projectors 14.13 Digital Light Processing (DLP R ) Projectors 14.14 Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) Projectors 14.15 Multi-Primary Display Devices 14.16 High Dynamic Range Display Devices 14.17 Electronic Ink 14.18 Display Characterization 14.19 Further Reading 743 743 746 767 768 770 772 775 776 777 777 779 781 782 785 787 791 794 794 803 805 806 816 827 833 841 843 15 Image Properties and Image Display 15.1 Natural Image Statistics 15.2 Dynamic Range 15.3 Cross-Media Display 15.4 Gamut Mapping 15.5 Gamma Correction 15.6 Ambient Light i i i i i i i i Bibliography 1011 [1006] C Schlick “Fast Alternatives to Perlin’s Bias and Gain Functions.” In Graphics Gems IV, pp 401–403 San Diego: Academic Press, 1994 [1007] C Schlick “Quantization Techniques for the Visualization of High Dynamic Range Pictures.” In Photorealistic Rendering Techniques, edited by P Shirley, G Sakas, and S Mă ller, pp 720 u Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994 [1008] M Schmolesky “The Primary Visual Cortex.”, 2006 Available online (http://webvision.med utah.edu/VisualCortex.html) [1009] J L Schnapf, T W Kraft, and D A Baylor “Spectral Sensitivity of Human Cone Photoreceptors.” Nature 325:6103 (1987), 439–441 [1010] J L Schnapf, T W Kraft, B J Nunn, and D A Baylor “Spectral Sensitivity of Primate Photoreceptors.” Visual Neuroscience (1988), 255–261 [1011] M Schrauf, B Lingelbach, E Lingelbach, and E R Wist “The Hermann Grid and the Scintillation Effect.” Perception 24, supplement (1995), 88–89 [1012] M Schrauf, B Lingelbach, and E R Wist “The Scintillating Grid Illusion.” Vision Research 37:8 (1997), 1033–1038 [1013] P Schră der and W Sweldens Spherical Wavelets: Efciently Representing Functions on o the Sphere.” In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH ’95, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pp 161–172 Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995 [1014] E F Schubert and J K Kim “Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart.” Science 308 (2005), 1274–1278 [1015] M Schultze “Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina.” Anatomie und Entwicklungsmechanik (1866), 165286 Archiv fă r mikroskopische u [1016] A J Schwab Field Theory Concepts: Electromagnetic Fields, Maxwell’s Equations, Grad, Curl, Div, etc Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988 [1017] E Schwartz, R B Tootell, M S Silverman, E Switkes, and R L de Valois “On the Mathematical Structure of the Visuotopic Mapping of Macaque Striate Cortex.” Science 227 (1985), 1065–1066 [1018] E A Schwartz “Voltage Noise Observed in Rods of the Turtle Retina.” Journal of Physiology 272 (1977), 217–246 [1019] S H Schwartz Visual Perception: A Clinical Orientation New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004 [1020] H Seetzen, L A Whitehead, and G Ward “A High Dynamic Range Display using Low and High Resolution Modulators.” SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 34:1 (2003), 1450–1453 [1021] H Seetzen, W Heidrich, W Stuerzlinger, G Ward, L Whitehead, M Trentacoste, A Ghosh, and A Vorozcovs “High Dynamic Range Display Systems.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 23:3 (2004), 760–768 [1022] H Seetzen, H Li, G Ward, L Whitehead, and W Heidrich “Guidelines for Contrast, Brightness, and Amplitude Resolution of Displays.” In Society for Information Display (SID) Digest, pp 1229–1233, 2006 [1023] H Seetzen, S Makki, H Ip, T Wan, V Kwong, G Ward, W Heidrich, and L Whitehead “Self-Calibrating Wide Color Gamut High Dynamic Range Display.” In Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XII, 6492, edited by B E Rogowitz, T N Pappas, and S J Daly, 6492, p 64920Z SPIE, 2007 [1024] R G Seippel Optoelectronics for Technicians and Engineering Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989 i i i i i i i i 1012 Bibliography [1025] C C Semmelroth “Prediction of Lightness and Brightness on Different Backgrounds.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 60 (1970), 1685–1689 [1026] A Sempel and M Bă chel Design Aspects of Low Power Polymer/OLED Passive-Matrix u Displays.” Organic Electronics (2002), 89–92 [1027] J Sethian “A Fast Marching Level Set Method for Monotonically Advancing Fronts.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (1996), 1591– 1595 [1028] S A Shafer “Using Color to Separate Reflection Components.” Color Research and Application 10:4 (1985), 210–218 [1029] S E Shaheen, G E Jabbour, B Kippelen, N Peyghambarian, J D Anderson, S R Marder, N R Armstrong, E Bellmann, and R H Grubbs “Organic Light-Emitting Diode with 20 lm/W Efficiency using a Triphenyldiamine Side-Group Polymer as the Hole Transport Layer.” Applied Physics Letters 74:21 (1999), 3212–3214 [1030] R Shapley and M Hawken “Neural Mechanisms for Color Perception in the Primary Visual Cortex.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12:4 (2002), 426–432 [1031] R Shapley and J Victor “Hyperacuity in Cat Retinal Ganglion Cells.” Science 231 (1986), 999–1002 [1032] R Shapley “Visual Sensitivity and Parallel Retinocortical Channels.” Annual Review of Psychology 41 (1990), 635–658 [1033] R Shapley “A New View of the Primary Visual Cortex.” Neural Networks 17:5–6 (2004), 615–623 [1034] G Sharma and H J Trussell “Digital Color Imaging.” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 6:7 (1997), 901–932 [1035] G Sharma “LCDs Versus CRTs: Color Calibration and Gamut Considerations.” Proceedings of the IEEE: Special Issue on Flat Panel Display Technologies 90:4 (2002), 605–622 [1036] L T Sharpe, H J Andrew Stockman, and J Nathans “Opsin Genes, Cone Photopigments, Color Vision and Color Blindness.” In Color Vision: From Genes to Perception, edited by K R Gegenfurtner and L T Sharpe, pp 3–51 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999 [1037] J H Shaw “Solar Radiation.” The Ohio Journal of Science 53:5 (1953), 258–271 [1038] S L Sherwood, editor The Nature of Psychology: A Selection of Papers, Essays and Other Writings by Kenneth J W Craik Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966 [1039] S K Shevell and J Wei “Chromatic Induction: Border Contrast or Adaptation to Surrounding Light.” Vision Research 38 (1998), 1561–1566 [1040] J Shinar, editor Organic Light-Emitting Devices: A Survey New York: Springer-Verlag, 2003 [1041] S Shipp and S Zeki “Segregation of Pathways Leading from Area V2 to Areas V4 and V5 of Macaque Monkey Visual Cortex.” Nature 315:6017 (1985), 322–324 [1042] P Shirley and R K Morley Realistic Ray Tracing, Second edition Wellesley, Massachusetts: A K Peters, 2003 [1043] P Shirley, M Ashikhmin, S R Marschner, E Reinhard, K Sung, W B Thompson, and P Willemsen Fundamentals of Computer Graphics, Second edition Wellesley, Massachusetts: A K Peters, 2005 [1044] A Shmuel, M Korman, A Sterkin, M Harel, S Ullman, R Malach, and A Grinvald “Retinotopic Axis Specificity and Selective Clustering of Feedback Projections from V2 to V1 in the Owl Monkey.” Journal of Neuroscience 25:8 (2005), 2117–2131 i i i i i i i i Bibliography 1013 [1045] A E Siegman Lasers Sausalito, CA: University Science Books, 1986 [1046] F X Sillion and C Puech Radiosity and Global Illumination San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1994 [1047] E P Simoncelli and J Portilla “Texture Characterization via Joint Statistics of Wavelet Coefficient Magnitudes.” In Fifth IEEE Int’l Conf on Image Processing, Volume I, pp 62–66 Washington, DC: IEEE Press, 1998 [1048] E P Simoncelli “Bayesian Denoising of Visual Images in the Wavelet Domain.” In Bayesian Inference in Wavelet Based Models, Lecture Notes in Statistics 141, edited by P Mă ller and u B Vidakovic, Chapter 18, pp 291–308 New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999 [1049] E P Simoncelli “Modelling the Joint Statistics of Images in the Wavelet Domain.” In Proceedings of the SPIE 3818 (44th SPIE Annual Meeting), pp 188–195 Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 1999 [1050] L C Sincich and J C Horton “Divided by Cytochrome Oxydase: A Map of the Projections from V1 to V2 in Macaques.” Science 295:5560 (2002), 1734–1737 [1051] L C Sincich and J C Horton “The Circuitry of V1 and V2: Integration of Color, Form and Motion.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 28 (2005), 303–326 [1052] L C Sincich, K F Park, M J Wohlgemuth, and J C Horton “Bypassing V1: A Direct Geniculate Input to Area MT.” Nature Neuroscience 7:10 (2004), 1123–1128 [1053] L Sivik “Systems for Descriptive Colour Notations — Implications of Definitions and Methodology.” Farbe 40 (1994), 37–49 [1054] G Smith and D A Atchison The Eye and Visual Optical Instruments New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997 [1055] R C Smith and K A Baker “Optical Properties of the Clearest Natural Waters (200-800 nm).” Applied Optics 20:2 (1981), 177–184 [1056] R C Smith and J E Tyler “Optical Properties of Clear Natural Water.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 57:5 (1967), 589–601 [1057] V C Smith, J Pokorny, B B Lee, and D M Dacey “Primate Horizontal Cell Dynamics: An Analysis of Sensitivity Regulation in the Outer Retina.” Journal of Neurophysiology 85 (2001), 545–558 [1058] K Smith, G Krawczyk, K Myszkowski, and H.-P Seidel “Beyond Tone Mapping: Enhanced Depiction of Tone Mapped HDR Images.” Computer Graphics Forum 25:3 (2006), 427–438 [1059] R Smith-Gillespie “Design Considerations for LED Backlights in Large Format Color LCDs.” In LEDs in Displays — SID Technical Symposium, 2006 [1060] H M Smith Principles of Holography, Second edition New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons,, Inc., 1975 [1061] W J Smith Modern Optical Engineering, Third edition New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000 [1062] W J Smith Modern Lens Design, Second edition New York: McGraw Hill, 2005 [1063] B Smits “An RGB to Spectrum Conversion for Reflectances.” journal of graphics tools 4:4 (1999), 11–22 [1064] E Snitzer “Cylindrical Dielectric Waveguide Modes.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 51:5 (1961), 491–498 [1065] D M Snodderly, J D Auran, and F C Delori “The Macular Pigment II: Spatial Distribution in Primate Retinas.” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 25:6 (1984), 674–685 [1066] A Sobel “Television’s Bright New Technology.” Scientific American i i i i i i i i 1014 Bibliography [1067] Society of Dyers and Colourists Colour Index Bradford, UK: Society of Dyers and Colourists, 1971 Available online (http://www.colour-index.org) [1068] F M Sogandares and E S Fry “Absorption Spectrum (340–640 nm) of Pure Water II Photothermal Measurements.” Applied Optics 36:33 (1997), 8699–8709 [1069] J A Solomon, G Sperling, and C Chubb “The Lateral Inhibition of Perceived Contrast Is Indifferent to On-Center/Off-Center Segregation, but Specific to Orientation.” Vision Research 33:18 (1993), 2671–2683 [1070] X Song, G M Johnson, and M D Fairchild “Minimizing the Perception of Chromatic Noise in Digital Images.” In IS&T/SID 12th Color Imaging Conference, pp 340–346 Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2004 [1071] M Sonka, V Hlavac, and R Boyle Image Processing, Analysis, and Machine Vision, Second edition Pacific Grove, CA: PWS Publishing, 1999 [1072] K E Spaulding, E J Giorgianni, and G Woolfe “Reference Input/Output Medium Metric RGB Color Encoding (RIMM-ROMM RGB).” In PICS2000: Image Processing, Image Quality, Image Capture, Systems Conference, pp 155–163 Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2000 [1073] K E Spauling, G J Woolfe, and R L Joshi “Extending the Color Gamut and Dynamic Range of an sRGB Image using a Residual Image.” Color Research and Application 25:4 (2003), 251–266 [1074] N Speranskaya “Determination of Spectrum Color Co-ordinates for Twenty-Seven Normal Observers.” Optics Spectrosc (1959), 424–428 [1075] L Spillmann and J S Werner, editors Visual Perception: The Neurological Foundations San Diego: Academic Press, 1990 [1076] L Spillmann “The Hermann Grid Illusion: A Tool for Studying Human Receptive Field Organization.” Perception 23 (1994), 691–708 [1077] B Stabell and U Stabell “Chromatic Rod-Cone Interaction during Dark Adaptation.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 15:11 (1998), 2809–2815 [1078] B Stabell and U Stabell “Effects of Rod Activity on Color Perception with Light Adaptation.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 19:7 (2002), 1248–1258 [1079] J Stam “Stable Fluids.” In Proceedings SIGGRAPH ’99, Computer Graphics Proceedings,Annual Conference Series, pp 121–128 Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Longman, 1999 [1080] J Starck, E Pantin, and F Murtagh “Deconvolution in Astronomy: A Review.” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 114 (2002), 1051–1069 [1081] O N Stavroudis “Orthomic Systems of Rays in Inhomogeneous Isotropic Media.” Applied Optics 10:2 (1971), 260–263 [1082] O N Stavroudis The Optics of Rays, Wavefronts and Caustics New York: Academic Press, 1972 [1083] D A Steigerwald, J C Bhat, D Collins, R M Fletcher, M O Holcomb, M J Ludowise, P S Martin, and S L Rudaz “Illumination with Solid State Lighting Technology.” IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 8:2 (2002), 310–320 [1084] J Steinhoff and D Underhill “Modifications of the Euler Equations for “Vorticity Confinement”: Application to the Computation of Interacting Vortex Rings.” Physics of Fluids 6:8 (1994), 2738–2744 [1085] J C Stevens and S S Stevens “Brightness fFunctions: Effects of Adaptation.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 53 (1963), 375–385 [1086] S S Stevens “To Honor Fechner and Repeal His Law.” Science 133:3446 (1961), 80–86 i i i i i i i i Bibliography 1015 [1087] W Stiles and J Burch “N.P.L Colour-Matching Investigation: Final Report.” Optica Acta (1959), 1–26 [1088] W S Stiles and B H Crawford “The Luminous Efficiency of Rays Entering the Eye Pupil at Different Points.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 112:778 (1933), 428–450 [1089] W S Stiles “The Luminous Sensitivity of Monochromatic Rays Entering the Eye Pupil at Different Points and a New Colour Effect.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 123:830 (1937), 64–118 [1090] A Stimson Photometry and Radiometry for Engineers New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1974 [1091] A Stockman and L T Sharpe “The Spectral Sensitivities of the Middle- and LongWavelength-Sensitive Cones Derived from Measurements on Observers of Known Genotype.” Vision Research 40:13 (2000), 1711–1737 [1092] A Stockman, D I MacLeod, and N E Johnson “Spectral Sensitivities of the Human Cones.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 10:12 (1993), 2491–2521 [1093] E J Stollnitz, V Ostromoukhov, and D H Salesin “Reproducing Color Images using Custom Inks.” In Proceedings SIGGRAPH ’98, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pp 267–274 Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998 [1094] R I Stolyarevskaya “The 25th Meeting of CIE and Measurements on LED Optical Parameters.” Measurement Techniques 47:3 (2004), 316–320 [1095] M C Stone, W B Cowan, and J C Beatty “Color Gamut Mapping and the Printing of Digital Color Images.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 7:4 (1988), 249–292 [1096] M C Stone “Color Balancing Experimental Projection Displays.” In Proceedings of the 9th Color Imaging Conference: Color Science and Engineering: Systems, Technologies, Applications, pp 342–347 Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2001 [1097] M C Stone A Field Guide to Digital Color Natick, MA: A K Peters, 2003 [1098] M Stă rring, E Granum, and H J Andersen “Estimation of the Illuminant Colour using o Highlights from Human Skin.” In International Conference on Color in Graphics and Image Processing, pp 45–50 Paris: Lavoisier, 2000 [1099] A Streitwieser Jr, C H Heathcock, and E M Kosower Introduction to Organic Chemistry, Fourth edition New York: Macmillan, 1992 [1100] C F Stromeyer “Form-Color After Effects in Human Vision.” In Handbook of Sensory Physiology: Perception, VIII, edited by R Held, H W Leibowitz, and H L Teuber, pp 97–142 New York: Springer-Verlag, 1978 [1101] S Subramanian and I Biederman “Does Contrast Reversal Affect Object Identification?” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38:998 [1102] K Suffern Ray Tracing from the Ground Up Wellesley, MA: A K Peters, 2007 [1103] A Sugimoto, H Ochi, S Fujimura, A Yoshida, T Miyadera, and M Tsuchida “Flexible OLED Displays using Plastic Substrates.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 10:1 (2004), 107–114 [1104] H Sugiura, K Sakawa, and J Fujimo “False Color Signal Reduction Method for Single-Chip Color Video Cameras.” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 40:2 (1994), 100–106 [1105] W E Sumpner “The Diffusion of Light.” Proceedings of the Physical Society of London 12 (1892), 10–29 [1106] Y Sun, D Fracchia, T W Calvert, and M S Drew “Deriving Spectra from Colors and Rendering Light Interference.” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 19:4 (1999), 61–67 i i i i i i i i 1016 Bibliography [1107] Y Sun “Rendering Biological Iridescences with RGB-Based Renderers.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 25:1 (2006), 100–129 [1108] W Suzuki, K S Saleem, and K Tanaka “Divergent Backward Projections from the Anterior Part of the Inferotemporal Cortex (Area TE) in the Macaque.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 422:2 (2000), 206–228 [1109] H Suzuki Electronic Absorption Spectra and Geometry of Organic Molecules: An Application of Molecular Orbital Theory New York: Academic Press, 1967 [1110] M J Swain and D H Ballard “Color Indexing.” International Journal of Computer Vision 7:1 (1991), 11–32 [1111] Swedish Standards Institute Colour Notation System, Second edition Stockholm: Swedish Standards Institute, 1990 [1112] K Takatoh, M Hasegawa, M Koden, N Itoh, R Hasegawa, and M Sakamoto Alignment Technologies and Applications of Liquid Crystal Devices London: Taylor and Francis, 2005 [1113] H Takeshi, H Onoe, H Shizuno, E Yoshikawa, N Sadato, H Tsukada, and Y Watanabe “Mapping of Cortical Areas Involved in Color Vision in Non-Human Primates.” Neuroscience Letters 230:1 (1997), 17–20 [1114] A A Talin, K A Dean, and J E Jaskie “Field Emission Displays: A Critical Review.” Solid-State Electronics 45 (2001), 963–976 [1115] E.-V Talvala, A Adams, M Horowitz, and M Levoy “Veiling Glare in High Dynamic Range Imaging.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 26:3 (2007), 37–1 – 37–9 [1116] N Tamura, N Tsumura, and Y Miyake “Masking Model for Accurate Colorimetric Characterization of LCD.” In Proceedings of the IS&T/SID Tenth Color Imaging Conference, pp 312– 316 Springfield, VA: Society of Imaging Science and Technology, 2002 [1117] C W Tang and S A VanSlyke “Organic Electroluminescent Diode.” Applied Physics Letters 51:12 (1987), 913–915 [1118] J Tanida and K Yamada “TOMBO: Thin Observation by Bound Optics.” Applied Optics 40:11 (2001), 1806–1813 [1119] J Tanida, R Shogenji, Y Kitamura, M Miyamoto, and S Miyatake “Color Imaging with an Integrated Compound Imaging System.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 11:18 (2003), 2109–2117 [1120] L E Tannas, editor Flat-Panel Displays and CRTs New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1985 [1121] A H Taylor and E B Rosa “Theory, Construction, and Use of the Photometric Integrating Sphere.” Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards 18 (1922), 280–325 [1122] H Terstiege “Chromatic Adaptation: A State-of-the-Art Report.” Journal of Color and Appearance (1972), 19–23 [1123] A J P Theuwissen “CCD or CMOS Image Sensors for Consumer Digital Still Photography.” In IEEE International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems, and Applications, pp 168–171, 2001 [1124] W B Thompson, P Shirley, and J Ferwerda “A Spatial Post-Processing Algorithm for Images of Night Scenes.” journal of graphics tools 7:1 (2002), 1–12 [1125] M G A Thomson “Higher-Order Structure in Natural Scenes.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 16:7 (1999), 1549–1553 [1126] M G A Thomson “Visual Coding and the Phase Structure of Natural Scenes.” Network: Computation in Neural Systems 10:2 (1999), 123–132 i i i i i i i i Bibliography 1017 [1127] L G Thorell, R L de Valois, and D G Albrecht “Spatial Mapping of Monkey V1 Cells with Pure Color and Luminance Stimuli.” Vision Research 24:7 (1984), 751–769 [1128] R Tilley Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 1999 [1129] D Todorovi´ “Lightness and Junctions.” Perception 26 (1997), 379–395 c [1130] D J Tolhurst, Y Tadmor, and T Chiao “Amplitude Spectra of Natural Images.” Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 12 (1992), 229–232 [1131] C Tomasi and R Manduchi “Bilateral Filtering for Gray and Color Images.” In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp 836–846 Washington, DC: IEEE Press, 1998 [1132] S Tominaga and B A Wandell “The Standard Surface Reflectance Model and Illuminant Estimation.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 6:4 (1989), 576–584 [1133] S Tominaga and B A Wandell “Natural Scene-Illuminant Estimation using the Sensor Correlation.” Proceedings of the IEEE 90:1 (2002), 42–56 [1134] S Tominaga, S Ebisui, and B A Wandell “Scene Illuminant Classification: Brighter is Better.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 18:1 (2001), 55–64 [1135] S Tominaga “Surface Identification using the Dichromatic Reflection Model.” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 13 (1991), 658–670 [1136] S Tominaga “Dichromatic Reflection Models for a Variety of Materials.” Color Research and Application 19:4 (1994), 277–285 [1137] S Tominaga “Multichannel Vision System for Estimation Surface and Illumination Functions.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 13:11 (1996), 2163–2173 [1138] R B H Tootell, J B Reppas, A M Dale, R B Look, M I Sereno, R Malach, T J Brady, and B R Rosen “Visual Motion Aftereffect in Human Cortical Area MT Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.” Nature 375:6527 (1995), 139–141 [1139] R B H Tootell, K Nelissen, W Vanduffel, and G A Orban “Search for Color ’Center(s)’ in Macaque Visual Cortex.” Cerebral Cortex 14:4 (2004), 353–363 [1140] K E Torrance and E M Sparrow “Theory for Off-Specular Reflection from Roughened Surfaces.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 57:9 (1967), 1105–1114 [1141] K Toyoda “Digital Still Cameras at a Glance.” In Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras, edited by J Nakamura, pp 1–19 Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis, 2006 [1142] C van Trigt “Color Rendering, A Reassessment.” Color Research and Application 24:3 (1999), 197–206 [1143] T Troscianko and I Low “A Technique for Presenting Isoluminant Stimuli using a Microcomputer.” Spatial Vision (1985), 197–202 [1144] T Troscianko, R Baddeley, C P´ rraga, U Leonards, and J Troscianko “Visual Encoding of a Green Leaves in Primate Vision.” Journal of Vision (2003), 137a [1145] T Troscianko “A Given Visual Field Location Has a Wide Range of Receptive Field Sizes.” Vision Research 22 (1982), 1363–1369 [1146] J Tsitsiklis “Efficient Algorithms for Globally Optimal Trajectories.” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 40 (1995), 1528–1538 [1147] D Y Ts’o and C D Gilbert “The Organization of Chromatic and Spatial Interactions in the Primate Striate Cortex.” Journal of Neuroscience 8:5 (1988), 1712–1727 i i i i i i i i 1018 Bibliography [1148] T Tsuji, S Kawami, S Miyaguchi, T Naijo, T Yuki, S Matsuo, and H Miyazaki “RedPhosphorescent OLEDs Employing bis-(8-Quinolinolato)-Phenolato-Aluminum (III) Complexes as Emission-Layer Hosts.” SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 35:1 (2004), 900–903 [1149] M Tsukada and Y Ohta “An Approach to Color Constancy from Mutual Reflection.” In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Vision, pp 385–389 Washington, DC: IEEE Press, 1990 [1150] T Tsutsui “A Light-Emitting Sandwich Filling.” Nature 420:6917 (2002), 752–755 [1151] H F J M van Tuijl “A New Visual Illusion: Neonlike Color Spreading and Complementary Color Induction between Subjective Contours.” Acta Psychologica 39 (1975), 441–445 [1152] J Tumblin and H Rushmeier “Tone Reproduction for Computer Generated Images.” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 13:6 (1993), 42–48 [1153] J Tumblin and G Turk “LCIS: A Boundary Hierarchy for Detail-Preserving Contrast Reduction.” In Proceedings SIGGRAPH ’99, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, edited by A Rockwood, pp 83–90 Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Longman, 1999 [1154] K Turkowski “Transformations of Surface Normal Vectors with Applications to Three Dimensional Computer Graphics.” Technical Report 22, Apple Computer, Inc., 1990 [1155] S R Turns An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications, Second edition New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996 [1156] S A Twomey, C F Bohren, and J L Mergenthaler “Reflectance and Albedo Differences between Wet and Dry Surfaces.” Applied Optics 25:3 (1986), 431–437 [1157] C W Tyler “Analysis of Human Receptor Density.” In Basic and Clinical Applications of Vision Science, edited by V Lakshminarayanan, pp 63–71 Norwood, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997 [1158] E P T Tyndall “Chromaticity Sensibility to Wavelength Difference as a Function of Purity.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 23:1 (1933), 15–22 [1159] H Uchiike and T Hirakawa “Color Plasma Displays.” Proceedings of the IEEE 90:4 (2002), 533–539 [1160] H Uchiike, K Miura, N Nakayama, and T Shinoda “Secondary Electron Emission Characteristics of Dielectric Materials in AC-Operated Plasma Display Panels.” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices ED-23 (1976), 1211–1217 [1161] Z Ulanowski “Ice Analog Halos.” Applied Optics 44:27 (2005), 5754–5758 [1162] R Ulbricht “Die Bestimmung der mittleren raumlichen Lichtintensitat durch nur eine Messung.” Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift 21 (1900), 595–597 [1163] I Underwood “A Review of Microdisplay Technologies.” In The Annual Conference of the UK and Ireland Chapter of the Society for Information Display San Jose, CA: Society for Information Display, 2000 [1164] L G Ungerleider and R Desimone “Cortical Connections of Visual Area MT in the Macaque.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 248:2 (1986), 190–222 [1165] L G Ungerleider and R Desimone “Projections to the Superior Temporal Sulcus from the Central and Peripheral Field Representations of V1 and V2.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 248:2 (1986), 147–163 [1166] United States Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere U.S Standard Atmosphere, 1976 Washington, D.C.: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States Air Force, 1976 i i i i i i i i Bibliography 1019 [1167] M Uyttendaele, A Eden, and R Szeliski “Eliminating Ghosting and Exposure Artifacts in Image Mosaics.” In IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Volume 2, p 509 Washington, DC: IEEE Press, 2001 [1168] K M Vaeth “OLED-display technology.” Information Display 19:6 (2003), 12–17 [1169] J M Valeton and D van Norren “Light-Adaptation of Primate Cones: An Analysis Based on Extracellular Data.” Vision Research 23:12 (1982), 1539–1547 [1170] R L de Valois and K K de Valois “Neural Coding of Color.” In Handbook of Perception V, edited by E C Carterette and M P Friedman, pp 117–166 New York: Academic Press, 1975 [1171] R L de Valois and K K de Valois “A Multi-Stage Color Model.” Vision Research 33 (1993), 1053–1065 [1172] R L de Valois, I Abramov, and G H Jacobs “Analysis of Response Patterns of LGN Cells.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 56:7 (1966), 966–977 [1173] R L de Valois, D M Snodderly Jr, E W Yund, and N K Hepler “Responses of Macaque Lateral Geniculate Cells to Luminance and Color Figures.” Sensory Processes 1:3 (1977), 244– 259 [1174] R L de Valois, K K de Valois, E Switkes, and L E Mahon “Hue Scaling of Isoluminant and Cone-Specific Lights.” Vision Research 37:7 (1997), 885–897 [1175] R L de Valois, N P Cottaris, S D Elfar, L E Mahon, and J A Wilson “Some Transformations of Color Information from Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Striate Cortex.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:9 (2000), 4997–5002 [1176] R L de Valois, K K de Valois, and L E Mahon “Contribution of S Opponent Cells to Color Appearance.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:1 (2000), 512–517 [1177] D I Vaney “The Mosaic of Amacrine Cells in the Mammalian Retina.” Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (1990), 49–100 [1178] R VanRullen and T Dong “Attention and Scintillation.” Vision Research 43:21 (2003), 2191–2196 [1179] D Varin “Fenomeni di contrasto e diffusione cromatica nell organizzazione spaziale del campo percettivo.” Rivista di Psicologia 65 (1971), 101–128 [1180] R G Vautin and B M Dow “Color Cell Groups in Foveal Striate Cortex of the Behaving Macaque.” Journal of Neurophysiology 54:2 (1985), 273–292 [1181] T R Vidyasagar, J J Kulikowski, D M Lipnicki, and B Dreher “Convergence of Parvocellular and Magnocellular Information Channels in the Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque.” European Journal of Neuroscience 16:5 (2002), 945–956 [1182] J A S Viggiano “Modeling the Color of Multi-Colored Halftones.” In Proceedings of the Technical Association of Graphical Arts, pp 44–62 Sewickley, PA: Technical Association of the Graphic Arts, 1990 [1183] B Vohnsen “Photoreceptor Waveguides and Effective Retinal Image Quality.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 24:3 (2007), 597607 [1184] E Vă lkl, L F Allard, and D C Joy, editors Introduction to Electron Holography New o York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 1999 [1185] J J Vos, J Walraven, and A van Meeteren “Light Profiles of the Foveal Image of a Point Source.” Vision Research 16:2 (1976), 215–219 [1186] J Vos “Disability Glare—A State of the Art Report.” CIE Journal 3:2 (1984), 39–53 [1187] M J Vrhel and H J Trussell “Color Device Calibration: A Mathematical Formulation.” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 8:12 (1999), 1796–1806 i i i i i i i i 1020 Bibliography [1188] H L de Vries “The Quantum Character of Light and Its Bearing upon the Threshold of Vision, the Differential Sensitivity and Acuity of the Eye.” Physica 10:7 (1943), 553–564 [1189] T Wachtler, T J Sejnowski, and T D Albright “Representation of Color Stimuli in Awake Macaque Primary Visual Cortex.” Neuron 37:4 (2003), 681–691 [1190] H G Wagner, E F MacNichol, and M L Wolbarsht “Three Response Properties of Single Ganglion Cells in the Goldfish Retina.” Journal of General Physiology 43 (1960), 45–62 [1191] G Wald and D R Griffin “The Change in Refractive Power of the Human Eye in Dim and Bright Light.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 37 (1946), 321–336 [1192] I Wald and P Slusallek “State of the Art in Interactive Ray Tracing.” In Eurographics STAR State of the Art Reports, pp 21–42 Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland: Eurographics Association, 2001 [1193] I Wald, P Slusallek, and C Benthin “Interactive Distributed Ray Tracing of Highly Complex Models.” In Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, edited by S J Gortler and K Myszkowski, pp 274–285 Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland: Eurographics Association, 2001 [1194] G Wald “Human Vision and the Spectrum.” Science 101, pp 653–658 [1195] M M Waldrop “Brilliant Displays.” Scientific American 297:3 (2007), 94–97 [1196] H Wallach “Brightness Constancy and the Nature of Achromatic Colors.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 38 (1948), 310–324 [1197] G Walls “The Filling-In Process.” American Journal of Optometry 31 (1954), 329–340 [1198] E Walowit, C J McCarthy, and R S Berns “Spectrophotometric Color Matching Based on Two-Constant Kubelka-Munk Theory.” Color Research and Application 13:6 (1988), 358–362 [1199] J W T Walsh Photometry, Third edition New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1965 [1200] B Walter “Notes on the Ward BRDF.” Technical Report PCG-05-06, Cornell Program of Computer Graphics, Ithaca, NY, 2005 [1201] B A Wandell and J E Farrell “Water into Wine: Converting Scanner RGB to Tristimulus XYZ [1909-11].” In Proceedings of SPIE 1909, pp 92–101 Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 1993 [1202] B A Wandell, H A Baseler, A B Poirson, G M Boynton, and S A Engel “Computational Neuroimaging: Color Tuning in Two Human Cortical Areas Measured using fMRI.” In Color Vision: From Genes to Perception, edited by K R Gegenfurtner and L Sharpe, pp 269–282 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999 [1203] B A Wandell “Color Rendering of Color Camera Data.” Color Research and Application 11 (1986), S30–S33 [1204] B A Wandell “The Synthesis and Analysis of Color Images.” IEEE Transactions on Patterns Analysis and Machine Intelligence 9:1 (1987), 2–13 [1205] B A Wandell Foundations of Vision Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, inc., 1995 [1206] J Y A Wang and E H Adelson “Representing Moving Images with Layers.” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 3:5 (1994), 625–638 [1207] L Wang, L.-Y Wei, K Zhou, B Guo, and H.-Y Shum “High Dynamic Range Image Hallucination.” In Rendering Techniques ’07 (Proceedings of the Eurographics Symposium on Rendering), 2007 [1208] G Ward and E Eydelberg-Vileshin “Picture Perfect RGB Rendering using Spectral Prefiltering and Sharp Color Primaries.” In Thirteenth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, edited by P Debevec and S Gibson, pp 123–130 Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland: Eurographics Association, 2002 i i i i i i i i Bibliography 1021 [1209] G Ward and M Simmons “Subband Encoding of High Dynamic Range Imagery.” In APGV ’04: Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization, pp 83–90 New York: ACM Press, 2004 [1210] G Ward and M Simmons “JPEG-HDR: A Backwards Compatible, High Dynamic Range Extension to JPEG.” In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Color Imaging Conference, pp 283–290 Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2005 [1211] G Ward, H Rushmeier, and C Piatko “A Visibility Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for High Dynamic Range Scenes.” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 3:4 (1997), 291–306 [1212] G Ward “Measuring and Modeling Anisotropic Reflection.” Proc SIGGRAPH ’92, Computer Graphics 26:2 (1992), 265–272 [1213] G Ward “A Contrast-Based Scalefactor for Luminance Display.” In Graphics Gems IV, edited by P Heckbert, pp 415–421 Boston: Academic Press, 1994 [1214] G Ward “Fast, Robust Image Registration for Compositing High Dynamic Range Photographs from Hand-Held Exposures.” journal of graphics tools 8:2 (2003), 17–30 [1215] C Ware “Color Sequences for Univariate Maps: Theory, Experiments, and Principles.” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 8:5 (1988), 41–49 [1216] C Ware Information Visualization: Perception for Design Morgan Kaufmann, 2000 [1217] H Wă ssle and B B Boycott “Functional Architecture of the Mammalian Retina.” Physioa logical Reviews 71:2 (1991), 447480 [1218] H Wă ssle, U Gră nert, M.-H Chun, and B B Boycott “The Rod Pathway of the Macaque a u Monkey Retina: Identification of AII-Amacrine Cells with Antibodies against Calretinin.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 361:3 (1995), 537–551 [1219] A Watson and A Ahumada “A Standard Model for Foveal Detection of Spatial Contrast.” Journal of Vision 5:9 (2005), 717–740 [1220] A Watson and J Solomon “A Model of Visual Contrast Gain Control and Pattern Masking.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 14 (1997), 2378–2390 [1221] A Watson “The Spatial Standard Observer: A Human Vision Model for Display Inspection.” SID Symposium Digest of Tehcnical Papers 37 (2006), 1312–1315 [1222] R A Weale “Human Lenticular Fluorescence and Transmissivity, and Their Effects on Vision.” Experimental Eye Research 41:4 (1985), 457–473 [1223] R A Weale “Age and Transmittance of the Human Crystalline Lens.” Journal of Physiology 395 (1988), 577–587 [1224] M S Weaver, V Adamovich, M Hack, R Kwong, and J J Brown “High Efficiency and Long Lifetime Phosphorescent OLEDs.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electroluminescence of Molecular Materials and Related Phenomena, pp 10–35 Washington, DC: IEEE, 2003 [1225] E H Weber “De pulsu, resorptione, auditu et tactu.” In Annotationes Anatomicae et Physiologicae Lipsiae: C F Kă hler, 1834 o [1226] E H Weber “On the Sense of Touch and Common Sensibility.” In E H Weber On the Tactile Senses, edited by H E Ross and D J Murray, Second edition Hove, UK: Erlbaum, 1996 [1227] M A Webster and J D Mollon “Color Constancy Influenced by Contrast Adaptation.” Nature 373:6516 (1995), 694–698 [1228] M Webster “Light Adaptation, Contrast Adaptation, and Human Colour Vision.” In Colour Perception: Mind and the Physical World, edited by R Mausfeld and D Heyer, pp 67–110 Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003 i i i i i i i i 1022 Bibliography [1229] M Webster “Pattern-Selective Adaptation in Color and Form Perception.” In The Visual Neurosciences, Volume 2, edited by L Chalupa and J Werner, pp 936–947 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004 [1230] A R Weeks Fundamentals of Image Processing New York: Wiley-IEEE Press, 1996 [1231] B Weiss “Fast Median and Bilateral Filtering.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 25:3 (2006), 519–526 [1232] E W Weisstein “Full Width at Half Maximum.” In MathWorld — A Wolfram Web Resource Wolfram Research, 1999 Available online (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/) [1233] E W Weisstein “Mie Scattering.” In MathWorld — A Wolfram Web Resource Wolfram Research, 1999 Available online (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/) [1234] S.-W Wen, M.-T Lee, and C H Chen “Recent Development of Blue Fluorescent OLED Materials and Devices.” IEEE/OSA Journal of Display Technology 1:1 (2005), 90–99 [1235] J Weng, P Cohen, and M Herniou “Camera Calibration with Distortion Models and Accuracy Evaluation.” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 14:10 (1994), 965–980 [1236] S Wesolkowski, S Tominaga, and R D Dony “Shading and Highlight Invariant Color Image Segmentation using the MPC Algorithm.” In Proceedings of the SPIE (Color Imaging: DeviceIndependent Color, Color Hard Copy and Graphic Arts VI), pp 229–240 Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 2001 [1237] R S West, H Konijn, W Sillevis-Smitt, S Kuppens, N Pfeffer, Y Martynov, Y Takaaki, S Eberle, G Harbers, T W Tan, and C E Chan “High Brightness Direct LED Backlight for LCD-TV.” SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 34:1 (2003), 1262–1265 [1238] G Westheimer “Visual Acuity.” Annual Review of Psychology 16 (1965), 359–380 [1239] G Westheimer “Visual Acuity.” In Adler’s Physiology of the Eye, edited by R A Moses and W M Hart St Louis: The C V Mosby Company, 1987 [1240] S Westin, J Arvo, and K Torrance “Predicting Reflectance Functions from Complex Surfaces.” In Proceedings SIGGRAPH ’99, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pp 255–264 Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Longman, 1999 [1241] M White “A New Effect on Perceived Lightness.” Perception 8:4 (1979), 413–416 [1242] T Whitted “An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display.” Communications of the ACM 23:6 (1980), 343–349 [1243] H Widdel, D L Grossman, D L Post, and J Walraven, editors Color in Electronic Displays Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 1992 [1244] T N Wiesel and D H Hubel “Spatial and Chromatic Interactions in the Lateral Geniculate Body of the Rhesus Monkey.” Journal of Neurophysiology 29 (1966), 1115–1156 [1245] D R Williams and A Roorda “The Trichromatic Cone Mosaic in the Human Eye.” In Color Vision: From Genes to Perception, edited by K R Gegenfurtner and L T Sharpe, pp 113–122 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999 [1246] T L Williams The Optical Transfer Function of Imaging Systems Bristol, UK: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999 [1247] S J Williamson and H Z Cummins Light and Color in Nature and Art New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1983 [1248] E N Wilmer and W D Wright “Colour Sensitivity of the Fovea Centralis.” Nature 156 (1945), 119–121 [1249] K Witt “Modified CIELAB Formula Tested using a Textile Pass/Fail Data Set.” Colour Research and Application 19 (1994), 273–285 i i i i i i i i Bibliography 1023 [1250] L B Wolff “Polarization-Based Material Classification from Specular Reflection.” IEEE Transactions on Patterns Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12:11 (1990), 1059–1071 [1251] M Wong-Riley “Columnar Cortico-Cortical Interconnections within the Visual System of the Squirrel and Macaque Monkeys.” Brain Research 162:2 (1979), 201–217 [1252] H.-S P Wong “CMOS Imge Sensors — Recent Advances and Device Scaling Considerations.” In International Electron Devices Meeting Technical Digest, pp 201–204, 1997 [1253] W Wright “A Red-Determination of the Trichromatic Coefficients of the Spectral Colours.” Trans Opt Soc 30 (1928–1929), 141–161 [1254] W D Wright “The Characteristics of Tritanopia.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 42 (1952), 509–520 [1255] W Wright “Why and How Chromatic Adaptation Has Been Studied.” Color Research and Application (1981), 147–152 [1256] W Wu and J P Allebach “Imaging Colorimetry using a Digital Camera.” Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 44:4 (2000), 267–279 [1257] S Wurmfeld “Color in Abstract Painting.” In Color for Science, Art and Technology, edited by K Nassau Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V., 1998 [1258] D R Wyble and R Berns “A Critical Review of Spectral Models Applied to Binary Color Printing.” Color Research and Application 25 (2000), 4–19 [1259] D R Wyble and M R Rosen “Color Management of DLP Projectors.” In Proceedings of the 12th IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference, pp 228–232 Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2004 [1260] D R Wyble and H Zhang “Colorimetric Characterization Model for DLP Projectors.” In Proceedings of the 11th IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference, pp 346–350 Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2003 [1261] G Wyszecki and W S Stiles Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982 [1262] G Wyszecki and W S Stiles Color science: Concepts and methods, quantitative data and formulae, Second edition John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 2000 [1263] K Xiao, C Li, M Luo, and C Taylor “Color Appearance for Dissimilar Sizes.” In IS&T CGIV, 2nd European Conference on Color in Graphics, Imaging, and Vision, pp 12–16 Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2004 [1264] C Xu, W Zhang, W.-H Ki, and M Chan “A 1.0-V VDD CMOS Active-Pixel Sensor with Complementary Pixel Architecture and Pulsewidth Modulation Fabricated with a 0.25 μ m CMOS Process.” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 37:12 (2002), 1853–1859 [1265] N H Yabuta and E M Callaway “Functional Streams and Local Connections of Layer 4C Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey.” Journal of Neuroscience 18:22 (1998), 9489–9499 [1266] O Yadid-Pecht and E R Fossum “Wide Intrascene Dynamic Range CMOS APS using Dual Sampling.” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 44:10 (1997), 1721–1723 [1267] H Yamaguchi and M D Fairchild “A Study of Simultaneous Lightness Perception for Stimuli with Multiple Illumination Levels.” In IS&T/SID 12th Color Imaging Conference, pp 22–28 Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2004 [1268] M Yamaguchi, T Ajito, and N Ohyama “Multiprimary Color Display using Holographic Optical Element.” In Proceedings of the SPIE 3293, edited by S A Benton, pp 70–77 Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 1998 i i i i i i i i 1024 Bibliography [1269] M Yamaguchi, H Haneishi, H Fukuda, J Kishimoto, H Kanazawa, M Tsuchida, R Iwama, and N Ohyama “High-Fidelity Video and Still-Image Communication based on Spectral Information: Natural Vision System and Its Applications.” In Proceedings of SPIE 6062, edited by M R Rosen, F H Imai, and S Tominaga, pp 60620G–1–60620G–12 Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 2006 [1270] M Yamauchi “Jones-Matrix Models for Twisted-Nematic Liquid-Crystal Devices.” Applied Optics 44:21 (2005), 4484–4493 [1271] J N Yang and L T Maloney “Illuminant Cues in Surface Color Perception: Tests of Three Candidate Cues.” Vision Research 41 (2001), 2581–2600 [1272] D X D Yang, A E Gamal, B Fowler, and H Tian “A 640 × 512 CMOS Image Sensor with Ultrawide Dynamic Range Floating-Point Pixel-Level ADC.” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 34:12 (1999), 1821–1834 [1273] T Yasuda, T Hamamoto, and K Aizawa “Adaptive-Integration-Time Sensor with Real-Time Reconstruction Function.” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 50:1 (2003), 111–120 [1274] P Yeh “Extended Jones Matrix Method.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 72:4 (1982), 507–513 [1275] H Yersin “Triplet emitters for OLED applications Mechanisms of exciton trapping and control of emission properties.” In Transition Metal and Rare Earth Compounds, Topics in Current Chemistry 241, edited by H Yersin Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2004 [1276] M.-S Yoo, J.-N Kim, D.-J Woo, S.-H Yim, and Y.-H Cho “Development of Performance and Cost-Oriented HD PDP TV with High Picture Quality using a High Efficiency Hexagonal Array Structure.” Journal of the Society for Information Display 12 (2004), 251–256 [1277] Y Yoshida and Y Yamamoto “Color Calibration of LCDs.” In Proceedings of the IS&T/SID Tenth Color Imaging Conference, pp 305–311 Springfield, VA: Society of Imaging Science and Technology, 2002 [1278] A Yoshida, V Blanz, K Myszkowski, and H.-P Seidel “Perceptual Evaluation of Tone Mapping Operators with Real-World Scenes.” In Proceedings of SPIE 5666 (Human Vision and Electronic Imaging X), pp 192–203 Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 2005 [1279] A Yoshida, R Mantiuk, K Myszkowski, and H.-P Seidel “Analysis of Reproducing RealWorld Appearance on Displays of Varying Dynamic Range.” Computer Graphics Forum 25:3 (2006), 415–426 [1280] K Yoshikawa, Y Kanazawa, M Wakitani, T Shinoda, and A Ohtsuka “A Full Color AC Plasma Display with 256 Gray Scale.” In Proceedings of Asia Display, pp 605–608 San Jose, CA: Society for Information Display, 1992 [1281] T Yoshioka, J B Levitt, and J S Lund “Independence and Merger of Thalamocortical Channels within Macaque Monkey Primary Visual Ccortex: Anatomy of Interlaminar Projections.” Visual Neuroscience 11:3 (1994), 467–489 [1282] I T Young, J J Gerbrands, and L J van Vliet “Fundamentals of Image Processing (Online Image Processing Course at www.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/Courses/FIP/).”, 2006 [1283] T Young “On the Theory of Light and Colors.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 92 (1802), 20–21 Reprinted in David L MacAdam (ed.), Selected Papers on Colorimetry — Fundamentals, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1993 [1284] F H Yu and H S Kwok “Comparison of Extended Jones Matrices for Twisted Nematic Liquid-Crystal Displays at Oblique Angles of Incidence.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 16:11 (1999), 2772–2780 [1285] Y Yu, P Debevec, J Malik, and T Hawkins “Inverse Global Illumination: Recovering Reflectance Models of Real Scenes from Photographs.” In Proceedings SIGGRAPH ’99, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pp 215–224 Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Longman, 1999 i i i i i i i i Bibliography 1025 [1286] M Yukie and E Iwai “Direct Projection from the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to the Prestriate Cortex in Macaque Monkeys.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 201:1 (1981), 81–97 [1287] J A C Yule Principles of Color Reproduction New York: Wiley, 1967 [1288] Q Zaidi, B Spehar, and M Shy “Induced Effects of Background and Foregrounds in ThreeDimensional Configurations: The Role of T-Junctions.” Perception 26 (1997), 395–408 [1289] S A Zeki “A Century of Cerebral Achromatopsia.” Brain 113:6 (1990), 1721–1777 [1290] S A Zeki Vision of the Brain Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1993 [1291] S A Zeki Inner Vision: An Exploration of Art and the Brain Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000 [1292] X M Zhang and B Wandell “A Spatial Extension to CIELAB for Digital Color Image Reproductions.” Proceedings of the SID Symposium Digest 27 (1996), 731–734 [1293] R Zhang, P Tsai, J Cryer, and M Shah “Shape from Shading: A Survey.” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 21:8 (1999), 690–706 [1294] X Zhu and S.-T Wu “Overview on Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays.” In The 16th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optical Society, Volume 2, pp 953–954 Washington, DC: IEEE Press, 2003 [1295] C Ziegaus and E W Lang “Statistics of Natural and Urban Images.” In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1327, pp 219–224 Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997 [1296] C Ziegaus and E W Lang “Statistical Invariances in Artificial, Natural and Urban Images. Zeitschrift fă r Naturforschung A 53a:12 (1998), 1009–1021 u [1297] S Zigman “Vision Enhancement using a Short Wavelength Light Absorbing Filter.” Optometry and Vision Science 67:2 (1990), 100–104 [1298] M D’Zmura and G Iverson “Color Constancy I Basic Theory of Two-Stage Linear Recovery of Spectral Description for Lights and Surfaces.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 10:10 (1993), 2148–2165 [1299] M D’Zmura and G Iverson “Color Constancy II Results for Two-Stage Linear Recovery of Spectral Description for Lights and Surfaces.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 10:10 (1993), 2166–2180 [1300] M D’Zmura and P Lennie “Mechanisms of Color Constancy.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 3:10 (1986), 1662–1673 [1301] M D’Zmura, G Iverson, and B Singer “Probabilistic Color Constancy.” In Geometric Representations of Perceptual Phenomena, pp 187–202 Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995 [1302] J A Zuclich, R D Glickman, and A R Menendez “In Situ Measurements of Lens Fluorescence and Its Interference With Visual Function.” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33:2 (1992), 410–415 i i i i ...i i i i Color Imaging i i i i i i i i Color Imaging Fundamentals and Applications Erik Reinhard Erum Arif Khan Ahmet O uz Akyă z g u Garrett Johnson A K Peters, Ltd Wellesley, Massachusetts i... Cirloganu, Kadi Bouatouch, Dani Lischinski, Ranaan Fattal, Alice Peters, Franz and Ineke Reinhard, Gordon Kindlmann, Sarah Creem-Regehr, Charles Hughes, Mark Colbert, Jared Johnson, Jaakko Konttinen,... applications / Erik Reinhard [et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN: 97 8-1 -5 688 1-3 4 4-8 (alk paper) Computer vision Image processing Color display systems Color separation