For the detailed contents of any section, consult the title page of that section. See also the alphabetical index in the back of the handbook. Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols Jam£s 0. Maloney Physical and Chemical Data Peter E. Liley, George H. Thomson, D. G. Friend, Thomas E. Daubert, Evan Buck Mathematics Bruce A. Finlayson, Jam£s F Davis, Arthur W Westerberg, Yoshiyuki Yamashita Thermodynamics Hendrick C. Van Ness, Michael M. Abbott Heat and Mass Transfer Jam£s G. Knudsen, Hoyt C. Hottel, Adel F Sarofim, Phillip c. Wankat, Kent S. Knaebel Fluid and Particle Dynamics Jam£s N. Tilton Reaction Kinetics Stanley M. Walas Process Control Thomas F Edgar; Cecil L. Smith, F Greg Shinskey, George W Gassman, Paul J. Schajbuch, Thomas J. McAvoy, Dale E. Seborg Process Economics F A. Holland, J. K Wilkinson Transport and Storage of Fluids Meherwan 1'. Royce Heat- Transfer Equipment Richard L. Shilling, Kenneth J. Bell, Patrick M. Bemhagen, Thomas M. Flynn, Victor M. Goldschmidt, Predrag S. Hrnjak, F C. Standiford, Klaus D. Timmerhaus Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying Charles G. Moyers, Glenn W Baldwin Distillation J. D. Seader; Jeffrey J. Siirola, Scott D. Bamicki vii viii CONTENTS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design james R. Fair; D. E. Steinmeyer; W R. Penny, B. B. Crocker Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment Lanny A. Robbins, Roger W Cusack Adsorption and Ion Exchange M. Douglas LeVan, Giorgio Carta, Carmen M. Yon Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment Mel Pell, james B. Dunson Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Donald A. Dahlstrom, Richard C. Bennett, Robert G, Emmet, Peter Harriott, Tim Laros, Wallace Leung, Shelby A. Miller; Brooker Morey, james Y. Oldshue, George Priday, Charles E. Silverblatt, I. Stephen Slottee, Iulian c. Smith Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment Kalanadh V S. Sastry, Harrison Cooper; Richard Hogg, T L. p Iespen, Frank Knoll, Bhupendra Parekh, Raj K Rajamani, Thomas Sorenson, Ionel Wechsler; Chad McCleary, David B. Todd Size Reduction and Size Enlargement Richard L. Snow, Terry Allen, Bryan I. Ennis, james D. Litster Handling of Bulk Solids and Packaging of Solids and Liquids Grantges I. Raymus Alternative Separation Processes joseph D. Henry, Ir:, Michael E. Prudich, William Eykamp, T Alan Hatton, Keith p johnston, Richard M. Lemert, Robert Lemlich, Charles G. Moyers, john Newman, Herbert A. Pohl, Kent Pollock, Michael p Thien Chemical Reactors Stanley M. Walas Biochemical Engineering Henry R. Bungay, Arthur E. Humphrey, George T Tsao Waste Management Louis Theodore, Anthony I. Buonicore, John D. McKenna, Irwin I. Kugelman, john s. Ieris, joseph I. Santoleri, Thomas R McGowan Process Safety Stanley M. Englund, Frank T Bodurtha, Laurence G. Britton, Daniel A. Crowl, Stanley Grossel, W G. High, Trevor A. Kletz, Robert W Ormsby, john E. Owens, Carl A. Schiappa, Richard Siwek, Robert E. White, David Winegardner; john L. Woodward Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization Walter R Podolski, Shelby A. Miller; David K Schnialzer; Anth9ny G. Fonseca, Vincent Conrad, Douglas E. Lowenhaupt, john Bacha, Lawrence K Rath, Hsue-peng Loh, EdgarB. Klunder; Howard G. McIlvried, III, Gary I. Stiegel, Rameshwar D. Srivastava, Peter I. Loftus, Charles E. Benson, john M. Wheeldon, Michael Krumpelt Materials of Construction Oliver W Siebert, john G. Stoecker Process Machinery Drives Heinz p Bloch, R. H. Daugherty, Fred K Geitner; Meherwan p Boyce, judson S. Swearingen, Eric jennet, Michael M. Calistrat Analysis of Plant Performance Colin S. Howat Index follows Section 30. 29 30 xix Preface to the Seventh Edition Perry’s has been an important source for chemical engineering information since 1934. The signif- icant contributions of the editors who have guided preparation of the previous editions is acknowl- edged. These include John H. Perry (first to third editions), Robert H. Perry (fourth to sixth editions), Cecil H. Chilton (fourth and fifth editions), and Sidney D. Kirkpatrick (fourth edition). Ray Genereaux (DuPont) contributed to each of the first six editions, and Shelby Miller (Argonne National Lab) worked on the second through the seventh. The current editors directed both the sixth and seventh editions. Advances in the technology of chemical engineering have continued as we have moved toward the twenty-first century, and this edition will carry us into that century. The Handbook has been reorganized. The first group of sections focuses on chemical and physi- cal property data and the fundamentals of chemical engineering. The second and largest group of sections deals with processes, generally divided as heat transfer operations, distillation, kinetics, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and so on. The last group treats auxiliary information such as materials of construction, process machinery drives, waste management, and process safety. All sections have been revised and updated, and several sections are entirely new or have been extensively revised. Examples of these sections are mathematics, mass transfer, reaction kinetics, process control, trans- port and storage of fluids, alternative separation processes, heat-transfer equipment, chemical reac- tions, liquid-solid operations and equipment, process safety, and analysis of plant performance. Significant new information has also been included in the physical and chemical data sections. Several section editors and contributors worked on this seventh edition, and these persons and their affiliations are listed as a part of the front material. Approximately one-half of the section edi- tors are fellows of the AIChE. In addition, the following chemical engineering students at the Uni- versity of Kansas assisted in the preparation of the index: Jason Canter, Pau Ying Chong, Mei Ling Chuah, Li Phoon Hor, Siew Pouy Ng, Francis J. Orzulak, Scott C. Renze, Page B. Surbaugh, and Stephen F. Weller. Shari L. Gladman and Sarah Smith provided extensive secretarial assistance. Much of Bob Perry’s work carries over into this edition and his influence is both recognized and remembered. DON W. GREEN JAMES O. MALONEY University of Kansas April, 1997 McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Prepared by a staff of specialists under the editorial direction of Late Editor Robert H. Perry Editor Don W. Green Deane E. Ackers Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas Associate Editor James O. Maloney Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, University of Kansas PE RRY’S CHEMICAL ENGINEERS’ HANDBOOK SEVENTH EDITION Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Perry’s chemical engineers’ handbook. — 7th ed. / prepared by a staff of specialists under the editorial direction of late editor Robert H. Perry : editor, Don W. Green : associate editor, James O’Hara Maloney. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-049841-5 (alk. paper) 1. Chemical engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Perry, Robert H., date. II. Green, Don W. III. Maloney, James O. TP151.P45 1997 660—dc21 96-51648 CIP Copyright © 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright renewed 1962, 1969 by Robert H. Perry. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the pub- lisher. 1234567890 DOW/DOW 90210987 ISBN 0-07-049841-5 INTERNATIONAL EDITION Copyright © 1997. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The International Edi- tion is not available in North America. When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-115448-5. The sponsoring editors for this book were Zoe Foundotos and Robert Esposito, the editing supervisor was Marc Campbell, and the production supervisor was Pamela A. Pelton. It was set in Caledonia by North Market Street Graphics. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. This book was printed on acid-free paper. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reli- able. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assis- tance of an appropriate professional should be sought. [...]... Grams 453.6 1. 2444 0.03524 3.968 × 10 −3 3.087 4 .18 68 4 .13 0 × 10 −2 1. 55 91 × 10 −6 418 6.8 0.0 011 626 4 .18 5 12 .556 0.2 1. 8 1 × 10 8 0.032 81 0.3937 0. 01 10,000 0. 013 158 0.4460 13 33.2 27.845 0 .19 337 1. 9685 98.064 1 × 10 −6 5.067 × 10 −6 7.854 × 10 −7 0.7854 12 8 3.532 × 10 −5 2.6 417 × 10 −4 0.033 81 0.0 010 567 0.8036 28, 317 0.028 317 0.03704 7.4 81 28. 316 211 6.3 28. 316 62.37 472.0 0 .12 47 448.8 0.64632 1. 6387 × 10 −5 0.76456... + 01 E + 01 E + 03 E + 00 E − 01 E + 01 1 1. 288 9 31 1.0* 1. 605 437 1. 336 806 2.6 41 720 2 .19 9 692 1 1.0* 2.859 403 2.380 952 3.574 253 E − 04 E − 02 E + 02 E + 02 E − 01 E − 01 E − 03 E + 01 E + 01 E + 00 1. 198 264 9.977 644 1. 6 01 846 7. 518 21 L/kmol L/kmol E + 02 E + 01 E + 01 E − 03 3 .16 6 91 1.330 10 E + 00 E − 01 1. 016 047 9.0 71 847 1. 016 047 4.233 529 9.0 71 847 3.779 936 1. 016 047 9.0 71 847 4.535... 000 = 10 18 000 = 10 15 000 = 10 12 000 = 10 9 000 = 10 6 000 = 10 3 10 0 = 10 2 10 = 10 1 0 .1 = 10 1 0. 01 = 10 −2 0.0 01 = 10 −3 0.000 0 01 = 10 −6 0.000 000 0 01 = 10 −9 0.000 000 000 0 01 = 10 12 0.000 000 000 000 0 01 = 10 15 0.000 000 000 000 000 0 01 = 10 18 exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto* deka* deci* centi milli micro nano pico femto atto E P T G M k h da d c m µ n p f a 1 000 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 1 000... second Joules Meters Multiply by 13 3.32 0.0 01 0.0 01 2.54 × 10 −5 0.0 616 1 2.909 × 10 −4 60 0 .10 197 0.02835 0. 911 5 2.957 × 10 −5 1. 000 4.732 × 10 −4 0 .13 826 0.0929 2.5 81 × 10 −5 6.452 6.452 × 10 −4 0.83 61 1 × 10 −4 10 16 2240 10 00 2204.6 1. 1023 907 .18 2000 12 ,000 42.00 40.00 13 3.32 3. 413 1 0 .10 197 3600 0. 914 4 1- 17 TABLE 1- 7 Mass (M) Length (L) Common Units and Conversion Factors* 1 pound mass = 453.5924 grams =... Pounds (troy) Pounds per cubic foot Multiply by 1. 7 719 1 × 10 −5 1 × 10 −7 96,500 6 0.3048 0.5080 0. 011 364 0.3048 2989 3.995 × 10 −5 0.04 214 4 .15 9 × 10 −4 0.0 012 856 0.3239 32 .17 4 5.0 51 × 10 −7 3.766 × 10 −7 0. 013 3 81 1.3558 0.0 018 182 0.0 013 558 0 .12 5 0.0 317 5 0.003785 0 .13 368 0.8327 3.785 12 8 8.0 21 0.002228 0.06480 1 7000 2.2884 17 .11 8 0.5644 0.2572 15 .432 0.0 01 0.0022046 0.002679 62.43 To convert from Horsepower... second for a temperature gradient of 1 C per centimeter 43,560 4074 0.0 015 63 12 33 3600 3.937 × 10 −9 1 × 10 10 1 × 10 −4 760 1. 013 3 × 10 6 10 1,325 33.90 10 33.3 29.9 21 211 6.3 14 .696 94 376 0 .15 899 42 0 .11 924 31. 5 0.02 917 0.9869 1 × 10 5 14 .504 1 12 33,480 9.803 252 0.55556 777.9 3.929 × 10 −4 10 55 .1 10. 41 6.88 × 10 −5 B.t.u (60°F.) per degree Fahrenheit Bushels (U.S dry) Bushels (U.S dry) Calories, gram Calories,... centimeters Meters Multiply by 2.64 542.47 75.0 3600 0.0254 3376.9 248.84 9.480 × 10 −4 0.2389 0.3485 0.7376 2.7778 × 10 −7 0.009869 418 6.8 2.2046 9.807 14 .223 0.6 214 3 414 2.6552 × 10 6 1. 3 410 0. 514 4 1. 1 516 2.054 0.03532 74.74 0.03532 0.0 01 0.26 418 0.0 014 96 1 × 10 −6 1 × 10 4 1 × 10 −6 6080 1. 1 516 5280 16 09.3 1. 4667 0.4470 1 0.0 01 TABLE 1- 6 Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions (Concluded ) To convert from... 352 − 01 3.048 − 01 3.048 006 +03 2.988 98 + 01 1.076 3 91 +00 3.426 259 +02 2. 011 68 −02 1. 00 −03 4.546 087 −03 4.404 883 −03 3.785 411 −09 1. 00 −04 1. 00 − 01 7.957 747 −04 1. 420 652 −04 1. 182 9 41 − 01 9.00 −02 1. 570 796 −05 6.479 8 91 −03 1. 00 − 01 1. 016 +04 1. 00 +00 1. 000 495 − 01 2.384 809 +02 7.456 998 +03 9.809 50 +02 7.46 +02 7.354 99 +02 7.457 +02 7.460 43 +03 3.60 +03 3.590 17 0 + 01 5.080 234 + 01 4.535... 1. 00 −05 2.54 +03 1. 609 344 +03 1. 853 18 4 +03 1. 852 +03 1. 852 +02 1. 00 +02 1. 333 224 Fahrenheit (temperature) Celsius farad (international of 19 48) faraday (based on carbon 12 ) faraday (chemical) faraday (physical) fathom fermi (femtometer) farad coulomb − 01 4.572 −04 2.365 882 +10 3.70 +04 8.64 +04 8. 616 409 −02 1. 745 329 −07 1. 111 11 1 −03 1. 7 71 845 −03 3.887 934 −06 3.696 6 91 −05 1. 00 19 1. 602 10 ... weber volt watt meter second (mean solar) second (mean solar) second (mean solar) second (ephemeris) +00 1. 000 000 Consult American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac − 01 9.972 695 +06 2.589 988 −03 1. 295 978 −08 1. 00 +02 1. 097 28 + 01 1.459 390 − 01 2.286 10 3.335 640 10 3.335 640 12 1. 112 650 +11 8.987 554 12 1. 112 650 +11 8.987 554 +03 1. 609 344 +02 2.997 925 +00 1. 00 +04 1. 00 −04 1. 00 −05 1. 478 676 . 000 000 = 10 12 tera T 1 000 000 000 = 10 9 giga G 1 000 000 = 10 6 mega M 1 000 = 10 3 kilo k 10 0 = 10 2 hecto* h 10 = 10 1 deka* da 0 .1 = 10 1 deci* d 0. 01 = 10 −2 centi c 0.0 01 = 10 −3 milli. Maloney, James O. TP1 51. P45 19 97 660—dc 21 96- 516 48 CIP Copyright © 19 97, 19 84, 19 73, 19 63, 19 50, 19 41, 19 34 by The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright renewed 19 62, 19 69 by Robert H. Perry. All rights. 10 −3 milli m 0.000 0 01 = 10 −6 micro µ 0.000 000 0 01 = 10 −9 nano n 0.000 000 000 0 01 = 10 12 pico p 0.000 000 000 000 0 01 = 10 15 femto f 0.000 000 000 000 000 0 01 = 10 18 atto a *Generally