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Petroleum Products Signifi cance of Tests for 8 th Edition Signifi cance of Tests for Petroleum Products: 8 th Edition Rand Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D. Editor Dr. Salvatore J. Rand is an independent consultant to the petroleum industry, and a Fellow of ASTM International. He was awarded the baccalaureate degree in Chemistry and Philosophy from Fordham University and a doctorate in Physical Chemistry and Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He retired from the Texaco Research Center following twenty-seven years of service. During that time he managed the Fuels Test Laboratory, and provided technical information and services to company facilities worldwide regarding fuel distribution, marketing and operations, laboratory inspection and auditing, and training of personnel both in proprietary and commercial laboratories. He also represented Texaco on various ASTM D02 subcommittees. His achievements include developing company-wide quality control programs for the distribution of fuels throughout the entire United States. He has developed and conducts the ASTM training courses Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D. www.astm.org ISBN: 978-0-8031-7001-8 Stock #: MNL1-8TH “Gasoline: Speci cations, Testing and Technology” and “Fuels Technology” and has taught these courses almost one hundred times throughout the world. He previously held the position of Second Vice-Chairman of ASTM Committee D02, Petroleum Products and Lubricants. He was also Chairman of Subcommittee D02.05, Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material, Secretary of Subcommittee D02.05.0C, Color and Reactivity, and a member of ASTM’s Committee on Technical Committee Operations (COTCO). He is the author of a number of publications in the scienti c literature, is a y year member of the American Chemical Society, and is a past Chairman of its Mid-Hudson Section. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including ASTM’s highest award, the Award of Merit, D02’s highest award, the Scroll of Achievement, the George K. Dyro Award of Honorary D02 Membership, and the Lowrie B. Sargent Award. ASTM INTERNATIONAL 101173 MNL-1rev.indd 1101173 MNL-1rev.indd 1 3/24/10 2:58 PM3/24/10 2:58 PM Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3d Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 12:54 User ID: muralir Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products 8th Edition Salvatore J. Rand, Editor ASTM Stock Number MNL1-8 TH Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3d Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 12:54 User ID: muralir Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Significance of tests for petroleum products. — 8th ed. / [edited by] Salvatore J. Rand. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-8031-7001-8 1. Petroleum—Testing. 2. Petroleum products—Testing. I. Rand, Salvatore J., 1933– TP691.M36 2009 665.5 0 38—dc22 2010003804 Copyright ª 2010 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be repro- duced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher. Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients is granted by ASTM International provided that the appropriate fee is paid to ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700. West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9634; online: http://www.astm.org/copyright/ ASTM International is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in the publication. ASTM does not endorse any products represented in this publication. Printed in Newburyport, MA, ii May, 2010 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3d Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 12:54 User ID: muralir Foreword THIS PUBLICATION, Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products: 8 th Edition, was sponsored by ASTM committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants. The editor is Salvatore J. Rand, Consultant, North Fort Myers, Florida. This is the 8 th edition of Manual 1 in the ASTM International manual series. iii Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3d Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 12:54 User ID: muralir Dedication To Mary, Cathy, Jeanne, Joseph, and John iv Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3d Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 12:54 User ID: muralir Acknowledgments This manual was brought to fruition by the combined efforts of many individuals. I would like to convey my sincerest appreciation to all of them, particularly the publication staff of ASTM International, espe- cially Kathy Dernoga and Monica Siperko, who have given us much behind-the-scenes guidance and assis- tance from the outset of this venture. I also wish to thank Christine Urso of the American Institute of Physics, who was responsible for this logistically challenging project of handling the 24 chapters and 37 authors involved in this publication. In addition, I wish to convey my accolades to the authors, who are all experts in their particular fields and who bring a broad spectrum of topics and interests to this manual. They have devoted considerable time, energy, and resources to support this endeavor. I am also grateful to the 46 experts who reviewed the various chapters, who through their perusal of the chapters and their sug- gestions permitted good manuscripts to be made better. Finally, I would like to extend my appreciation to the industrial and governmental employers of all those involved in this publication. They ultimately make it possible for us to produce manuals such as this for the benefit of those who use petroleum standards worldwide. v Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3d Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 12:54 User ID: muralir Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3d Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 12:54 User ID: muralir Contents Chapter 1—Introduction 1 by Salvatore J. Rand Chapter 2—Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel 3 by Lewis M. Gibbs, Ben R. Bonazza, and Robert L. Furey Chapter 3—Fuel Oxygenates . 16 by Marilyn J. Herman and Lewis M. Gibbs Chapter 4—Fuels for Land and Marine Diesel Engines and for Nonaviation Gas Turbines 33 by Steven R. Westbrook and Richard T. LeCren Chapter 5—Biodiesel 53 by Steve Howell Chapter 6—Burner, Heating, and Lighting Fuels . . 65 by C. J. Martin and Lindsey Hicks Chapter 7—Aviation Fuels . . . 80 by John Rhode Chapter 8—Crude Oils 106 by Harry N. Giles Chapter 9—Properties of Petroleum Coke, Pitch, and Manufactured Carbon and Graphite 123 by C. O. Mills and F. A. Iannuzzi Chapter 10—Sampling Techniques 136 by Peter W. Kosewicz, Del J. Major, and Dan Comstock Chapter 11—Methods for Assessing Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels . 151 by David R. Forester and Harry N. Giles Chapter 12—Gaseous Fuels and Light Hydrocarbons [Methane through Butanes, Natural Gasoline, and Light Olefins] 164 by Andy Pickard Chapter 13—Petroleum Solvents 173 by R. G. Montemayor Chapter 14—White Mineral Oils 184 by C. Monroe Copeland Chapter 15—Lubricant Base Oils 189 by Jennifer D. Hall Chapter 16—Lubricating Oils . 197 by Dave Wills Chapter 17—Passenger Car Engine Oil and Performance Testing . . . 210 by Raj Shah and Theodore Selby Chapter 18—Petroleum Oils for Rubber 224 by John M. Long and John H. Bachmann Chapter 19—Lubricating Greases 229 by Raj Shah Chapter 20—Petroleum Waxes Including Petrolatums 252 by Alan R. Case Chapter 21—Methods for the Environmental Testing of Petroleum Products . . 261 by Mark L. Hinman Chapter 22—Determination of Inorganic Species in Petroleum Products and Lubricants 283 by R. A. Kishore Nadkarni Chapter 23—Standard Test Method Data Quality Assurance 299 by Alex T. C. Lau Chapter 24—Synthetic Liquid Fuels . . . 304 by Lelani Collier, Carl Viljoen, Mirriam Ajam, Mazwi Ndlovu, Debby Yoell, Paul Gravett, and Nico Esterhuyse Index 316 vii Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3d Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 12:54 User ID: muralir Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-ch01.3d Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 11:57 User ID: muralir 1 Introduction Salvatore J. Rand 1 TECHNOLOGY IS UNDERGOING ACCELERATING change. No longer do people have to wait months or even years for analytical methods to be submitted to ASTM Inter- national, tested, and voted for approval. The response of the various committees of ASTM International to new develop- ments in the industrial and petroleum industries, and to unexpected occurrences in the field, is both swift and focused. It is because of this unprecedented and exponential increase in new testing methods that Manual 1 is being revised only 6 years after its prior publication. Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants has assumed the responsibility of revising Manual on Signifi- cance of Tests for Petroleum Products (ASTM Manual Series: MNL 1), although other national and international standards organizations contribute significantly to the development of standard test methods for petroleum products. These organi- zations include the Energy Institute (EI), formerly known as the Institute of Petroleum in the United Kingdom, the Deutsches Institut fu ¨ r Normung (DIN) in Germany, the Asso- ciation Française de Normalisation (AFNOR) in France, the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) in Japan, the CEN (Euro- pean Committee for Standardization), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Selected test meth- ods from these organizations have been cross-referenced where relevant with ASTM International standards in selected chapters in this publication. There are discussions presently in progress to harmonize many standard test methods so they are technically equivalent to one another. The chapters in this manual are not intended to be research papers or exhaustive treatises of a particular field. The purpose of the discussions herein is to answer two ques- tions: What are the relevant tests that are done on various petroleum products and why do we perform these particular tests? All tests are designed to measure properties of a prod- uct such that the “quality” of that product may be described. I consider a workable definition of a quality product to be “that which meets agreed-on specifications.” It is not neces- sary that the quality of a product be judged by its high purity, although it may very well be, but merely that it meets specifications previously agreed on among buyers, sellers, regulators, transferors, etc. The various chapters in this pub- lication discuss individual or classes of petroleum products and describe the standardized testing that must be done on those products to assure all parties involved that they are dealing with quality products. Since publication of the previous edition of the manual, not only has the number available but also the type of some petroleum products undergone dramatic changes. The result is that most products have had changes incorporated into their methods of test, and that these new procedures have been standardized and a ccepted into specifications a s r equired. The generic petroleum products discussed in this eighth edi- tion of Manual 1 are similar to those products described in the chapters of the previous edition. All chapters with one exception h ave been updated to reflect new s pecification and testing standards, w here applicable. Chapter 21, “Methods for the Environmental Testing of Petroleum Products,” has been reprinted in its entirety from the previous edition because the test procedures and protocols have been essentially unchanged and the discussion of t oxicity a nd biodegradati on of petroleum p rodu cts i s r elevant t o t oday’s products. In t he discussion of s ome of the various petroleu m produ cts, selected sections of chapters have been retained from the seventh edition for the sake of completeness and to provide more complete background information. The authors of the chapters in the seventh edition have been credited in the footnotes t o the app ropriate chapters w here necessary. This edition has been enlarged by the inclusion of three new chapters to more fully reflect today’s new products and new testing procedures, while the original 21 chapters con- tained in the seventh edition have been retained and updated. One new chapter, “Biodiesel,” has been added in response to the worldwide interest in developing renewable fuels. In addition to oxygenates, which are generally blended for gasoline engines, specifications for diesel fuel are being changed to incorporate materials of biological origin for the purpose of sustainability of fuels products. Government regu- lators are mandating the use of biodiesel fuels (“biodiesels”) and are presently in discussions with petroleum companies and engine manufacturers to ensure conformance with pub- lished timetables for the use of these fuels. Committee D02 has responded with the development of specifications and new test methods, as described in this new chapter. Another new chapter is entitled “Synthetic Liquid Fuels.” Again, due to the worldwide interest in diminishing depen- dence on traditional petroleum fuels, research in alternative fuels is being conducted by many organizations including petroleum companies. Specifications and test methods for synthetic fuels are continually being developed by Committee D02 to define the characteristics of these new materials, and these are discussed in the new chapter. The various petroleum products, including crude oils, have always been tested to determine the qualitative and quantitative nature of inorganic substances contained therein. This is discussed in the new chapter “Determination of Inorganic Species in Petroleum Products and Lubricants.” The techniques used are many and varied, the product and the nature and concentration of the inorganic species. In 1 Consultant, North Fort Myers, FL. 1 Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org MNL1-EB/May 2010 Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org Copyright © 2010 by ASTM International www.astm.org Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 11 11:51:23 EDT 2011 Downloaded/printed by Univ de los Andes Colombia pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. [...]... representative of the lot intended to be tested ASTM D4057, Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products, provides several procedures for manual sampling ASTM D4177, Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products, provides automatic sampling procedures For volatility determinations of a sample, ASTM D5842, Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility... Method) • ASTM D2622, Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry • ASTM D3120, Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry • ASTM D4045, Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Hydrogenolysis and Rateometric Colorimetry • ASTM D4294, Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum. .. of interest The presence of free sulfur or reactive sulfur compounds can be detected by ASTM D130/IP 154, Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test, or by ASTM D4952, Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test) Sulfur in the form of mercaptans can be determined by ASTM D3227/IP 342, Test. .. (Automatic Method), ASTM D5191, Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method), and ASTM D5482, Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini MethodAtmospheric) The precision (repeatability and reproducibility) of these three methods is much better than that for D4953 Another method, ASTM D6378, Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure (VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons,... Gasoline–Iodine Monochloride Method D3348 ASTM D3341 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method) D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation D3831 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method) Test Method for Manganese in Gasoline by Atomic... authorized 228 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectroscopy CHAPTER 2 n AUTOMOTIVE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE FUEL Title ASTM D5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini MethodAtmospheric) D6378 D5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure (VPX) of Petroleum. .. discussion of ASTM specifications and test methods for fuel ethanol [Note: Blends of ethanol and gasoline are also governed by the limits and test methods of ASTM D4814, Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Fuel See the chapter “Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel” for a discussion of these limits and test methods.] Test Methods for Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends Many of the original test methods... for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products D4294 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination Test Method for Particulate Contaminant... Microcoulometry Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber Method) D5190 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosene, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentiometric Method) Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method) D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method) D3231 Test Method for. .. TESTS FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Applicable ASTM/IP Test Methods Before using any test method, the scope shall be reviewed to make sure the test method is applicable to the product being tested and that the specified measurement range covers the area of interest n ASTM 8TH EDITION IP Title IP D86 D130 Test Method for Rapid Field Test for Trace Lead in Unleaded Gasoline (Colorimetric Method) D3606 Test Method