color atlas of burn reconstructive surgery - h. hyakusoku, et al., (springer, 2010)

Color Atlas of Burn Reconstructive Surgery Hiko Hyakusoku · Dennis P Orgill Luc Téot · Julian J Pribaz Rei Ogawa (Eds.) Color Atlas of Burn Reconstructive Surgery Hiko Hyakusoku, MD, PhD Professor Nippon Medical School Hospital Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8603 Japan hyakusok@nms.ac.jp Dennis P Orgill, MD, PhD Professor of Surgery Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women’s Hospital Division of Plastic Surgery 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 USA dorgill@partners.org Luc Téot, MD, PhD Professor CHU de Montpellier Service de Chirurgie Plastique et Reconstructrice 34295 Montpellier France lteot@aol.com Julian J Pribaz, MD Professor of Surgery Program Director, Combined Residency in Plastic Surgery Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women’s Hospital Division of Plastic Surgery 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 USA jpribaz@partners.org Rei Ogawa, MD, PhD Associate Professor Nippon Medical School Hospital Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8603 Japan r.ogawa@nms.ac.jp ISBN: 978-3-642-05069-5     e-ISBN: 978-3-642-05070-1 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-05070-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009943441 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is c ­ oncerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant ­ rotective laws p and regulations and therefore free for general use Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Prefaces Reconstructive surgery of burns, especially of extensive burns, is a topic that requires the ideas and inspiration of plastic surgeons Traditionally, it is considered that almost all burn wounds can be reconstructed using simple skin grafting However, sophisticated reconstructive surgery based on knowledge of various surgical methods is needed to accomplish both functionally and cosmetically acceptable long-term results The contents of this book represent ideal guidelines for burn reconstructive surgery and were provided by authors from 14 different countries In other words, this book is the grand sum of the newest surgical technologies and strategies proposed by plastic surgeons I have been involved in reconstruction surgery for extensive burns since I became a plastic surgeon I have developed many reconstructive procedures and have been able to apply these methods clinically Burn reconstruction has brought many thoughts to develop flap surgical methods to me Moreover, I have realized that burn reconstruction should be accomplished via an all-out mobilization of knowledge on flap surgery and that this is an area that requires continual development of surgical methods However, I have met many plastic surgeons who are performing novel and innovative methods This book is a collection of these worldwide experiences I hope that this book will provide great benefits for burn patients worldwide Tokyo, Japan Hiko Hyakusoku, MD, PhD v vi Prefaces Damage to skin from thermal, electrical or chemical injury has devastating effects on aesthetic and functional outcomes of burn victims The stigmata of burn patients remains one of the most devastating injuries that man can survive Fortunately, over the last 30 years, there have been simultaneous advances in scar biology, materials science and knowledge of microanatomy, surgical techniques, transplantation and cell culture As a result there are now many treatment options available that give greater hope to our patients restoring function and improving their societal interactions In this atlas, Dr Ogawa has brought together the world’s experts to review the important topics of super-thin flaps, pre-fabricated flaps, dermal and epidermal replacements as well as vacuum-assisted closure technologies This atlas will be an important resource for practicing plastic surgeons as well as students and residents in training Examples in the atlas will also be valuable for patient education of these varied techniques Boston, MA, USA Julian J Pribaz, MD Dennis P Orgill, MD, PhD Prefaces vii Burns represent a pathology remaining among the hardest to heal wounds Even if important progresses in rescucitation allowed life-threatening body surfaces to regress during the last 50 years, force is to recognize that restoring the original function after extensive and deep burns requires a long period of fight against contractures, hypertrophy and tissue shortening A multi-disciplinarity approach is mandatory to obtain a return to the social and working life, but skin has changed for the rest of the life of the patient The development of microsurgery in the 80s, followed by an intense activity in anatomical studies could evidence the angiosomes and the skin, muscle, tendon and bone vascular cartographies From this era, all types of flaps were proposed, including pre-fabricated and perforator flaps, a founding melting pot and a source of intense activity for the new plastic and reconstructive surgery This atlas details how to use them in burn reconstructive surgery During the last decade, the surgical possibilities of dermal replacement becomes more and more efficient The recent development of tissue engineering, leading to added biological similarities with the normal skin, opens a new space for reflexion and trials, based on cell–extracellular matrix interactions via cytokines and growth factors The need for repairing the cosmetic outcome of facial burns remains a social c ­ hallenge and will certainly be a long-term contract for the new generation of burns specialists and plastic surgeons Montpellier, France Luc Téot, MD, PhD viii Prefaces Every reconstructive surgeon thinks that evidence-based burn reconstruction is an ideal method; however, it is yet to be established The reason for this may be that every single wound or scar is unique Moreover, the color, texture, thickness and hardness of the skin vary according to human race, age, sex and body site Thus, we are forced to select treatment methods on a case-by-case basis according to the limited experience of each surgeon Meanwhile, during the finishing stage of reconstruction, large parts of the surgical procedure should include elements of aesthetic surgery In this stage, it may not be an exaggeration to state that evidence-based surgery is not beneficial Treatment methods should be selected and performed based on the aesthetic sense and cultivated sensitivity of each surgeon Evidence-based surgery and artistic reconstruction represent a big dilemma that is posed to every burn reconstructive surgeon I believe this book, which is entitled Color Atlas of Burn Reconstructive Surgery provides an answer for this particular dilemma This answer may be the fusion of evidence-based surgery and artistic reconstruction After reading this book, the surgeon will recognize what part of the reconstruction should be carried out using evidence-based surgery and what part should be performed artistically We should not give up on the generation of evidence-based standardized protocols for patient safety or on the education of younger-generation surgeons In addition, we should not neglect artistic reconstruction at any time In this book, international authors who have wide perspectives in burn reconstructive surgery shared their own valuable experiences and concepts about the characteristics and indications of their methods The contents include wound management, classification and evaluation of wounds/scars, various artistic and geometric methods and future treatment strategies from a “regenerative medicine” standpoint I hope that this book will enhance the work of burn reconstructive surgeons and confer tremendous benefits to burn patients Finally, I thank all authors and coeditors who have taken time from their busy schedules to assemble this book In addition, I appreciate the tremendous help of Ms Ellen Blasig at Springer in Germany Her contribution was essential for the accomp­ lishment of this project Moreover, I thank the illustrator Mr Kazuyuki Sugiu from Studio Sugi’s for preparing the figures Tokyo, Japan Rei Ogawa, MD, PhD Contents Part I Primary Burn Wound Management   Primary Wound Management: Assessment of Acute Burns Luc Téot   Primary Wound Management: Strategy Concerning Local Treatment Luc Téot   Debridement of the Burn Wound 10 Hans-Oliver Rennekampff and Mayer Tenenhaus   Application of VAC Therapy in Burn Injury 16 Joseph A Molnar   Use of Vacuum-Assisted Closure (V.A.C.)® and Integra® in Reconstructive Burn Surgery 22 Joseph A Molnar   ReCell 26 Fiona M Wood   Strategies for Skin Regeneration in Burn Patients 38 Victor W Wong and Geoffrey C Gurtner Part II Burn Scar Management 43   Diagnosis, Assessment, and Classification of Scar Contractures 44 Rei Ogawa and Julian J Pribaz   Prevention of Scar Using bFGF 62 Sadanori Akita 10 Medical Needling 72 Hans-Oliver Rennekampff, Matthias Aust, and Peter M Vogt ix x 11 Treatments for Post-Burn Hypertrophic Scars 76 Rei Ogawa, Satoshi Akaishi, and Kouji Kinoshita 12 Make-Up Therapy for Burn Scar Patients 82 Ritsu Aoki and Reiko Kazki Part III Dermal substitutes/Skin Graft 89 13 Dermal Substitutes 90 Luc Téot, Sami Otman, and Pascal Granier 14 Acellular Allogeneic Dermal Matrix 100 Yoshihiro Takami, Shimpei Ono, and Rei Ogawa 15 Application of Integra® in Pediatric Burns 108 Paul M Glat, John F Hsu, Wade Kubat, and Anahita Azharian 16 Pediatric Burn Reconstruction 118 Paul M Glat, Anahita Azharian, and John F Hsu 17 Skin Grafting 132 Matthew Klein 18 Skin Graft for Burned Hand 140 Wassim Raffoul and Daniel Vincent Egloff 19 Tips for Skin Grafting 146 Masahiro Murakami, Rei Ogawa, and Hiko Hyakusoku Part IV Local flap method 159 20 Z-Plasties and V-Y Flaps 160 Shigehiko Suzuki, Katsuya Kawai, and Naoki Morimoto 21 Use of Z-Plasty in Burn Reconstruction 172 Rodney K Chan and Matthias B Donelan 22 Local Flaps for Burned Face 178 Allen Liu and Julian Pribaz 23 The Square Flap Method 186 Hiko Hyakusoku and Masataka Akimoto 24 Propeller Flap and Central Axis Flap Methods 198 Hiko Hyakusoku and Masahiro Murakami Contents  484 References Chapter 14 Chapter 16   Livesey SA, Herndon DN, Hollyyoak MA, Atkinson YH, Nag A (1995) Transplanted acellular allograft dermal matrix Potential as a template for the reconstruction of viable dermis Transplantation 60:1–9   Takami Y, Matsuda T, Yoshitake M, Hanumadass M, Walter RJ (1996) Dispase/detergent treated dermal matrix as a dermal substitute Burns 22:182–190   Takami Y, Tanaka H, Wada T, Takeda T, Kubota J, Ogo K, Shimazaki S (2000) Characterization of an acellular allogenic dermal matrix and its clinical application Jpn J Burn Injuries 26:261–267   Takami Y, Shimazaki S, Yamaguchi R, Tanaka H, Harii S (2004) Transplantation of tissue-engineered skin composed of autologous cells and acellular allogeneic dermal matrix Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg 47:867–873   Takami Y, Yamaguchi R, Shimazaki S (2006) Successful transplantation of tissue-engineered skin equivalent based on autologous transformation of allograft skin Am J Transplant (Suppl 2) and Transplantation 82 (issue 1) (Suppl 3):746   Sahota PS, Burn JL, Heaton M, Freedlander E, Suvarna SK, Brown NJ, MacNeil S (2003) Development of a ­ econstructed r human skin model for angiogenesis Wound Rep Reg 11:275–284   Hernon CA, Harrison CA, Thornton DJA, Sheila MacNeil (2007) Enhancement of keratinocyte performance in the production of tissue-engineered skin using a low calcium medium Wound Rep Reg 15:718–726   Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M (2007) Cultured epithelial autograft (CEA) in burn treatment: three decades later Burns 33(4):405–413 Epub 2007 Apr   Frame JD, Still J, Lakhel-LeCoadou A, Carstens MH, Lorenz C, Orlet H, Spence R, Berger AC, Dantzer E, Burd A (2004) Use of dermal regeneration template in contracture release procedures: a multicenter evaluation Plast Reconstr Surg 113(5):1330–1338   Hickerson WL, Compton C, Fletchall S, Smith LR (1994) Cultured epidermal autografts and allodermis combination for permanent burn wound coverage Burns 20(Suppl 1): S52–S55; discussion S55–S56   Lee LF, Porch JV, Spenler W, Garner WL (2008) Integra in lower extremity reconstruction after burn injury Plast Reconstr Surg 121(4):1256–1262   Petersen MJ, Lessane B, Woodley DT (1990) Characterization of cellular elements in healed cultured keratinocyte auto­ grafts used to cover burn wounds Arch Dermatol 126(2): 175–180   Phillips TJ, Gilchrest BA (1992) Clinical applications of cultured epithelium Epithelial Cell Biol 1(1):39–46   Prem Shukla C, Robert Sheridan L (2008) Initial Evaluation and Management of the Burn Patient, HYPERLINK http:// www.emedicine.com www.emedicine.com; Feb 2008   Robert Sheridan L Burns, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, HYPERLINK http://www.e-medicine.com www.emedicine com; 28 Aug 2008   Silvio Podda, Christopher Chia T, Wayne Stadelmann (2008) Skin, Tissue Expansion, HYPERLINK http://www.emedicine.com www.emedicine.com; Sep 2008 Chapter 15   Abai B, Thayer D, Glat PM (2004) The use of a dermal regeneration template (Integra) for acute resurfacing and reconstruction of defects created by excision of giant hairy nevi Plast Reconstr Surg 114(1):162–168   Dantzer E, Braye FM (2001) Reconstructive surgery using artificial dermis (Integra): results with 39 grafts Br J Plast Surg 54:659   Moiemen NS, Staiano JJ, Ojeh NO et al (2001) Reconstructive surgery with a dermal regeneration template: clinical and histologic study Plast Reconstr Surg 108:93   Yannas IV, Burke JF, Orgill DP, Skrabut EM (1982) Wound tissue can utilize a polymeric template to synthesize a functional extension of skin Science 215:174   Yannas IV, Lee E, Orgill DP, Skrabut EM, Murphy GF (1989) Synthesis and characterization of a model extracellular matrix that induces partial regeneration of adult mammalian skin Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:993   Integra Brochure (2003) Integra Life Science Corporation   Michaeli D, McPherson M (1990) Immunologic study of artificial skin used in the treatment thermal injuries J Burn Care Rehabil 11:21 Chapter 17   Davis J (1941) The story of plastic surgery Ann Surg 113:641–656   Pollock G (1871) Cases of skin grafting and skin transplantation Trans Clin Soc Lond 4:37   Blair V, Brown J (1929) The use and uses of large split grafts of intermediate thickness Surg Gynecol Obstet 49:82   Brown J, McDowell F (1949) Skin grafting JB Lippincott, Philadelphia   Lee LF, Proch JV, Spenler W, Garner WL (2008) Integra in lower extremity reconstruction after burn injury Plast Reconstr Surg 121:1256–1262   Figus A, Leon-Villapalos J, Philip B, Dziewulski P (2007) Severe multiple extensive postburn contractures: a simultaneous approach with total scar tissue excision and resurfacing with dermal regeneration template J Burn Care Res 28: 913–917   Grube BJ, Engrav LH, Heimbach DM (1994) Early ambulation and discharge in 100 patients with burns of the foot treated by grafts J Trauma 33:662–664 References  Chapter 18 Chapter 20   Luce EA (2000) The acute and subacute management of the burned hand Clin Plast Surg 27(1):49–63   David Herandon N (2007) Total burn care, 3rd edn Saunders Elsevier, London   Heimbach DM, Logsetty S (2000) Modern techniques for wound coverage of the thermally injured upper extremity Hand Clin 16(2):205–214   Berger MM, Baines M, Raffoul W, Benathan M, Chiolero RL, Reeves C, Revelly JP, Cayeux MC, Senechaud I, Shenkin A (2007) Trace element supplementation after major burns modulates antioxidant status and clinical course by way of increased tissue trace element concentrations Am J Clin Nutr 85(5):1293–1300   Berger MM, Raffoul W, Shenkin A (2008) ‘Practical guidelines for nutritional management of burn injury and recovery’ – a guideline based on expert opinion but not including RCTs Burns 34:141–143   Dantzer E, Braye FM (2001) Reconstruction surgery using artificial dermis: results with 39 grafts Br J Plast Surg 54:659–664   Dantzer E, Queruel P, Salinier L et al (2003) Dermal regeneration template for deep hand burns: clinical utility for early grafting and reconstructive surgery Br J Surg 56:764–774   Vernez M, Raffoul W, Benathan M (2003) Treatment of burns with biological defined epidermal autograft An e ­ xperimental and clinical evaluation Int J Atrif Organs 26(9):793–803   Betsi E, Benathan M, Raffoul W (2007) Autologus cell cultures in the surgical management of the hand in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa J Hand Surg 32 pp (Supp 1)   Alexander JW, MacMillan BG, Martel L (1982) Correction of postburn syndactyly: an analysis of children with introduction of the VM-plasty and postoperative pressure inserts Plast Reconstr Surg 70:345–352   Hirshowitz B, Karev A, Rousso M (1975) Combined double Z-plasty and Y-V advancement for thumb web contracture Hand 7:291–293   Karacaoglan N, Uysal A (1994) The seven flap-plasty Br J Plast Surg 47:372–374   Koyama H, Fujimori R (1982) V-W plasty Ann Plast Surg 9:216–219   Suzuki S, Matsuda K, Nishimura Y (1996) Proposal for a new comprehensive classification of V-Y plasty and its analogues: The pros and cons of inverted versus ordinary Burow’s triangle excision Plast Reconstr Surg 98: 1016–1022   Suzuki S, Um SC, Kim BM et al (1998) Versatility of modified planimetric Z-plasties in the treatment of scar with contracture Br J Plast Surg 51:363–369   Roggendorf E (1982) Planimetric elongation of skin by Z-plasty Plast Reconstr Surg 69:306–316   Roggendorf E (1983) The planimetric Z-plasty Plast Reconstr Surg 71:834–842 Chapter 19   Wang XQ, Kempf M, Liu PY, Cuttle L, Chang HE, Kravchuk O, Mill J, Phillips GE, Kimble RM (2008) Conservative surgical debridement as a burn treatment: supporting evidence from a porcine burn model Wound Repair Regen 16(6): 774–783   Rennekampff HO, Schaller HE, Wisser D, Tenenhaus M (2006) Debridement of burn wounds with a water jet surgical tool Burns 32(1):64–69   Summers JB, Kaminski J (2003) Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) for burn wounds Burns 29(5):501–502   Ozcan C, Ergün O, Celik A, Cördük N, Ozok G (2002) Enzymatic debridement of burn wound with collagenase in children with partial-thickness burns Burns 28(8): 791–794   Hirai T, Hyakusoku H, Fumiiri M (1991) The use of a wire frame to fix grafts externally Br J Plast Surg 44:69–70   Murakami M, Hyakusoku H, Ishimaru S (2003) External wire frame fixation of eyelid graft Br J Plast Surg 56: 312–313   Ogawa R, Aoki S, Aoki M, Oki K, Hyakusoku H (2007) Three-dimensional external skin graft fixation of digital skin graft Plast Reconstr Surg 119(1):440–442 Chapter 21   Mulliken JB, Martina-Perez D Churchill Livingstone (1999) The principle of rotation advancement for repair of unilateral complete cleft lip and nasal deformity Plast Reconstr Surg 104(5):1247–1260   Macgregor AD (2000) Fundamental techniques of plastic surgery, 10th edn   Davis JS (1931) The relaxation of scar contracture by means of z-, or reversed z-type incision: stressing the use of scar infiltrated tissue Ann Surg 94:871–884   Longacre JJ, Berry HK, Basom CR, Townsend SF (1976) The effects of Z-plasty on hypertrophic scars Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 10(2):113–128 Chapter 22   Achauer B (1991) Burn reconstruction, 1st edn Thieme, Stuttgart, NY   Achauer B (1992) Reconstructing the burned face Clin Plast Surg 19:623–636   Feldman J (1987) Secondary repair of the burned upper lip Perspectives Plast Surg 1:31–72   Guo L, Pribaz JR, Pribaz JJ (2008) Nasal reconstruction with local flaps: a simple algorithm for management of small defects Plast Reconstr Surg 122:130e–139e   Jackson I (2007) Local flaps in head and neck reconstruction, 2nd edn Quality Medical, St Louis   MacLennan SE, Corcoran JF, Neale HW (2000) Tissue expansion in head and neck burn reconstruction Clin Plast Surg 27:121–132 485  486   Neale HW, Billmire DA, Carey JP (1986) Reconstruction following head and neck burns Clin Plast Surg 13:119–136   Pribaz JJ, Meara JG, Wright S, Smith JD, Stephens W, Breuing KH (2000) Lip and vermilion reconstrucxtion with the facial artery musculomucosal flap Plast Reconstr Surg 105:864–872 Chapter 23   Hyakusoku H, Shirai H, Umeda T, Fumiiri M (1985) Reconstruction of axillary scar contracture using the square flap method Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg 28:548–554   Hyakusoku H, Fumiiri M (1987) The square flap method Br J Plast Surg 40:40–46   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Koike S (2003) Reconstruction of axillary scar contractures-retrospective study on 124 cases during 25 years Br J Plast Surg 56:100–105 Chapter 24   Hyakusoku H, Yamamoto T, Fumiiri M (1991) The propeller flap method Br J Plast Surg 44:53–54   Murakami M, Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R (2005) The multilobed propeller flap method Plast Reconstr Surg 116: 599–604   Murakami M, Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R (2005) The scar band rotation flap Burns 31:220–222   Hyakusoku H, Iwakiri I, Murakami M, Ogawa R (2006) Central axis flap methods Burns 32:891–896   Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R, Oki K, Ishii N (2007) The perforator pedicled propeller (PPP) flap method: a report of two cases J Nippon Med Sch 74:367–371 Chapter 25   Fraulin F, Illmayaer S, Tredget E (1996) Assessment of cosmetic and functional results of conservative versus surgical management of facial burns J Burn Care Rehabil 17:19–29   Cole JK, Engrav LH, Heimbach DM et al (2002) Early excision and grafting of face and neck burns in patients over 20 years Plast Reconstr Surg 109:1266–1273   Gonzales-Ulloa (1957) Restoration of the face covering by means of selected skin in regional aesthetic units Plast Recontr Surg 19:350   Hansbrough JF, Zapata-Sirvent R, Carroll WJ et  al (1984) Clinical experience with Biobrane biosynthetic dressing in the treatment of partial-thickness burns Burns 10:415–419   Deitch EA, Wheelahan TM, Rose MP et  al (1983) Hypertrophic burn scars: analysis of variables J Trauma 23:895–898   Ghahary A, Shen YJ, Scott PG et al (1993) Enhanced expression of mRNA for transforming growth factor alpha 1, type I and type III procollagen in human post-burn hypertrophic scar tissues J Lab Clin Med 122:465–473 References Chapter 26   Spence RJ (2008) An algorithm for total and subtotal facial reconstruction using an expanded transposition flap: a twenty year experience Plast Recon Surg 121(3):795–805   Spence RJ (2008) The challenge of reconstruction for severe facial burn deformity Plast Surg Nurs 28(2):71–76; quiz 77–78   Spence RJ (2007) Expanded transposition flap technique for total and subtotal resurfacing of the face and neck J Burns Wounds 6:100–114 http://www.journalofburnsandwounds com/volume06/jobw06e8.pdf Chapter 27   Colson P, Janvier H (1966) Le degraissage primaire et total des lambeaux d’autoplastic a distance Ann Chir Plast 11:11–20   Situ P (1986) Pedicled flap with subdermal vascular network Acad J First Medical Coll PLA(Chinese) 6: 60   Koshima I, Higaki H, Kyou J, Yamasaki M (1989) Free or pedicled rectus abdominis muscle perforating artery flap Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg 32:715–719   Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Microvascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervico-dorsal lap Br J Plast Surg 47:465–469   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Aoki R, Tanuma K, Pennington DG (2002) An anatomical and clini-cal study of the dorsal intercostal cutaneous perforators – Its application to free microvascular augmented subdermal vascular network (ma-SVN) laps- Br J Plast Surg 55: 396–401   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Gao JH (2004) Clinical and basic research on occipito-cervico-dorsal flaps including a study of the anatomical territories of dorsal trunk vessels Plast Reconstr Surg 113:1923–1933   Chin T, Ogawa R, Murakami M, Hyakusoku H (2005) An anatomical study and clinical cases of “super-thin laps” with transverse cervical perforator Br J Plast Surg 58: 550–555   Zhang J, Wang C, Gui L et al (2008) The effect of expansion prefabrication on crossing area supply axial pattern flap: an experimental study on pigs J Rep Reconstr Surg (Chinese) 5:554–557   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H (2003) Color doppler ultrasonography in the planning of microvascular augmented super-thin (SVN: subdermal vascular network) flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 112:822–828 10 Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Inoue S et al (1994) Usefulness of narrow pedicled intercostal perforator flap for coverage of the burned hand Burns 20:65–70 Chapter 28   Neumann CG (1957) The expansion of an area of skin by progressive distention of a subcutaneous balloon Plast Reconstr Surg 19:124 References   Radovan C (1982) Breast reconstruction after mastectomy using the temporary expander Plast Reconstr Surg 69:195   Radovan C (1984) Tissue expansion in soft tissue reconstruction Plast Reconstr Surg 74:482   Argenta LC, Marks MW, Pasyk KA (1985) Advances in tissue expansion Clin Plast Surg 12:159   Chun JT, Rodrich RJ (1998) Versatility of tissue expansion in head and neck reconstruction Ann Plast Surg 40:226   Spence RJ (1992) Experience with novel uses of tissue expanders in burn reconstruction of the face and neck Ann Plast Surg 28:453   Hallock GG (1987) Tissue expansion techniques in burn reconstruction Ann Plast Surg 81:274   Borman H, Maral T, Demirhan B, Haberal M (1999) Skin flap survival after superficial and deep partial-thickness burn injury Ann Plast Surg 43(5):513   Borman H, Maral T, Demirhan B, Haberal M (2000) Reliability of island flaps raised after superficial and deep burn injury Ann Plast Surg 45(4):395 10 Spence RJ (2008) An algorithm for total and subtotal facial reconstruction using an expanded transposition flap: a 20-year experience Plast Reconstr Surg 121(3):795 11 Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Lu F, Hu ZQ, Jiang P, Yang L, Feng C (2007) Reconstruction of the face and neck scar contractures using staged transfer of expanded “Superthin flaps” Burns 33(6):760 12 Lu F, Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hykusoku H (2006) Preexpanded distant “super-thin” intercostal perforator flaps for facial reconstruction without the need for microsurgery J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59(11):1203 13 Unlu RE, Sensöz O, Uysal AC (2001) Re: The use of serial tissue expansion in pediatric plastic surgery Ann Plast Surg 47(6):679 14 Lozano S, Drucker M (2000) Use of tissue expanders with external ports Ann Plast Surg 44(1):14 15 Hudson DA, Grob M (2005) Optimising results with tissue expansion: 10 simple rules for successful tissue expander insertion Burns 31(1):1 16 Acarturk TO, Glaser DP, Newton ED (2004) Reconstruction of difficult wounds with tissue-expanded free flaps Ann Plast Surg 52(5):493 17 Borman H, Deniz M, Bahar T et  al (2009) An alternative method of using an interpositional silicone sheet in tissue expansion J Craniofac Surg 20(3):905 Chapter 29   Wells MD (2006) Scalp reconstruction In: Mathes SJ (ed) Plastic surgery, 2nd edn WB Saunders, Philadelphia   Nordström REA (1996) Tissue expansion Butterworth Heinemann, Boston   Nordström REA (1984) “Stretch-back” in scalp reductions for male pattern baldness Plast Reconstr Surg 73:422   Nordström REA, Devine JW (1985) Scalp stretching with a tissue expander for closure of scalp defects Plast Reconstr Surg 75:578   Unger W, Nordtrom R (1988) Hair transplantation, 2nd edn Marcel Dekker, New York    Radovan C (1984) Tissue expansion in soft-tissue reconstruction Plast Reconstr Surg 74:482   Argenta LC, Watanabe JJ, Grabb WC (1983) The use of tissue expansion in head and neck reconstruction Ann Plast Surg 11:31   Fan J (1991) Tissue expansion Ph.D Thesis Beijing Union Medical University, Beijing   McCauley RL, Oliphant JR, Robson MC (1990) Tissue expansion in the correction of burn alopecia: classification and methods of correction Ann Plast Surg 25:103 10 Anderson RD (1993) The expanded “BAT” flap for treatment of male pattern baldness Ann Plast Surg 31: 385–391 11 Wieslander JB (1991) Tissue expansion in the head and neck A 6-year review Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 25(1):47–56 12 Fan J, Yang P (1997) Aesthetic reconstruction of burn alopecia by using expanded hair-bearing scalp flaps Aesthetic Plast Surg 21:440–444 Chapter 30   Feldman JJ (1990) Facial burns In: McCarthy JG (ed) Plastic surgery WB Saunders, Philadelphia   Burget GC (2006) Aesthetic reconstruction of the nose In: Mathes SJ (ed) Plastic surgery, 2nd edn WB Saunders, Philadelphia   Adamson JG (1988) Nasal reconstruction with the expanded forehead flap Plast Reconstr Surg 81:12–20   Fan J (2000) A new technique of scarless expanded forehead flap for reconstructive surgery Plast Reconstr Surg 106: 777–785   Fan J, Liu Y, Liu L, Gan C (2009) Aesthetic pubic reconstruction after electrical burn by using a partial hair-bearing expanded free-forehead flap Aesthetic Plast Surg 33:643–646   Fan J, Yang P (1997) Versatility of expanded forehead flaps for facial reconstruction Scand J Plast Reconstr Hand Surg 31:357–363 Chapter 31   Tegtmeier RE, Gooding RA (1977) The use of a facial flap in ear reconstruction Plast Reconstr Surg 60:406–411   Brent B, Byrd HS (1983) Secondary ear reconstruction with cartilage grafts covered by axial, random, and free flaps of temporoparietal fascia Plast Reconstr Surg 72:141–151   Brent B, Upton J, Acland RD, Shaw WW, Finseth FJ, Rogers C, Pear RM, Hentz VR (1985) Experience with the temporoparietal fascial free flap Plast Reconstr Surg 76: 177–188   Brent B (1992) Auricular repair with autogenous rib cartilage grafts: two decades of experience with 600 cases Plast Reconstr Surg 90:355–374   Nagata S (1994) Secondary reconstruction for unfavorable microtia results utilizing temporoparietal and innominate fascia flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 94:254–265 487  488   Park C, Lew D, Yoo W (1999) An analysis of 123 temporoparietal fascial flaps: anatomic and clinical considerations in total auricular reconstruction Plast Reconstr Surg 104:1295–1306   Park C, Roh TS (2001) Total ear reconstruction in the devascularized temporoparietal region: I Use of the contralateral temporoparietal fascial free flap Plast Reconstr Surg 108: 1145–1153 Chapter 32   Yang JY, Chuang SS and Huang CY (2005) Burn epidemiology in Taiwan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH) Present at 3rd meeting of Asian Wound Healing Society, Singapore, Aug   Yang JY (2005) Reconstruction of axillary contractures In: McCauley RL (ed) Functional and aesthetic reconstruction of burned patients, Chapt.27 Taylor & Francis, pp 367–378   Huang TT, Larson DL, Lewis SR (1977) Burn alopecia Plast Reconstr Surg 60:763–767   Coleman III JJ, Matthew K (2006) Reconstruction of the burned scalp In: Sood R (ed) Achauer and Sood’s burn surgery, reconstruction and rehabilitation, Chapt Saunders, pp 149–167   Buhrer DP, Huang TT, Yee HW et  al (1988) Treatment of burn alopecia with tissue expanders in children Plast Reconstr Surg 81:512–515   Hudson DA, Lazarus D, Silfen R (2000) The use of serial tissue expansion in pediatric plastic surgery Ann Plast Surg 45:589–593   Graravito E, McCauley RL (2005) Reconstruction of the burned scalp In: McCauley RL (ed) Functional and aesthetic reconstruction of burned patients, Chapt.16 Taylor & Francis, pp 217–226   Dougherty WR, Spence RJ (2006) Reconstruction of the burned face/neck: acute and delayed In: Sood R (ed) Achauer and Sood’s burn surgery, reconstruction and rehabilitation, Chapt 14 Saunders, pp 234–253   Feldman J (1984) Reconstruction of the burned face in children In: Serafin D, Georgiade NG (eds) Pediatric plastic surgery CV Mosby, St Louis, pp 552–632 10 Achauer BM (1991) Burn of the face In: Achauer BM (ed) Burn reconstruction, Chapt Thieme, pp 23–30 11 Asuku ME, Ibrahim A, Ijekeye FO (2008) Post-burn axillary contractures in pediatric patients: a retrospective survey of management and outcome Burns 34:412–417 12 Foley P, Jeeves A, Davey RB et al (2008) Breast burns are not benign: Long-term outcomes of burns to the breast in pre-pubertal girls Burns 34(3):412–417 13 McCauley RL (2007) Reconstruction of the burned breast In: Herndon DN (ed) Total burn care, 3rd edn, Chapt 57 Saunders, pp 741–748 14 Yang JY (2005) Reconstruction of chest contractures In: McCauley RL (ed) Functional and aesthetic reconstruction of burned patients, Chapt.29 Taylor & Francis, pp 393–410 15 Huang T (2007) Overview of burn reconstruction In: Herndon DN (ed) Total burn care, 3rd edn, Chapt 52 Saunders, pp 674–686 References 16 McCauley RL, Asuku ME (2006) Upper extremity burn reconstruction In: Mathes’s plastic surgery, 2nd edn, Vol VII, Chapt 186 Saunders, pp 605–646 17 Sood R, Brenner K, Achauer BM (2006) Reconstruction of he burned hand In: Sood R (ed) Achauer and Sood’s burn surgery, reconstruction and rehabilitation, Chapt 20 Saunders, pp 307–323 18 Salisbury RE, Bevin AG (1981) Burn syndactyly the “hourglass” procedure In: Salisburn RE, Bevin AG (eds) Atlas of reconstructiove burn surgery, Chapt 38 Saunders, pp 180–185 19 Tsai FC, Mardini S, Chen DJ, Yang JY et al (2006) The classification and treatment algorithm for post-burn cervical contractures reconstructed with free flaps Burns 32:626–633 20 Wei FC, Celik N (2003) Perforator flap entity Clin Plast Surg (Ed Wei FC) 30(3):325–329 21 Yang JY, Tsai FC, Jagdeep Chana S, Chuang SS, Chang SY, Huang WC (2002) Use of the free thin anterolateral thigh Flaps combined with cervicoplasty for reconstruction of postburn anterior cervical contractures Plast Reconstr Surg 110(1):39–46 22 Yang JY Long-term follow-up of the burn face reconstruction using tissue expander Presented at Chapter 33   Shen T (1981) Vascular implantation into skin flap: experimental study and clinical application; a preliminary report Plast Reconstr Surg 68:404–409   Hyakusoku H, Okubo M, Umeda T, Fumiiri M (1987) A prefabricated hair-bearing island flap for lip reconstruction Br J Plast Surg 40:37–39   Mizuno H, Akaishi S, Kobe K, Hyakusoku H Secondary vascularized hairy flap transfer for eyebrow reconstruction J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg (in press)   Erol OO, Parsa FD, Spira M (1981) The use of secondary island graft-flap in reconstruction of the burned ear Br Plast Surg 34:417   Wasio H (1971) An intestinal conduit for free transplantation of other tissues Plast Reconstr Surg 48:48   Orticochea M (1971) A new method for total recon­ struction of the nose: the ears as donor areas Br J Plast Surg 24: 225   Shintomi Y, Oura T (1982) The use of muscle vascularized pedicle flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 70:725–732   Hyakusoku H (1993) Secondary vascularized hair-bearing island flaps for eye-braw reconstruction Br J Plast Surg 46:45–47   Hirai T, Manders EK, Huges K, Oki K, Hyakusoku H (1996) Experimental study of allogenically vascularized prefabricated flaps Ann Plast Surg 37:394–399 10 Ogawa R, Oki K, Hyakusoku H (2007) Vascular tissue engineering and vascularized 3D tissue regeneration Regen Med 2:831–837 References Chapter 34   Costa H, Cunha C, Guimaraes I et al (1993) Prefabricated flaps for the head and neck: a preliminary report Br J Plast Surg 46:223–227   Holle J, Vinzenz K, Wuringer E et al (1996) The prefabricated combined scapula flap for bony and soft-tissue reconstruction in maxillofacial defects–a new method Plast Reconstr Surg 98:542–552   Khouri RK, Upton J, Shaw WW (1992) Principles of flap prefabrication Clin Plast Surg 19:763–771   Lauer G, Schimming R, Gellrich NC et  al (2001) Prelaminating the fascial radial forearm flap by using tissueengineered mucosa: improvement of donor and recipient sites Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1564–1572   Maitz PK, Pribaz JJ, Hergrueter CA (1996) Impact of tissue expansion on flap prefabrication: an experimental study in rabbits Microsurgery 17:35–40   Parrett BM, Pomahac B, Orgill DP et al (2007) The role of free-tissue transfer for head and neck burn reconstruction Plast Reconstr Surg 120:1871–1878   Pribaz JJ, Guo L (2003) Flap prefabrication and prelamination in head and neck reconstruction Semin Plast Surg 17:351–362   Pribaz JJ, Fine N (1994) Prelamination: defining the prefabricated flap–a case report and review Microsurgery 15: 618–623   Pribaz JJ, Fine NA (2001) Prefabricated and prelaminated flaps for head and neck reconstruction Clin Plast Surg 28:261–272 10 Pribaz JJ, Maitz PK, Fine NA (1994) Flap prefabrication using the “vascular crane” principle: an experimental study and clinical application Br J Plast Surg 47:250–256 11 Pribaz JJ, Fine N, Orgill DP (1999) Flap prefabrication in the head and neck: a 10-year experience Plast Reconstr Surg 103:808–820 12 Pribaz JJ, Weiss DD, Mulliken JB et al (1999) Prelaminated free flap reconstruction of complex central facial defects Plast Reconstr Surg 104:357–365 13 Rath T, Tairych GV, Frey M et  al (1999) Neuromucosal prelaminated flaps for reconstruction of intraoral lining defects after radical tumor resection Plast Reconstr Surg 103: 821–828 14 Shen TY (1982) Microvascular transplantation of pre­ fabricated free thigh flap (Letter) Plast Reconstr Surg 69:568 15 Tark KC, Shaw WW (1996) The revascularization interface in flap prefabrication: a quantitative and morphologic study of the relationship between carrier size and surviving area J Reconstr Microsurg 12:325–330 Chapter 35   Khouri RK, Ozbeck MR, Hruza GJ, Young VL (1996) Facial reconstruction with prefabricated induced expanded (PIE) supraclavicular skin flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 95: 1007–1015    Erol OO (1976) The transformation of a free skin graft into a vascularized pedicled flap Plast Reconstr Surg 58: 470–477   Pribaz JJ, Fine N, Orgill DR (1999) Flap prefabrication in the head and neck: a 10 year experience Plast Reconstr Surg 103:808–820   Téot L, Cherenfant E, Otman S, Giovannini UM (2000) Prefabricated vascularised supraclavicular flaps for face resurfacing after postburns scarring Lancet 355(9216): 1695–1696 Chapter 36   Fumiiri M, Ishii K, Hyakusoku H et al (1981) Scarred flapincluding musculocutaneous vascular system Jpn J PRS 24:470–475   Hyakusoku H, Ishii K, Fumiiri M (1983) The use of skin flaps containing scar tissue for extensive burn scar contractures Transaction of the 8th IPRAS 8, pp 210–212   Hyakusoku H, Okubo M, Suenobu J, Fumiiri M (1986) Use of scarred flaps and secondary flaps for reconstructive surgery of extensive burns Burns 12:470–474   Hyakusoku H, Tonegawa H, Fumiiri M (1994) Heel coverage with a T-shaped distally based sural island fasciocutaneous flap Plast Reconstr Surg 93:872–876 Chapter 37   Tolhurst D, Haeseker B, Zeeman R (1983) The development of the fasciocutaneous flap PRS 71:597–605   Cherup L, Zachary L, Gottlieb L, Petti C (1990) The radial forearm skin graft-Fascial Flap PRS 85:898–902   Pribaz J, Pelham J (1994) Use of previously burned skin in local fasciocutaneous flaps for upper extremity reconstruction Ann Plast Surg 33:272–280   Barret J, Herndon D, McCauley R (2002) Use of previously burned skin as random cutaneous local flaps in pediatric burn reconstruction Burns 28:500–502   Hallock GG (1992) The random fasiocutaenous flap for upper extremity coverage J Hand Surg 17A:93–101 Chapter 38   Lamberty BG (1979) The supra-clavicular axial patterned flap Br J Plast Surg 32:207   Toldt C (1903) Anatomischer atlas, 3rd edn Urban & Schwarzen­ berg, Berlin   Pallua N, Machens HG (1997) The fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap for releasing postburn mentosternal contractures Plast Reconstr Surg 99:1878   Khouri RK, Ozbek MR, Hruza GJ, Young VL (1995) Facial reconstruction with prefabricated induced expanded (PIE) supraclavicular skin flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 95:1007 489  490   Mizerny BR, Lessard ML, Black MJ (1995) Transverse cervical artery fasciocutaneous free flap for head and neck reconstruction: initial anatomic and dye studies Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113:564   Pallua N, Magnus NE (2000) The tunneled supraclavicular island flap: an optimized technique for head and neck reconstruction Plast Reconstr Surg 105:842   Teot L, Cherenfant E, Otman S, Giovannini UM (2000) Prefabricated vascularised supraclavicular flaps for face resurfacing after postburns scarring Lancet 355:1695   Pallua N, von Heimburg D (2005) Pre-expanded ultra-thin supraclavicular flaps for (full-) face reconstruction with reduced donor-site morbidity and without the need for microsurgery Plast Reconstr Surg 115(7):1837–1844   Vinh VQ, Ogawa R, Van Anh T, Hyakusoku H (2007) Reconstruction of neck scar contractures using supraclavicular flaps: retrospective study of 30 cases Plast Reconstr Surg 119:130 10 Laredo Ortiz C, Valverde Carrasco A, Novo Torres A, Navarro Sempere L, Márquez Mendoza M (2007) Supraclavicular bilobed fasciocutaneous flap for postburn cervical contractures Burns 33:770 11 Vu QV, Ogawa R, Tran VA, Hyakusoku H (2008) A case of neck scar contracture reconstructed using a pedicled supraclavicular flap Plast Reconstr Surg 121:350 12 Pallua N, Demir E (2008) Postburn head and neck reconstruction in children with the fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap Ann Plast Surg 60:276 13 Vinh VQ, Van Anh T, Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H (2009) Anatomical and clinical studies of the supraclavicular flap: analysis of 103 flaps used to reconstruct neck scar contractures Plast Reconstr Surg 123(5):1471–1480 Chapter 39   Nakajima H, Fujino T (1984) Island fasciocutaneous flaps of the dorsal trunk and their application to myocutaneous flaps Keio J Med 33:59–82   Hyakusoku H, Yoshida H, Okubo M et al (1990) Superficial artery skin flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 86:33–38   Hyakusoku H, Takizawa Y, Murakami M (1993) Versatility of the free or pedicled superficial cervical artery skin flaps in head and neck burns Burns 19:168–173   Ogawa R, Murakami M, Vinh VQ, Hyakusoku H (2006) Clinical and anatomical study of superficial cervical artery flaps: retrospective study of reconstructions with 41 flaps and the feasibility of harvesting them as perforator flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 118(1):95–101   Hyakusoku H, Gao JH (1994) The “super-thin” flap Br J Plast Surg 47(7):457–464 Chapter 40   Colson P, Janvier H (1966) Le degraissage primaire et total des lambeaux d’autoplastic a distance Ann Chir Plast 11:11–20   Thomas CV (1980) Thin flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 65: 747–752 References   Situ P (1986) Pedicled flap with subdermal vascular network Acad J First Mil Med Coll PLA (Chinese) 6:60   Tsukada S (1980) Transfer of free skin grafts with a preserved subcutaneous vascular network Ann Plast Surg 4:500–506   Hyakusoku H, Gao JH (1994) The “super-thin” flap Br J Plast Surg 47:457–464   Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Microvascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervico-dorsal flap Br J Plast Surg 47:465–469   Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Aoki R et al (1999) An experimental study on the survival of random pattern flaps with a narrow skin pedicle in pigs; comparison of survival and blood supply in thick flaps with various pedicle widths J Jpn Plast Reconstr Surg 19:553–559   Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Aoki R et al (2000) A study of survival on random pattern flaps with narrow pedicle; comparison in the thinned flaps with various pedicle width and between thinned flap and conventional thick flaps J Jpn Plast Reconstr Surg 20:233–238   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Gao JH (2004) Clinical and basic research on occipito-cervico-dorsal flaps: including a study of the anatomical territories of dorsal trunk vessels Plast Reconstr Surg 113(7):1923–1933 10 Chetboun A, Masquelet AC (2007) Experimental animal model proving the benefit of primary defatting of full-thickness random-pattern skin flaps by suppressing “perfusion steal” Plast Reconstr Surg 120(6):1496–1502 11 Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H (2008) Flap thinning technique: the effect of primary flap defatting Plast Reconstr Surg 122(3): 987–988 12 Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M (2003) Color Doppler ultrasonography in the planning of microvascular augmented “super-thin” flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 112(3):822–828 13 Vinh VQ, Ogawa R, Iwakiri I, Hyakusoku H, Tanuma K (2007) Clinical and anatomical study of cervicopectoral superthin flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 119(5):1464–1471 Chapter 41   Situ P (1986) Pedicled flap with subdermal vascular network Acad J First Med Coll PLA (in Chinese) 6:60–61   Yang ZY, Chen BB, Huong YM et al (1991) The use of the pedicled over-thin flap of the acromiopectoral region in repair of face and neck J Rep Reconstr Surg (in Chinese) 5:141–142   Yuan XB, Chen WP, Yang Y et al (1993) Experimental study of island super thin flap Chin J Microsurg (in Chinese) 16:188–190   Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Sato M et  al (1994) A analysis of transcutaneous gas and blood flow in narrow pedicled flap with subdermal vascular network Chin J Microsurg (in Chinese) 17:248–250   Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Akimoto M et al (1992) Experiences in using the super-thin flap Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg (in Japanese) 35:1097–1103   Hyakusoku H, Gao J-H (1994) The super thin flap Br J Plast Surg 47:457–464 References   Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Microvascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervicodorsal flap Br J Plast Surg 47:465   Lu F, Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hykusoku H (2006) Preexpanded distant super-thin intercostals perforator flaps for facial reconstruction without the need for microsurgery J Plast Reconstr Surg 59:1203–1120 Chapter 42   Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL (1984) The free thigh flap: a new free flap concept based on septocutaneous artery Br J Plast Surg 37:149   Luo LS, Gao JH, Chen LF et al (1984) Clinical application of free anterolateral thigh flap Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Bao 4(1):1–4 (Chinese)   Xu DC, Zhong SZ, Liu MZ et  al (1984) Anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap Lin Chuang Jie Pou Xue Za Zhi 2(3):158–160 (Chinese)   Gao JH, Luo LS, Chen LF et al (1984) The skin locations of the perforators of anterolateral thigh flap Lin Chuang Jie Pou Xue Za Zhi 2(3):161–163 (Chinese)   Xu DC, Zhong SZ, Kong JM et al (1988) Applied anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap Plast Reconstr Surg 82:305   Zhou G, Qiao Q, Chen GY, Ling YC, Swift R (1991) Clinical experience and surgical anatomy of 32 free anterolateral thigh flap transplantations Br J Plast Surg 44:91   Shimizu T, Fisher DR, Carmichael SW, Bite U (1997) An anatomic comparison of septocutaneous free flaps from the thigh region Ann Plast Surg 38:604   Koshima I, Fukuda H, Utunomiya R, Soeda S (1989) The anterolateral thigh flap: variations in its vascular pedicle Br J Plast Surg 42:260 Chapter 43   Chick RL, Lister GD, Sowder L (1992) Early free-flap coverage of electrical and thermal burns Plast Reconstr Surg 89(6):1013   Shen T, Sun Y, Cao D et al (1988) The use of free-flaps in burn patients: experience with 70 flaps in 65 patients Plast Reconstr Surg 81(3):352   Hunt JL, Purdue GF, Zbar RIS (2000) Burns: acute burns, burn surgery and postburn reconstruction Sel Read Plast Surg 9(12):5   Borman H, Maral T, Demirhan B, Haberal M (1999) Skin flap survival after superficial and deep partial-thickness burn injury Ann Plast Surg 43(5):513   Borman H, Maral T, Demirhan B, Haberal M (2000) Reliability of island flaps raised after superficial and deep burn injury Ann Plast Surg 45(4):395   Sakallioglu AE, Haberal M (2007) Current approach to burn critical care Minerva Med 98(5):569   Haberal M (2006) Guidelines for dealing with disasters involving large numbers of extensive burns Burns 32(8):933   Haberal MA (1995) An eleven-year survey of electrical burn injuries J Burn Care Rehabil 16(1):43    Mathes SJ, Nahai F (1982) Clinical applications for muscle and musculocutaneous flaps C Mosby, St Louis 10 Mathes SJ, Vasconez LO, Jurkiewicz MJ (1977) Extensions and further applications of muscle flap transposition Plast Reconstr Surg 60:6 11 Gonzalez MH, Weinzweig N (2005) Muscle flaps in the treatment of osteomyelitis of the lower extremity J Trauma 58(5):1019 12 Lai CS, Lin SD, Chou CK, Cheng YM (1991) Use of a cross-leg free muscle flap to reconstruct an extensive burn wound involving a lower extremity Burns 17(6):510 13 Hagan KF, Buncke HJ, Gonzalez R (1982) Free lattisimus dorsi muscle flap coverage of an electrical burn of the lower extremity Plast Reconstr Surg 69:125 14 May JW Jr, Lukash FN, Gallico GG 3rd (1981) Latissimus dorsi free muscle flap in lower-extremity reconstruction Plast Reconstr Surg 68(4):603 15 Yucel A, Senyuva C, Aydin Y, Cinar C, Guzel Z (2000) Softtissue reconstruction of sole and heel defects with free tissue transfers Ann Plast Surg 44(3):259 16 Bunkis J, Walton RL, Mathes SJ (1983) The rectus abdominis free flap for lower extremity reconstruction Ann Plast Surg 11(5):373 Chapter 44   Achauer BM (1992) Reconstructing the burned face Clin Plast Surg 19:623–636   Gonzalez-Ulloa M (1956) Restoration of the face covering by means of selected skin in regional aesthetic units Br J Plast Surg 9:212–221   Feldman JJ (1987) Facial resurfacing In: Brent B (ed) The artistry of plastic surgery Mosby, St Louis   Rose EH, Norris MS (1990) The versatile temporoparietal fascial flap: adaptability to a variety of composite defects Plast Reconstr Surg 85:224–232   Rose EH (1998) Prepatterned microsurgical tissue transfers for replacement of aesthetic facial units In: Rose EH (ed) Aesthetic facial restoration Lipincott-Raven, Philadelphia, NY   Rose EH (1995) Aesthetic restoration of the severely disfigured face in burn victims: a comprehensive strategy Plast Reconstr Surg 96:1573–1585   Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Microvascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervico-dorsal flap Br J Plast Surg 47:465–469   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Aoki R, Tanuma K, Pennington DG (2002) An anatomical and clinical study of the dorsal intercostal cutaneous perforators – its application to free microvascular augmented subdermal vascular network (ma-SVN) flaps Br J Plast Surg 55:396–401   Yang JY, Tsai FC, Chana JS, Chuang SS, Chang SY, Huang WC (2002) Use of free thin anterolateral thigh flaps c ­ ombined with cervicoplasty for reconstruction of postburn anterior cervical contractures Plast Reconstr Surg 110: 39–46 10 Chin T, Ogawa R, Murakami M, Hyakusoku H (2005) An anatomical study and clinical cases of “super-thin flaps” with transverse cervical perforator Br J Plast Surg 58: 550–555 491  492 11 Mun GH, Jeon BJ, Lim SY, Hyon WS, Bang SI, Oh KS (2007) Reconstruction of postburn neck contractures using free thin thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps with cervicoplasty Plast Reconstr Surg 120:1524–1532 12 Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Lu F, Hu ZQ, Jiang P, Yang L, Feng C (2007) Reconstruction of the face and neck scar contractures using staged transfer of expanded “superthin flaps” Burns 33:760–763 13 Vinh VQ, Ogawa R, Iwakiri I, Hyakusoku H, Tanuma K (2007) Clinical and anatomical study of cervicopectoral superthin flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 119:1464–1471 Chapter 45   Bakamjian VY (1965) A two stage method for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with a primary pectoral skin flap Plast Reconstr Surg 36:173–184   Harii K, Ohmori K, Ohmori S (1974) Free deltopectoral skin flaps Brit J Plast Surg 27:231–239   Taylor GI, Daniel RK (1975) The anatomy of several free flap donor site Plast Reconstr Surg 56:243–253   Daniel RK, Cuningham DM, Taylor GI (1975) The deltopectoral flap: an anatomical and hemodynamic approach Plast Reconstr Surg 55:275–282   Sasaki K, Nozaki M, Honda T, Morioka K, Kikuchi U, Huang T (2001) The deltopectoral skin flap as a free flap revisited: further refinement in flap designing and fabri­ cation, and in clinical usage Plast Reconstr Surg 107: 1134–1141   Sasaki K, Nozaki M, Honda T, Morioka K, Kikuchi U, Huang T (2009) The deltopectoral skin flap as a free flap revisited: further refinement in flap designing and fabrication, and in clinical usage In: Berish Strauch, Luis O Vasconez (eds) Grabb’s encyclopedia of flaps, 3rd edn, vol Head and neck, Chapter 125 Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 354–356 Chapter 46   Yang G, Chen B, Gao Y (1981) The forearm free skin flap transplantation Natl Med J China 61:139   Kenney JG, DiMercurio S, Angel M (1990) Tissue-expanded radial forearm free flap in neck burn contracture J Burn Care Rehabil 11:443   Weinzweig N, Chen L, Chen ZW (1994) The distally based radial forearm fasciosubcutaneous flap with preservation of the radial artery: an anatomic and clinical approach Plast Reconstr Surg 94:675   Koshima I, Moriguchi T, Etoh H, Tsuda K, Tanaka H (1995) The radial artery perforator-based adipofascial flap for dorsal hand coverage Ann Plast Surg 35:474   Safak T, Akyürek M (2000) Free transfer of the radial forearm flap with preservation of the radial artery Ann Plast Surg 45:97   Koshima I, Tsutsui T, Nanba Y, Takahashi Y, Akisada K (2002) Free radial forearm osteocutaneous perforator flap References for reconstruction of total nasal defects J Reconstr Microsurg 18:585   Mateev M, Beermanov K, Subanova L, Novikova T (2004) Reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the hand using the shape-modified radial forearm flap Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 38:228   Mateev MA, Beermanov KA, Subanova LK, Novikova TV, Shaltakova G (2005) Shape-modified method using the radial forearm perforator flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the scalp J Reconstr Microsurg 21:21   Mateev MA, Ogawa R, Trunov L, Moldobaeva N, Hyakusoku H (2009) Shape-modified radial artery perforator flap method: analysis of 112 cases Plast Reconstr Surg 123(5): 1533–1543 10 Yang D, Morris SF (2006) Radial artery perforator flap In: Blondeel PN, Hallock GG, Morris SF and Neligan PC (eds) Perforator flaps Quality Medical, St Louis, pp 301–317 Chapter 47   Song R, Song Y, Yu Y, Song Y (1982) The upper arm free flap Clin Plast Surg 9:27–35   Soutar DS, Tanner NSB (1984) The radial forearm flap in the management of soft tissue injuries of the hand Br J Plast Surg 37:18–26   Foucher G, Genechten F, Merle N, Michon J (1984) A compound radial artery forearm flap in hand surgery: an original modification of the Chinese forearm flap Br J Plast Surg 37:139–148   Penteado CV, Masquelet AC, Chevrel JP (1986) The anatomic basis of the fasciocutaneous flap of the posterior interosseous artery Surg Radiol Anat 8:209–215   Jones BM, O’Brien CJ (1985) Acute ischaemia of the hand resulting from elevation of a radial forearm flap Br J Plast Surg 38:396–397   Koshima I, Moriguchi T, Etoh H, Tsuda K, Tanaka H (1995) The radial artery perforator-based adipofascial flap for dorsal hand coverage Ann Plast Surg 35:474–479 Chapter 48   Kimura N, Satoh K (1996) Consideration of the thin flap as an entity and clinical applications of the thin anterolateral thigh flap Plast Reconstr Surg 97:985–992   Kimura N, Satoh K, Hasumi T, Otuka T (2001) Clinical application of the free thin anterolateral thigh flap in 31 consecutive patients Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1197–1208   Kimura N (2002) A microdissected thin tensor fasciae latae perforator flap Plast Reconstr Surg 109:69–77   Kimura N, Satoh K, Hosaka Y (2003) Microdissected thin perforator flaps: 46 cases Plast Reconstr Surg 112: 1875–1885   Kimura N, Saitoh M (2006) Free microdissected thin groin flap design with an extended vascular pedicle Plast Reconstr Surg 117:986–992   Kimura N, Saitoh M, Sumiya N, Itoh Y (2009) Clinical application and refinement of the microdissected thin groin References flap transfer operation J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62: 1510-1516   Kimura N, Saitoh M, Itoh Y, Sumiya N (2006) Giant combined microdissected thin thigh perforator flap J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59:1352–1359   Kimura N, Saitoh M, Itoh Y, Sumiya N (2008) A comprehensive protocol of general burn treatment with microdissected thin flaps – a preliminary report Eur J Plast Surg 31: 213–217   Kimura N, Saitoh M, Sumiya N, Itoh Y (2008) Reconstruction of the hand skin defects by microdissected mini anterolateral thigh perforator flaps J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61: 1073–1077 10 Kimura N, Saitoh M, Okamura T, Hirata Y, Itoh Y, Sumiya N Concept and anatomical basis of Microdissected tailoring method for free flap transfer- Plast Reconstr Surg 123: 152-62, 2009 Chapter 49   Hyakusoku H, Yamamoto T, Fumiiri M (1991) The propeller flap method Br J Plast Surg 44:53–54   Hyakusoku H, Iwakiri I, Murakami M, Ogawa R (2006) Central axis flap methods Burns 32:891–896   Hallock GG (2006) The propeller flap version of the adductor muscle perforator flap for coverage of ischial or trochanteric pressure sores Ann Plast Surg 56(5):540–542   Moscatiello F, Masià J, Carrera A, Clavero JA, Larrañaga JR, Pons G (2007) The ‘propeller’ distal anteromedial thigh perforator flap Anatomic study and clinical applications J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 60(12):1323–1330   Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R, Oki K, Ishii N (2007) The perforator pedicled propeller (PPP) flap method: a report of two cases J Nippon Med Sch 74:367–371   Jakubietz RG, Jakubietz MG, Gruenert JG, Kloss DF (2007) The 180-degree perforator-based propeller flap for soft tissue coverage of the distal, lower extremity: a new method to achieve reliable coverage of the distal lower extremity with a local, fasciocutaneous perforator flap Ann Plast Surg 59(6):667–671   Wong CH, Cui F, Tan BK, Liu Z, Lee HP, Lu C, Foo CL, Song C (2007) Nonlinear finite element simulations to elucidate the determinants of perforator patency in propeller flaps Ann Plast Surg 59(6):672–678   Pignatti M, Pasqualini M, Governa M, Bruti M, Rigotti G (2008) Propeller flaps for leg reconstruction J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61(7):777–783   Rubino C, Figus A, Mazzocchi M, Dessy LA, Martano A (2008) The propeller flap for chronic osteomyelitis of the lower extremities: a case report J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 10 Schonauer F, La Rusca I, Di Monta G, Molea G (2008) Choosing the correct sense of rotation in 180 degrees propeller flaps J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61(12):1492 11 Rad AN, Singh NK, Rosson GD (2008) Peritoneal artery perforator-based propeller flap reconstruction of the lateral distal lower extremity after tumor extirpation: case report and literature review Microsurgery 28(8):663–670  Chapter 50   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Aoki R, Tanuma K, Pennington DG (2002) An anatomical and clinical study of the dorsal intercostal cutaneous perforators, and application to free microvascular augmented subdermal vascular network (ma-SVN) flaps Br J Plast Surg 55(5):396–401   Hyakusoku H, Gao JH, Pennington DG, Aoki R, Murakami M, Ogawa R (2002) The microvascular augmented subdermal vascular network (ma-SVN) flap: its variations and recent development in using intercostal perforators Br J Plast Surg 55(5):402–411   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M (2003) Color Doppler ultrasonography in the planning of microvascular augmented “super-thin” flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 112(3):822–828   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Iwakiri I, Akaishi S (2004) Severe neck scar contracture reconstructed with a ninth dorsal intercostal perforator augmented “super-thin flap” Ann Plast Surg 52(2):216–219   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H (2004) Bipedicled free super-thin flap harvesting from the anterior chest Plast Reconstr Surg 113(4):1299–1300   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Gao JH (2004) Clinical and basic research on occipito-cervico-dorsal flaps: including a study of the anatomical territories of dorsal trunk vessels Plast Reconstr Surg 113(7):1923–1933   Chin T, Ogawa R, Murakami M, Hyakusoku H (2005) An anatomical study and clinical cases of ‘super-thin flaps’ with transverse cervical perforator Br J Plast Surg 58(4): 550–555   Vinh VQ, Ogawa R, Iwakiri I, Hyakusoku H, Tanuma K (2007) Clinical and anatomical study of cervicopectoral superthin flaps Plast Reconstr Surg 119(5):1464–1471   Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Lu F, Hu ZQ, Jiang P, Yang L, Feng C (2007) Reconstruction of the face and neck scar contractures using staged transfer of expanded “superthin flaps” Burns 33(6):760–763 10 Ono S, Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R, Oki K, Hayashi H, Kumita S (2008) Usefulness of multidetector-row computed tomography in the planning and postoperative assessment of perforator flaps J Nippon Med Sch 75(1):50–52 Chapter 51   Hyakusoku H, Gao JH (1994) The “super-thin” flap Br J Plast Surg 47:457–464   Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Microvascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervicodorsal flap Br J Plast Surg 47:465–469   Hyakusoku H, Gao JH, Pennington DG, Aoki R, Murakami M, Ogawa R (2002) The microvascular augmented subdermal vascular network (ma-SVN) flap: its variations and recent development in using intercostal perforators Br J Plast Surg 55(5):402–411   Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Aoki R, Tanuma K, Pennington DG (2002) An anatomical and clinical study of the dorsal intercostal cutaneous perforators – its application 493 Index A Acellular matrix, 100–107 Acentric axis, 442 Acentric propeller flap, 442, 443 Acticoat®, 138 Adipofascial flap, 409, 428–433 Adipose tissue, 40, 357, 434 ADM See Allogeneic dermal matrix Advancement flap, 164, 178, 181, 183, 186, 214, 250, 251, 256, 275, 279, 281, 408, 442 Aesthetic unit, 13, 47, 115, 208, 220–224, 240, 279, 398, 406, 470, 472 Alloderm™, 91 Allogeneic dermal matrix (ADM), 100–107 Allograft, 113 Allotransplantation, 100–103, 106, 107 Alopecia, 118, 181, 183, 242, 245, 250–259, 275, 277 ALT flap See Anterolateral thigh flap Angiogenesis, 90, 302 Angiography, 338, 342 Ankle joint, 45, 57, 326, 328, 390, 391, 394, 395 Ankylosis, 44, 332, 333 Anterior chest, 45, 53, 80, 360 Anterior interosseous artery, 428, 429 Anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap, 304, 305, 336, 337, 378–387, 434, 436 Antibiotic, 10, 38, 240 Artificial dermis, 7, Autoadhesive rubber, 141 Autograft, 112, 130, 216 Axial pattern flap, 320, 368, 369 Axilla, 25, 45, 52, 128, 137, 186, 190, 198, 202, 206, 280–282, 286, 435, 442 B Bacteria, 10, 11, 17, 22, 23, 106, 108, 146, 209 Band contracture, 285 Bandage, 10, 38, 79, 141, 142, 146, 429 Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), 62, 63 Betadine®, 32 bFGF See Basic fibroblast growth factor Bilateral contracture, 53 Biobrane™, 12, 13, 34, 208, 210, 212 Biomaterial, 41 Blister, 3–6, 10–13 Bone marrow, 40, 41 Branch, 180, 230, 234, 260, 262, 271, 285, 301, 302, 304, 344, 374, 379, 382, 383, 406, 409, 428–430, 434, 440 Broadband contracture, 51, 52, 54–58 Buttock, 2, 30, 64, 138 C Camoflage, 77, 81, 399, 401 Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser, 72, 74 Carboxymethylcellulose, Cartilage, 44, 46, 154, 179, 262, 270–272, 274, 288, 300, 302, 306, 308, 309, 398, 409, 471 Central axis flap, 198–207 Central contracture, 53 Cervico-pectral (CP) flap, 360 Cheek flap, 223, 224, 260 Chin, 48, 86, 176, 179, 181, 182, 224, 292, 296, 314, 316, 342, 362, 364, 402–405, 414, 415, 454, 462, 464 Circumflex scapular vessel (CSV), 344, 352, 402, 454, 456, 470 Collagen, 22, 64, 65, 72–75, 90, 91, 106–108, 172, 174 Collagenase, Color Doppler ultrasonography, 442 Commissure, 47, 172, 178, 181, 312, 314, 400, 406, 407 Compression, 76, 77, 140–142, 144 Contracture, 5, 12, 25, 26, 38, 44, 76, 94, 108, 119, 132, 150, 160, 172, 178, 186, 198, 209, 220, 230, 276, 296, 300, 322, 330, 338, 344, 357, 372, 386, 398, 414, 416, 436, 450, 452, 462, 472 Corticosteroid, 76–78, 81 CP flap See Cervico-pectral flap Cream, 6, 75, 82, 140 Cross-leg flap, 328 CSV See Circumflex scapular vessel CT, 434 Cubital fossa, 51, 186, 204 Cubital joint, 45, 51 D DB See Deep burn DDB See Deep dermal burn Debridement, 6, 7, 10–14, 27, 64, 65, 68, 69, 116, 141, 144, 146, 147, 209, 258, 281, 308, 366, 388, 391, 394, 396, 397, 416, 432, 446 495 496 Debris, 10, 13, 23, 27, 146, 208, 209 Debulking, 304, 357, 398, 401–407, 452 Deep burn (DB), 2, 4, 8, 9, 12, 102, 140, 280, 428, 448 Deep dermal burn (DDB), 66, 80, 208, 209, 212, 320, 430, 431, 446 Deep inferior epigastric artery, 390, 394 Deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP, DIEP) flap, 368, 434, 436 Defatting, 314, 408, 410, 412, 460, 462, 471 Delayed flap, 259 Deltopectral (DP) flap, 410–415 Depigmentation, 412 Dermabrasion, 32, 36, 72, 73, 209, 212, 226 Dermal substitute (DS), 8, 9, 12, 90–98, 100, 142, 143 Dermis, 3–8, 13, 14, 26–28, 30, 38, 39, 62–64, 68, 69, 72–74, 90, 91, 100, 101, 132, 133, 137, 153, 208, 400 Descending, 230, 234, 285, 301, 302, 304, 378, 379, 382, 383, 429 Diabetes, 63, 342 Digit, 19, 49, 58, 59, 96, 134, 137, 336 Digital joint, 45, 49, 146 Digital web, 45, 49, 196 DIP, 49, 58 Distally-based flap, 329, 330 Distant flap, 49, 50, 84, 250, 366, 368, 370, 408 DMEM See Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium Doppler ultrasound, 271, 274, 320, 331, 444 Dorsal intercostal perforator (D-ICAP, DICP), 354, 454, 458, 462 Dorsal pedis artery, 450 DP flap See Deltopectral flap DS See Dermal substitute Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), 101 E Ear, 45, 60, 137, 155, 214, 240, 270–275, 279, 398, 399 EB See Epidermal burn Edema, 3, 11, 16, 17, 21, 82, 140, 302, 314, 316 EDTA, 100, 101 Embryonic stem cell, 41 End-to-end anastomosis, 390, 393, 396 End-to-side anastomosis, 389, 390, 393, 396 Epidermal burn (EB), 320 Epidermis, 3, 5, 22, 26, 28, 30, 39, 40, 62, 72–74, 92, 100, 101, 106 Epithelial necrosis, 356, 362 Epithelisation, 27 Escarotomy, 34, 140 Eschar, 4, 11, 13, 14, 146, 390 Expanded flap, 76, 79, 178, 220–242, 246, 248, 250, 251, 255–261, 265–269, 279, 280, 368, 416, 464 Extensor carpi radialis, 428 Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 428 Extensor carpi ulnaris, 428, 429 Extensor digiti minimi, 428, 429 Extensor digitorum, 428 Extensor pollitis longus, 428 External agents, 77, 81 External wire-frame, 146–148, 150, 151, 153–155, 157 Eyebrow, 83, 84, 181, 276, 279, 290, 294, 298, 312 Index Eyelid, 14, 46, 82–84, 120, 137, 146, 150, 151, 178, 179, 181, 221–223, 240, 294, 312, 399, 404 F Fascia, 13, 14, 28, 46, 230, 289, 300–302, 304, 331, 338, 400, 404–407, 429, 433, 434, 471, 473 Fascial excision, 12–14, 326 Fascial flap, 143, 270–272, 274, 310, 312, 330, 409, 428, 448, 450, 470 Fat, 12, 64, 73, 141, 156, 181, 271, 316, 330, 344, 357, 368, 428, 432, 434, 452, 462, 464, 468, 471 FEA See Finite element method Fibroblast, 73 Fibromodulin, 40 Finite element method (FEA), 186, 188 Fixomull®, 32 Flammacerium, 7, Flying-wing, 250 Foam, 7, 22 Forearm, 2, 50, 51, 66, 67, 137, 183, 216, 248, 249, 262, 302, 308, 309, 330, 331, 334, 399, 404, 405, 416, 417, 428–430, 432, 448 Forehead flap, 175, 179, 181, 260–262, 265–269, 302 Foundation, 82–83, 88, 276 Free flap, 113, 398–407, 470–477 Full thickness skin graft, 122, 132–133, 152, 154, 224, 432, 436, 466, 468 G Galea, 251, 252, 298 Gammagraft™, 91 Gauze, 6, 23, 32, 63, 66, 70, 74, 138, 141 Gel sheet, 76, 77, 80 Gelpi retractor, 434 Genital, 2, 45, 60 Gliaderm™, 91 Gore-tex®, 300, 301, 304 Grafting, 7–9, 64, 68, 77, 128, 132–138, 146–157, 174, 196, 204, 216, 298, 362, 388–390, 406, 410, 414, 454, 458, 464, 472 Groin flap, 49, 50, 224, 271, 272, 274, 432–434, 440 H Hair, 5, 52, 133, 178, 190, 202, 250, 276–279, 288, 300, 399 Hair-bearing flap, 181, 184, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 278, 290, 292, 302, 308, 309 Hairline, 181, 184, 262, 264, 266, 268, 271 Hairy flap, 288, 292, 298 Hand, 3, 12–13, 17, 27, 76, 83, 90, 116, 118, 133, 140–144, 146, 208, 230, 276, 330, 357, 370, 416–433, 435 Head and neck, 96, 115, 118, 208, 216, 240, 276, 300, 301, 302, 304, 374, 378 Helical crus, 270, 272 Hematoma, 94, 108, 133, 146, 357 Hemilateral contracture, 53 Hormone, 72 Hyalomatrix 3D™, 90 Hyaluronic acid, 40 Index Hydrocision, 209 Hydrofiber, 6, 140, 141 Hyperhydration, 140 Hypertrophic scar, 10, 26, 32, 38, 40, 62, 76–81, 114, 118, 132, 133, 135, 162, 163, 166, 167, 172, 174, 220, 224, 232, 234, 236, 278, 285, 316, 340, 342, 358, 364, 372, 373, 374, 375, 464 I Implant, 41, 108, 230, 236, 240, 262, 276, 279, 282, 283, 288, 292, 296, 300–302, 402, 403, 404, 405 Infection, 5, 10, 16, 22, 23, 27, 62, 63, 68, 90, 94, 98, 105, 118, 138, 208, 209, 240, 250, 258, 346, 379, 388 Inflammatory cell, 38, 62 Inguinal, 45, 55, 79, 134, 137 Integra®, 8, 22–25, 27, 34, 90, 91, 94, 98, 108–116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 137 Intercostal perforator, 298, 344, 354–355, 366, 370, 371, 454–455, 458–159, 460–462 Internal agents, 81 Irrigation, Ischemia, 4, 16, 17, 118 Island flap, 181, 184, 198, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268, 276, 280, 282, 290, 294, 296, 298, 338–340, 342, 344, 428, 442, 468 J Jelonet®, 32 K Keloid, 62, 74, 76, 400, 404–407 Kenzan, 79, 146 Keratinocyte, 8, 12, 14, 26, 38, 39, 62, 73, 101, 103, 144 Kirshner-wire, 154, 450 Knee joint, 45, 56, 390, 391 L Laser, 72, 74, 80–81, 141, 399, 401–407 Lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA), 378, 379, 382, 383 Lateral femoral circumflex vessel, 301, 304, 306 Lateral thoracic artery perforator (LTAP), 339 LCFA See Lateral circumflex femoral artery Linear contracture, 48–51, 54–58 Lining, 179, 261, 262, 266, 300, 302, 306, 308, 309 Lip deformity, 412, 413 Local flap, 46–52, 54–59, 79, 132, 178–184, 186, 250, 260, 279, 285, 302, 320, 330–337, 398 Low computed tomography (MD-CT), 320, 442, 452 Lower leg, 56, 57 LTAP See Lateral thoracic artery perforator Lumbar, 45, 54 M Macrophages, 62 Make-up therapy, 81–88 Mandible skin flap, 232 Massage, 32, 82, 83, 88 Matriderm™, 8, 12, 90, 91, 92, 96, 98, 143 Mentum, 86 497 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 41 Mesh graft, 7, 8, 26, 64, 119, 132–137, 328 Meshed graft, 27, 30, 34, 100, 137, 302, 350, 394, 440, 456, 458, 464, 474 Metacarpal joints (MPs), 284 Metal sponge, 146, 147 Microdissected thin flap, 434–441 Microvascular flap, 118, 398, 410, 412, 414 Moisturization, 212 MPP flap See Muscle pedicled propeller flap MPs See Metacarpal joints MSCs See Mesenchymal stem cells MTP, 45, 58 Multi-modal therapy, 76, 78, 81 Multidetector, 442 Multilobed propeller flap, 198–199 Muscle, 13, 44, 96, 272, 301, 312, 326, 330, 338, 344, 378, 388–398, 409, 416, 428, 443, 470 Muscle flap, 344, 388–397 Muscle pedicled propeller (MPP) flap, 442 Muscle perforator, 388 Musculocutaneous flap, 108, 320, 322, 326, 344, 350–351, 378, 380, 409 N Nasolabial flap, 178, 260 Nasolabial fold, 181, 183, 208, 268 Nd: YAG laser, 80 Neck, 11, 48, 70, 94, 118, 135, 176–178, 186, 192–193, 208, 220–230, 240, 272, 276, 299, 300, 311, 332, 339, 344, 360, 372, 378, 399, 412, 435, 446, 452, 462, 470–477 Needling, 72–75 Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), 22–23 Neodermis, 22, 90, 108–111, 114, 115, 116 Nerve, 251, 312, 330, 344, 379, 428, 429, 432, 436 Nipple, 53, 280, 282, 283, 409 Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 81 Nonmeshed skin graft, 141, 143, 144 Nose, 45, 60, 179, 181, 183, 209, 232, 260, 262, 264, 266, 279, 300, 306, 308, 310, 312, 399 NPWT See Negative pressure wound therapy NSAIDs See Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs O Occipital artery, 252, 271, 356, 372 Occipito-cervico-dorsal (OCD) flap, 357, 362, 462–464, 466, 468 Occipito-cervico-pectral (OCP) flap, 356, 357, 364 Occipito-cervico-shoulder (OCS) flap, 357, 372, 373 Occlusive dressing, 22, 208, 209 OCD flap See Occipito-cervico-dorsal flap OCP flap See Occipito-cervico-pectral flap OCS flap See Occipito-cervico-shoulder flap Op-Site®, 138 P Pain, 3, 6, 7, 23, 25, 76, 79, 80, 82, 138, 141, 209, 240, 246 Palmar, 3, 12, 45, 49, 50, 147, 170, 336 Parascapular flap, 280, 282, 285, 470 498 PDGF See Platelet derived growth factor PDL See Pulsed dye laser Pectral intercostal perforator (P-ICAP, PICP), 370, 371, 460 Pedicled flap, 47, 51, 56, 264, 266, 288, 306, 344, 346–351, 366, 416, 442–452 Perforator, 48, 198, 230, 285, 298, 338, 344, 356, 368, 378, 388, 416, 428, 434, 442, 452, 462 Perforator pedicled propeller (PPP) flap, 442–451 Perforator-based flap, 416, 428–433 Perforator-supercharged (PS) propeller flap, 442 Perioral, 45, 47 Periorbital, 45, 46 Pigmentation, 36, 92, 106, 220, 412 PIPs See Proximal phalanx joints Planimetric Z-plasty, 160, 166 Plantar, 4, 9, 45, 57, 59, 450 Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), 73 Platysma, 48 Postauricular artery, 254 Posterior interosseous flap, 330, 428, 429 Posterior occipital vein, 272, 273 PPP flap See Perforator pedicled propeller Preexpanded flap, 368 Prefabricated flap, 47, 230, 236, 288, 300–317, 368 Prelaminated flap, 300–309 Preserved subdermal vascular network full-thickness skin graft (PSVN), 356 Propeller flap, 51, 56, 198–207, 354, 420, 442–451 Proximal phalanx joints (PIPs), 45, 49, 58, 284, 330 Proximally-based flap, 330 Pulsed dye laser (PDL), 80 R Radial artery, 302, 310, 416–433, 436, 448–449 Radiation, 76, 77 RAM free flap See Rectus abdominis muscle free flap Random pattern flap, 230, 232–233, 320, 368, 369, 442 Randomized control trial (RCT), 62, 81 Range of motion (ROM), 11, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 116, 128, 135, 138, 206, 394, 420, 440 RCT See Randomized control trial ReCell®, 26–37 Rectus abdominis muscle (RAM) free flap, 326, 388, 389, 395, 396 Regional flap, 47, 52, 118, 270, 320, 330 Rejuvenation, 72 Remodeling, 62, 108, 110, 172, 174, 262, 312, 316 Resurfacing, 8, 27, 36, 72, 74, 178, 179, 181–184, 208, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 229, 232, 236, 301, 316, 336, 399, 401–408, 470–472, 474, 476 Retinoic acid, 72, 73 ROM See Range of motion Rotated flap, 180, 198, 202, 234, 240, 251, 252, 254, 280, 314, 342, 357, 417, 418, 420, 444, 448, 450, 452, 462, 464, 466 Rotational flap, 120, 178, 198, 200, 250, 251, 256, 258, 281, 338, 442, 443, 446 S S-shaped incision, 429 SAP See Subatmospheric pressure Index Scaffold, 40, 41, 100–107 Scalp, 5, 118, 133, 146, 180, 208, 240, 250–259, 261, 270, 276–277, 298, 301, 347, 399 Scalp flap, 180, 181, 241, 250, 251, 255, 257–259, 271, 306 SCAP flap See Superficial cervical artery perforator flap Scapular flap, 280, 282, 285, 399, 402–407, 470–477 Scarred flap, 320–329 Scarring, 14, 23, 38–40, 62, 72, 73, 75, 88, 109, 111, 118, 119, 124, 132, 160, 179–181, 184, 220, 224, 226, 227, 261, 270, 298, 302, 310, 398, 405, 410, 411, 432, 444, 464 SDB See Superficial dermal burn Secondary vascularized flap, 288–299 Septocutaneous perforator, 378, 379, 383 Septofasciocutaneous flap, 470 Seroma, 22, 94, 133 Shape-modified flap, 416–427 Shape-Modified Radial Artery Perforator (SM-RAP) Flap, 416–427 Sheet graft, 12, 64, 100, 133–138, 178, 398, 406, 407 Shoulder, 206, 220, 221, 224, 226, 234, 312, 316, 338, 340, 348, 357, 372, 373 Silicone, 6, 7, 22, 23, 25, 62, 90, 91, 94, 108, 109, 240–243, 246, 247, 262 Silversulfadiazine, 6, 7, 21 Skin expander, 310, 312 Skin graft, 4, 6, 10, 22, 26, 38, 46, 62, 76, 82, 90, 100, 108, 122, 132–138, 140–144, 146–157, 174, 178, 192, 198, 208, 220, 240, 250, 260, 279, 290, 309, 314, 320, 330, 338, 344, 356, 380, 388, 398, 408, 429, 436, 444, 452, 462, 472 Skull, 7, 91, 94, 96, 250 SM-RAP flap See Shape-modified radial artery perforator flap Split thickness skin graft (STSG), 7, 13, 14, 22, 23, 25–27, 30, 34, 46, 53–55, 63, 64, 68, 69, 94, 100–103, 114, 124, 126, 128, 132, 133, 135–137, 176, 258, 338, 340, 342, 344, 357, 394, 398, 401, 412, 430, 431, 440, 452, 462, 476 Square flap, 186–197 Stem cell, 12, 38–41 Steroid, 76–81, 298 Stiffness, 44 STSG See Split thickness skin graft Subatmospheric pressure (SAP), 17–23, 25 Subdermal plexus, 357, 434, 435, 452, 462 Subdermal vascular network, 230, 344, 356, 357, 368, 370, 371, 452, 462 Subdermal vascular network (SVN) flap, 230, 357 Super-thin flap, 48, 230, 298, 344, 356–375, 398, 452–469, 471 Supercharged flap, 230, 338, 352, 354, 357, 368, 369, 442, 452–469 Supercharging, 338, 339, 344, 357, 452, 458, 462 Superficial cervical artery perforator (SCAP) flap, 344–355 Superficial dermal burn (SDB), 66, 80, 320 Superficial radial, 428, 429 Superficial temporary artery, 180, 181, 184, 251 Supraclavicular flap, 338–343 Supraorbital artery, 251 Supratrochlear artery, 251 Index 499 Surfasoft®, 32 SVN flap See Subdermal vascular network flap Trypsin, 27, 100, 101 Tubed flap, 260, 261 T TAAP See Thoracoacromial artery perforator Tangential excision, 11–13, 92, 176, 209 Taping, 77, 79 Tarsorrhaphy, 146, 150 Tattoo, 72 TDAP flap See Thoracodorsal artery perforator flap Temporoparietal facial flap, 270 Temporoparietal region, 242, 270 Tensor fasciae latae perforator (TFLP) flap, 434 TESE See Tissue-engineered autologous skin equivalent TEWL See Transepidermal water loss TFLP flap See Tensor fasciae latae perforator flap TGF See Transforming growth factor The internal mammary artery, 408, 410, 411 The internal mammary vessel, 408, 409, 413 Thigh, 2, 7, 8, 55, 56, 64, 79, 80, 102, 104, 105, 285, 286, 301, 304, 305, 336, 378–387, 434, 436, 464 Thinning, 80, 344, 356, 357, 368, 399, 400, 408–415, 434, 452, 460, 462 Thoracoacromial artery perforator (TAAP), 339 Thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap, 434 Tissue expansion, 108, 133, 179, 230, 240–251, 260, 281, 301, 302, 388 Tissue undermining, 214 Tissue-engineered autologous skin equivalent (TESE), 100–107 Toe joint, 45, 58 Toe web, 45, 59 Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), 63 Transforming growth factor (TGF), 40, 73 Transposition flap, 164, 220–229 Transverse cervical artery, 234, 338, 342, 344, 374, 462 U Upper arm, 51, 52, 66, 84, 152, 260, 261, 301, 330, 332, 338 V V flap, 164, 170 V-Y flap, 160–171 V-Y plasty, 132, 164 V.A.C.® See Vacuum assisted closure (VAC)® Vacuum assisted closure (VAC)®, 5, 16–25, 90, 91, 133, 138 Vascular bundle, 8, 288–290, 292, 294, 296 Vermilion, 181, 406, 407 Versajet™, 13, 14, 209 Vitamin A, 72–75 Vitamin C, 73–75 W W-plasty, 50, 51, 54–57, 76 Waterjet, 14 Wraping method, 23, 138, 270, 288–289, 434 Wrist joint, 45, 50, 284, 298 X Xenograft, 8, 113 Y Y-V plasty, 132 YV advancement flap, 281 Z Z-plasty, 48, 49, 52, 59, 76, 113, 132, 133, 160, 161, 166, 172–178, 186, 188, 261, 281, 282, 285–287 Zygomatic arch, 400, 406, 407 .. .Color Atlas of Burn Reconstructive Surgery Hiko Hyakusoku · Dennis P Orgill Luc Téot · Julian J Pribaz Rei Ogawa (Eds.) Color Atlas of Burn Reconstructive Surgery Hiko Hyakusoku, MD, PhD Professor... Professor Nippon Medical School Hospital Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1-1 -5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 11 3-8 603 Japan r.ogawa@nms.ac.jp ISBN: 97 8-3 -6 4 2-0 506 9-5      e-ISBN: 97 8-3 -6 4 2-0 507 0-1 ... Color Atlas of Burn Reconstructive Surgery,  DOI: 10.1007/97 8-3 -6 4 2-0 507 0-1 _3, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Debridement of the Burn Wound deep in nature, i.e., contact burns in aesthetically