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ANSWER KEY for EPONYMS: WORD FROM NAMES additional information from Wikipedia 1. bloomer Amelia Jenks Bloomer (May 27, 1818 – December 30, 1894) was an American women's rights and temperance advocate. Even though she did not create the women's clothing reform style known as bloomers, her name became associated with it because of her early and strong advocacy. Bloomer promoted a change in dress standards for women that would be less restrictive in regular activities. “The costume of women should be suited to her wants and necessities. It should conduce at once to her health, comfort, and usefulness; and, while it should not fail also to conduce to her personal adornment, it should make that end of secondary importance. “ In 1851, New England temperance activist Elizabeth Smith Miller adopted what she considered a more rational costume: loose trousers gathered at the ankles, like women's trousers worn in the Middle East and Central Asia, topped by a short dress or skirt and vest. The costume was worn publicly by actress Fanny Kemble. Miller displayed her new clothing to Stanton, her cousin, who found it sensible and becoming, and adopted it immediately. In this garb Stanton visited Bloomer, who began to wear the costume and promote it enthusiastically in her magazine. Articles on the clothing trend were picked up in The New York Tribune. More women wore the fashion which was promptly dubbed The Bloomer Costume or "Bloomers". However, the Bloomers were subjected to ceaseless ridicule in the press and harassment on the street. Bloomer herself dropped the fashion in 1859, saying that a new invention, the crinoline, was a sufficient reform that she could return to conventional dress. 2. sandwich John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (3 November 1718 – 30 April 1792) succeeded his grandfather, the 3rd Earl, in 1729, at the age of ten. During his life he held various military and political offices but is perhaps most well-known for being claimed to have originated the modern concept of the sandwich. The modern sandwich is possibly named after Lord Sandwich but not invented by him. It is said that he ordered his valet to bring him meat tucked between two pieces of bread. Others began to order "the same as Sandwich!" A rumor in a contemporary travel book (although not confirmed) formed the popular myth that bread and meat sustained Lord Sandwich at the gambling table. The sober alternative is provided by Sandwich's biographer, N. A. M. Rodger, who suggests Sandwich's commitments to the navy, to politics and the arts mean the first sandwich was more likely to have been consumed at his desk. 3. graham cracker The Reverend Sylvester Graham (July 5, 1794 – September 11, 1851) was an American dietary reformer. He was born in Suffield, Connecticut, and was ordained in 1826 as a Presbyterian minister. He was an early advocate of dietary reform in the United States and was most notable for his emphasis on vegetarianism and the temperance movement, as well as dietary habits. In 1829 he invented Graham bread, and the recipe first appeared in The New Hydropathic Cookbook. It showed that Graham bread was made from unsifted flour and free from chemical additives such as alum and chlorine. Graham argued that chemical additives in bread made it unwholesome. The use of additives by bakeries was a common practice during the Industrial Revolution to make bread whiter in color, and more commercially appealing. Darker wheat bread was considered the fare of country rubes. Refined bread was a status symbol of the middle class because of its "purity and refinement" in its color and was purchased, rather than home-made. Graham believed that a firm bread made of coarsely ground whole-wheat flour was more nutritious and healthy. Though called a cracker, it is sweet rather than salty and so bears some resemblance to a cookie. The true graham cracker is made with graham flour, a combination of fine-ground white flour and coarse-ground wheat bran and germ. 4. pasteurized Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of disease. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies. His experiments supported the germ theory of disease. He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization. Pasteurization is a process which slows microbial growth in food. The pasteurization process was originally conceived as a way of preventing wine and beer from souring. 5. Bunsen burner Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (31 March 1811 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He developed several gas-analytical methods, was a pioneer in photochemistry, and he did early work in the field of organoarsenic chemistry. Bunsen investigated emission spectra of heated elements, a research area called spectrum analysis. For this work, Bunsen and his laboratory assistant, Peter Desaga, had perfected a special gas burner by 1855 which provided a very hot and clean flame. This burner known today as simply the "Bunsen burner" was an improvement on the laboratory burners then in use. 6. Fahrenheit Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (14 May 1686 – 16 September 1736) was a Prussian physicist and engineer who determined a temperature scale now named after him. Fahrenheit determined his scale by reference to three fixed points of temperature. The lowest temperature was achieved by preparing a frigorific mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride (a salt), and waiting for it to reach equilibrium. The thermometer then was placed into the mixture and the liquid in the thermometer allowed to descend to its lowest point. The thermometer's reading there was taken as 0 °F. The second reference point was selected as the reading of the thermometer when it was placed in still water when ice was just forming on the surface. This was assigned as 32 °F. The third calibration point was selected as the thermometer's reading when the instrument was placed under the arm or in the mouth. This 98.6 degrees is the determined normal body temperature today. Until the switch to the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit one was widely used in Europe. It is still used for everyday temperature measurements by the general population in the United States and Belize and, less so, in the UK and Canada. from Celsius to Celsius Fahrenheit [°F] = [°C] × 9⁄5 + 32 [°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5⁄9 7. Celsius Anders Celsius (27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. Celsius was the first to perform and publish careful experiments aiming at the definition of an international temperature scale on scientific grounds. In his Swedish paper "Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer" he reports on experiments to check that the freezing point is independent of latitude (and of atmospheric pressure). He determined the dependence of the boiling of water with atmospheric pressure which was accurate even by modern day standards. He further gave a rule for the determination of the boiling point if the barometric pressure deviates from a certain standard pressure. In 1742 he proposed the Celsius temperature scale in a paper to the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, the oldest Swedish scientific society, founded in 1710. His thermometer had 100 for the freezing point of water and 0 for the boiling point. In 1745, a year after his death, the scale was reversed by Carolus Linnaeus to facilitate practical measurement. Celsius originally called his scale centigrade derived from the Latin for "hundred steps". For years it was simply referred to as the Swedish thermometer. 8. Braille Louis Braille (January 4, 1809 – January 6, 1852) was the inventor of Braille, a worldwide system used by blind and visually impaired people for reading and writing. Braille is read by passing the fingers over characters made up of an arrangement of one to six embossed points. In 1821, Charles Barbier, a Captain in the French Army, visited the school. Barbier shared his invention called "night writing" a code of 12 raised dots and a number of dashes that let soldiers share top-secret information on the battlefield without having to speak. The code was too difficult for Louis to understand and he later changed the number of raised dots to 6 each corresponding to letters. The six-dot system allowed the recognition of letters with a single fingertip apprehending all the dots at once, requiring no movement or repositioning which slowed recognition in systems requiring more dots. These dots consisted of patterns in order to keep the system easy to learn. Louis Braille invented his raised-dot system using his father's stitching awl, the same implement with which he had blinded himself. He finished the system at age 15, in 1824 and has since been adapted to almost every known language. 9. Geiger counter Johannes (Hans) Wilhelm Geiger (September 30, 1882 – September 24, 1945) was a German physicist. He is perhaps best known as the co-inventor of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger-Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. In 1907 he began work with Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester and in 1909 along with Ernest Marsden conducted the famous Geiger-Marsden experiment called the gold foil experiment. Together they created the Geiger counter. He was a member of the Uranium Club, which was working on an atomic bomb for Nazi Germany. 10. Franklin Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, soldier, and diplomat. Franklin was a prodigious inventor. Among his many creations were the lightning rod, the glass armonica, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses, and the flexible urinary catheter. Franklin never patented his inventions; in his autobiography he wrote, " as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously." Franklin's fascination with innovation could be viewed as altruistic; he wrote that his scientific works were to be used for increasing efficiency and human improvement. The Franklin stove is a metal-lined fireplace made in 1742. It has baffles in the rear to improve the airflow, providing more heat and less smoke than an ordinary open fireplace. It is also known as a circulating stove. Although in current usage the term "stove" implies a closed firebox, the front of a Franklin stove is open to the room. ANSWER KEY for CLUES AND CUES TO FRENCH IN ENGLISH Part 1 1. buffet 2. crochet 3. bouquet 4. beret 5. ballet Other French words in English that end in –et include: banquet, bayonet, blanket, bracelet, bullet, cadet, cabaret, chalet, closet, comet, corset, jacket, musket, tablet, target, diet Part 2 1. attaché 2. café 3. matinée 4. fiancé 5. entrée Also: canapé, cliché, sauté, soirée, toupée Part 3 1. brunette 2. cassette 3. barrette 4. marionette 5. dinette Also: etiquette, cigarette Part 4 1. encore 2. envelope 3. en guard 4. ensemble 5. en route Also: entrepreneur, envoy ADDITIONAL FRENCH WORDS, PHRSES, and INFORMATION FOR YOUR INTEREST FOODS: éclair, hors d'oeuvre, crêpe, cuisine, croissant, dessert (no wonder the word “diet” is also French!  ) PLACES: Chicago (from Fort Chécagou), Detroit (“strait”), Des Moines (“of the monks”), Louisiana (“land of Louis XIV”), Maine (name of former French province), Vermont (“green mountains”), Baton Rouge (“red stick” -so named because there was a red painted pole placed by the native Americans), and Dixie (from “dix” meaning “ten”) BALLET TERMS: pique, pirouette, plié, sachet, etc. MISCELLANEOUS: annoy, argue, camouflage, cul-de-sac, décor, depot, déjà vu, debt, donate, doubt, felon, foyer, journey, mannequin, maneuver, mansion, mascot, massacre, massage, mustard, moustache, mousse, naïve, orange, phlegm, rendezvous, résumé, RSVP, routine, sabotage, savoir faire, savage, sober, soufflé, signify, villain, vogue, voilà WHY IS THERE SO MUCH FRENCH INFLUNCE IN ENGLISH? There are 30,000 words in the English language that have come from French. Most of the French vocabulary now appearing in English was imported over the centuries following the invasion of William the Conqueror of Normandy, France in 1066, when England came under the administration of Norman- speaking peoples. Normandy is a region in northern France which in the years prior to 1066 experienced extensive Viking resettlement. In 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings under their leader Rollo to settle in northern France. Charles hoped that by doing so he would end the Viking attacks that were plaguing France at the time. In exchange, they were expected to provide protection along the coast against future Viking invaders. Their settlement proved successful, and the Vikings in the region became known as the Northmen from which Normandy is derived. The Normans quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism and converting to Christianity. They adopted the language of their new home and added features from their own Norse language, transforming it into the Norman language. They further blended into the culture by intermarrying with the local population. The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy, and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. This resulted in Norman control of England, which was firmly established during the next few years. The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons. It largely removed the native ruling class, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical hierarchy. This, in turn, brought about a transformation of the English language and the culture of England. By subjecting the country to rulers originating in France it linked England more closely with continental Europe, while lessening Scandinavian influence, and set the stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently for many centuries. It also had important consequences for the rest of the British Isles, paving the way for further Norman conquests in Wales and Ireland, and the extensive penetration of the aristocracy of Scotland by Norman and other French-speaking families, with the accompanying spread of continental institutions and cultural influences. ANSWER KEY for COWBOY SPANISH 1. bronco 2. rodeo 3. plaza 4. lariat 5. burro 6. siesta 7. sombrero 8. canyon 9. poncho 10. taco 11. loco 12. vigilante 13. 14. And then you cannot forget “buckaroo” which is a slaughtered pronunciation of the word vaquero which means cowboy (vaca = “cow”). Also: desperado, chaps (from chaparreras), lasso (from lazo), burro (“donkey”), corral, mustang (from mestengo, "stray"), quirt (type of riding whip, comes from Spanish cuarta), ranch (rancho meaning “a settlement, camp or meal rations”), stampede (from estampida) and Wrangler (from caballerango - one who grooms horses) 15. ANSWER KEY for SPANISH IN THE U.S.A. 1. San Francisco 2. Las Vegas 3. Río Grande 4. Florida 5. Amarillo 6. Sierra Nevada 7. El Paso 8. Pueblo 9. San Agustin 10. Santa Fe 11. 12. Also: San Jose (“Saint Joseph”), Los Angeles (“the angels”), Colorado (“colored red”), Nevada (“snowfall”), Reno (“reindeer”), Montana (montaña = “mountain”), Puerto Rico (“rich port”), Fresno (“ash tree”), Boca Raton (Boca Ratón= boca “mouth” used to describe an inlet/mouth of a river + ratón “mouse” used by Spanish sailors to describe rocks that gnawed at a ship's cable), El Dorado (“the golden one”), Lake Buena Vista (“good view”), Sierra Vista (“mountain view”), Manteca (“lard”), Palo Alto (“tall tree”), Los Gatos (“the cats”), Sacramento (“sacrament”), San Diego (“Saint Didacus”), Alcatraz ("gannet"- large black and white birds, with long pointed wings and long bills)  13. 14. ADDITIONAL SPANISH WORDS and INFORMATION FOR YOUR INTEREST 15. English is a collection of borrowings from other languages. Latin is the main one, but there’s also a good bit of French and a healthy serving of Spanish (around 10,000). English, like most languages, has expanded over the years through assimilation of words from other tongues. As people of different languages intermingle, inevitably some of the words of one language become words of the other. 16. Many Spanish words have come from Mexican/Spanish cowboy language, Caribbean words by way of trade and foods, animals and plants whose names have no English equivalent. Additionally many English words beginning with "al" came from Spanish through their Arabic origins. Spain was ruled by Arabic speaking Moors for almost 800 years (from 711 AD to 1492). 17. Some of the words below were adopted into the Spanish from elsewhere before they were passed on to English including indigenous languages like Nahuatl from Mexico, Taino from Cuba, Quechua from Andes, Guarani from Paraguay, Arawak from the West Indies and African languages vía the slave trade. 18. Foods: 19. avocado (from Nahuatl ahuacatl) 20. banana (from W. African word) 21. burrito ("little donkey") 22. chili (from Nahuatl chilli) 23. chili con carne ("chili with meat") 24. chocolate (from Nahuatl xocolatl “bitter 25. water”] 26. cilantro (from culatro, from Latin coriandrum 27. "coriander") 28. enchilada ("seasoned with chili") 29. fajita (diminutive of faja, “a belt or sash’, 30. so named due to strips of meat) 31. garbanzo (type of bean) 32. guacamole (from Nahuatl ahuacam "avocado" 33. and molli "sauce") 34. habanero (type of pepper, “from Havana”) 35. jalapeño (from Jalapa, a place in Mexico) 36. jerky (from Quechua ch'arki) 37. maize (from Arawak mahíz) 38. margarita (woman's name "daisy") 39. nacho (nickname for Ignacio, dish named 40. for restaurant cook Ignacio Anaya 41. who invented it in 1943) 42. oregano (from orégano) 43. papaya (from Arawak papaya) 44. pimento (from Spanish pimiento) 45. piña colada`(“strained pineapple") 46. plantain (from plátano) 47. potato (from Caribbean batata) 48. quesadilla 49. salsa (“sauce”) 50. sarsaparilla (from zarza "bramble" and parilla 51. "small vine") 52. taco (“a stopper, plug or wad”, 53. originally meant “a wad of food”) 54. tamale (from Nahuatl tamal, tamalli) 55. tomato (from Nahuatl tomatl) 56. tortilla (Spanish omlet) 57. tuna (from atún) 58. vanilla (from vainilla) 59. yam (from W. African language, Fulani 60. nyami "to eat") 61. yucca (from Caribbean yuca) 62. 63. Animals: 64. armadillo (“little armed one”) 65. barracuda 66. cockroach (from cucaracha) 67. condor (from Quechua) 68. iguana (from Arawak and Caribbean iwana) 69. coyote (from Nahuatl coyotl) 70. jaguar (from Guarani yaguar) 71. llama (from Quechua) 72. manatee (from Caribbean manatí) 73. mosquito (“small fly”) 74. ocelot (from Nahuatl oceletl) 75. palomino (“white dove”) 76. Cayman Is. (from caiman “alligator”) 77. puma (from Quechua) 78. 79. Plants: 80. alfalfa (from Arabic al-fasfasah) 81. cocaine (from Quechua kúka) 82. coco (from Arawak ikaku) 83. jicama (from Nahuatl) 84. mesquite (from Nahuatl mizquitl, type of tree) 85. nopal (from Nahuatl nohpalli, a cactus) 86. peyote (from Nahuatl peyotl, a small spineless cactus) 87. piñon (type of pine tree) 88. tamarillo (type of tree, derived from tomatillo, 89. a small tomato) 90. sassafras (from sasafrás) 91. savanna (from Taino zabana, "grassland") 92. tobacco (from Caribbean tabaco) 93. Here are some other words that have come into English by way of Spanish: 94. adobe (from Coptic tobe "brick") 95. aficionado 96. albino 97. alcohol (from Arabic) 98. alcove (from Arabic al-qubba) 99. algebra (from Arabic) 100. armada 101. barbecue (from Caribbean barbacoa) 102. bonanza ("calm seas" or "fair weather") 103. cafeteria (from cafetería) 104. canasta ("basket") 105. cannibal (from Caribbean) 106. canoe (from Caribbean) 107. cargo (from cargar "to load") 108. comrade (from camarada "roommate") 109. conquistador 110. creole (from criollo) 111. El Niño (weather pattern, means "The Child" 112. due to its appearance around 113. Christmas) 114. embargo (from embargar “to bar”) 115. fiesta (“party or celebration”) 116. galleon (from galeón) 117. guerrilla (from guerra “war”, refers to a small 118. fighting force) 119. guitar (from guitarra) 120. hammock (from jamaca) 121. hacienda 122. hurricane (from Caribbean huracán) 123. incomunicado 124. key (from Caribbean cayo “small island”) 125. machete 126. machismo 127. macho ("male") 128. mano a mano ("hand to hand") 129. matador ("killer") 130. mesa ("table", also a flat top mountain ) 131. mariachi 132. mestizo 133. mulatto(from mulato) 134. negro (“black”) 135. patio (“courtyard”) 136. pinto ("spotted" or "painted") 137. piñata 138. plaza 139. pronto ("quickly") 140. pueblo ("people") 141. renegade (from renegado) 142. savvy (from verb saber "to know") 143. shack (from Nahuatl xcalli "adobe hut") 144. silo 145. sombrero (from sombra "shade”) 146. spaniel (from hispania, the same root that 147. gave us the words Spain and español) 148. tornado(from tronada “thunderstorm”) 149. vamoose (from vamos "let’s go") 150. 151. 152. RESOURCES: 153. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p =3 154. http://spanish.about.com/cs/historyofspanish/a/spanishloanword_2.htm 155. http://www.dailywritingtips.com/spanish-loan-words/ 156. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_musical_terms_used_in_English 157. ANSWER KEY for MUSICAL ITALIAN 158. 1. D alto means “high” – it is the 159. second-highest vocal line 2. I finale means “final ” 3. B opera means “work” 4. F duet comes from due meaning 160. “two” 5. H octave comes from ottava 161. which comes from otto 162. meaning “eight” 6. J solo means “alone” 7. C tempo means “time” 8. A sextet comes from sestetto 163. which comes from sei meaning 164. “six” 9. E vivace means “lively, vivacious” 10. G soprano means “upper” it is 165. the highest vocal line 166. 167. 168. ADDITIONAL ITALIAN MUSIC WORDS SOME OF WHICH YOUR STUDENTS MAY BE FAMILIAR: 169. 170. Italian ter m 171. literal translation 172. musical definition 173. a cap pell a 174. in chapel style 175. Sung with no instrumental accompaniment 176. acceler an do 177. accelerating 178. accelerating 179. adagio, ad agi o 180. at ease 181. Slow, but not as slow as largo 182. agitato 183. agitated 184. Excited and fast 185. allarga nd o 186. to slow and broaden 187. slowing down and broadening, becoming more stately and majestic, possibly louder 188. allegret to 189. a little bit joyful 190. Slightly slower than allegro 191. allegro 192. joyful; lively and fast 193. Moderately fast 194. andant e 195. walking 196. Moderately slow, flowing along 197. animat o 198. animated 199. Animated 200. aria 201. air 202. A song, especially one from an opera . temperature scale now named after him. Fahrenheit determined his scale by reference to three fixed points of temperature. The lowest temperature was achieved by preparing a frigorific mixture. voice 242. forte 243. strong 244. Loud 245. fortissi mo 246. very strong 247. Very loud 248. largo 249. broad 250. slow and dignified 251. lento 252. slow 253. Slow 254. mezzo for te 255. half-strong 256 decelerating 299. rubato 300. robbed 301. free flowing and exempt from steady rhythm 302. sonata 303. sounded 304. A composition for one or two instruments in sonata form 305. tuba 306. tube 307. A