tài liệu tiếng anh ngữ pháp dạy tiếng anh trong trường thcs

LESSON 1 : TENSES ( Các thì ) 1. SIMPLE PRESENT: (HTĐ) Affir : S+V 1 /V s, es Ex : Water boils at 100 o c. Neg: S+ do/ does + not+ V 1 Ex : Tom doesn’t feel hungry. Inter: Do/ does+ S + V 1 …? Ex : How often do you go to school? *(Be):am, is, are not ; (have):has/ have not +got = do / does + not + have Diễn tả :  Tình cảm, cảm giác, nhận thức ở hđộng.  Thói quen, phong tục, tập quán.  Chân lí, sự thật hiển nhiên. Với : EVERY (day, year…), ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIME, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER, EVER, ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES + ( a day/ week/ month…), all the time, now and then . . Notes : Qui tắc thêm es đối với động từ có S số ít : - Các động từ tận cùng là : o, sh, ch, x, s, và z . - Các động từ tận cùng là y mà đứng trước y là một phụ âm ta đổi y  i + es ( She studies, Tom tries, He plays . . .). 2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( HTTD) S + am/ is/ are + V ing Ex: We are studying English now. S + am/ is/ are + not + V ing Ex: She isn’t writing when he comes. Am/ Is/ Are + S + V ing ? Ex: What are you doing while I am doing? Diễn tả :  Hđộng đang xảy ra ở Htại vào lúc nói viết.  2 hđộng đang kéo dài // ở Htại (while: trong khi).  1 hđộng đang kéo dài ở Htại thì có 1 hđộng ngắn đột ngột xảy ra(S+ V 1 / V s, es ) Với : AT PRESENT , AT THE MOMENT , NOW, RIGHT NOW, JUST NOW, !,… 3. PRESENT PERFECT: (HTHT) Diễn tả:  Hđộng Qk ko rõ tg.  Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra.  Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai. S + has/ have + V 3 ed Ex: I’ve just opened the door. Ex: We have studied English for many years. S + has/ have + not + V 3 ed Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently. Has/ Have + S + V 3 ed ? Ex: How long have you studied English? 1 Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE + mốc TG, FOR + khoảng TG, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR… 4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: (HTHTTD) S + has/ have + been + V ing . Ex: We have been studying English for many years. S + has/ have + not + been + V ing . Has/ Have + S + been + V ing ? Diễn tả: - Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qkhứ, tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể đến Tlai ( nhấn mạnh tính liên tục) - since + mốc TG ; for + khoảng TG. 5. SIMPLE PAST (QKĐ) S + V 2 ed Ex: I saw him yesterday. S + did + not + V 1 Ex: She didn’t come last week. Did + S + V 1 ? Ex: Did Mr. Lee phone an hour ago? *(Be) : was / were → wasn’t, weren’t Diễn tả: - Hđộng đã xảy ra & chấm dứt hoàn toàn trong Qk ( xác đònh rõ TG) Với: - YESTERDAY, AGO ,LAST (night, week, year…) 6. PAST CONTINUOUS (QKTD) S + was/ were + Ving Ex: We were watching TV at 7 pm yesterday. S + was/ were + not + Ving Ex:I was writing while my father was reading. Was / were + S + Ving ? Ex: She was sleeping as the telephone rang. Diễn tả:  Hđộng xảy ra ở 1 giờ / khoảng giờ Qk xác đònh ( at 7pm, from 6 to 7, …)  2 hđộng diễn ra // ở Qk. (while: trong khi)  1 hđộng Qk đang kéo dài thì 1 hđ ngắn đngột xảy ra (S + V 2 ed ) Với: AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENT… 7. PAST PERFECT (QKTD) S + had + V 3 ed Ex: Last night I went to bed after I dad done my homework. S + had + not + V 3 ed Had + S + V 3 ed ? Diễn tả: - Hđộng xảy ra trước 1 mốc TG ở Qk hoặc trước 1 hđ Qk Với : ( trước: S+ had +V 3 ed ; sau: S + V 2 ) 8. SIMPLE FUTURE (TLĐ) S + will / shall + V 1 Ex: I’ll buy it tomorrow. S + will / shall + not + V 1 Will / Shall + S + V 1 ? *Note: will not =won’t ; shall not =shan’t. Diễn tả:  Hđ sẽ xảy ra trong tlai.  Lời yêu cầu (Will you + V 1 …? ); Đề nghò ( Shall I / we + V 1 …?) Với: TOMORROW, SOON, NEXT (week, month,…) 2 9. FUTURE PERFECT (TLHT) S + will / shall + have + V 3 ed . Ex: We’ll have already finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow. Diễn tả:  Hđộng sẽ hoàn tất trong tlai. * Notes: 1) Near future: (Tlai gần) S + am/ is / are + going to + V 1 : sẽ, sắp sửa, dự đònh… Ex: I’m going to buy it tomorrow. 2)Một số động từ sau đây thường không dùng với thì tiếp diễn  Be : Ex: I am a student now.  Những động từ chỉ về giác quan: see, hear, feel, look (trông có vẻ), smell, taste, recognize.  Những động từ chỉ về cảm xúc: like, dislike love, hate, want wish, desire, refuse, forgive.  Những động từ chỉ về lí trí: understand, know, think, realize, suppose, believe, remember, forget, mind, expect, recollect.  Những động từ chỉ sự bắt đầu, tiếp tục, kết thúc: begin, continue, finish… LESSON 2: PREPOSITIONS ( Giới từ) A. COMMON PREPOSITION: I. Prep. Of Place: 1. IN: ở trong ( 1 nơi/ vùng/ khu vực/ quốc gia/ thành phố/ …) Ex: in the room/ Asia/ Britain/ London/ … in bed/ newspaper/ magazines/ the world/… 2. ON: ở trên Ex: on the table/ the board/ the floor/ … on TV/ the radio/ telephone/ the way/ the street/ horse back/ … 3. AT : ở tại (đòa điểm nhỏ). Ex: at the desk/ the station/ the airport/ 72 Pham Ngu Lao street…. at home/ school/ work… 4. FROM : từ (nơi xuất phát). Ex: Mr. Mac Donald is from Scotland. 5. TO: đến (đích) . Ex: Elizabeth went to the store. 6. BETWEEN : ở giữa (2 người / vật). Ex: Mai is sitting between Nam and Nga. 7. AMONG: ở giữa , trong số Ex : The letter is somewhere among these papers. II. Prep. Of Time 1. IN: 1977( 1890, 2008…) the summer (winter…) April (May, August…) the morning (afternoon, evening…) time: kòp lúc an hour - Ex : I will arrive in an hour. 3 2. ON : holiday weekend Monday 15, October October 15 th 1977 Monday morning Christmas day time : đúng lúc fire : đang cháy 3. AT: 7 o’clock night midnight noon (the) weekend Christmas the end of the moment 4. SINCE (+ mốc TG): kể từ … Ex: He has studied English since 1900. 5. FOR (+ 1 khoảng TG) : được… Ex: _________________ for 17 years 6. FROM: từ 7. TO : đến Ex: I lived in village from 1977 to 1992. III. Some Other Prep. : 1. By : bằng ,bởi. Ex: They can enrich the soil by using fertilizers. * by bus/ car/ train/ plane/ … 2. On foot: đi bộ 3. For : cho , vì, để (chỉ mục đích) . Ex: What would you like for breakfast? Ex: Some people read for pleasure. 4. With : với , bằng. Ex: He went with her. Ex: I can write better with my own pen. 5. About : về. Ex: What do you think about her? 6. Of : của. Ex: The window of the living room. B. PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES: 1. Adj + TO : acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, harmful, important, kind, likely, lucky, open, pleasant, similar, familiar, helpful, (but: it’s very kind of you.) 2. Adj + IN : interested, rich, successful 3. Adj + OF : afraid, ahead, aware, capable,confident, full, tired, sure, proud 4. Adj + FOR : available, difficult, late, perfect, useful, famous, responsible, sorry (S.O) 5. Adj + FROM : absent, different, safe, far 6. Adj + AT : clever, present, quick, skilful, good, bad, (angry at something/ with someone) 7. Adj + WITH : acquainted, crowed, friendly, popular, busy, bored, pleased, fed up 8. Adj + ABOUT : confused, sad, serious, worried, sorry (S.T) 4 C. VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION: 1. catch sight of : trông thấy 2. give place to : nhường chỗ cho 3. give way to : nhượng bộ ,tránh đường cho 4. keep pace with : theo kòp, sánh bước 5. lose sight of : mất hút, không thấy 6. lose touch with : mất liên lạc với 7. lose track of : mất dấu vết của 8. make allowance for: chiếu cố đặc biệt 9. make fun of : chế nhạo 10.make a fuss over/ about : cuống quýt về việc gì 11. make room for : dọn chỗ cho 12. make use of : sử dụng 13. pay attention to : chú ý đến 14. put a stop to : làm dừng lại 15. put an end to : chấm dứt 16. set fire to : châm lửa, đốt 17. take account of : chú ý đến 18. take advantage of : lợi dụng 19. take care of : chăm sóc 20. take note of : chú ý đến 21. take notice of : chú ý tới D. GO + PREPOSITION: 1. after: đuổi theo 7. down: giảm giá ≠ up: tăng giá 2. ahead: được tiến hành 8. on: tiếp tục 3. along: tiến triển 9. off: nổ 4. away: ra đi, rời khỏi nơi nào 10. out: tắt 5. back: trở về 11. over: xem xét kỹ 6. by: trôi qua( thời gian) E. CÁC TRƯỜNG HP KHÁC 1. belong to : thuộc về 2. on the contrary : ngược lại 3. on the whole : nói chung 4. be up to = depend on : tuỳ thuộc vào 5. listen to : lắng nghe 6. suffer from : bò, chòu 7. free from : giải phóng khỏi 8. write …to : viết … cho… 9. wait for : chờ 10. ask …for : hỏi xin 11. look at : nhìn 12. look after : chăm sóc 13. look up : tra từ điển 14. look out : nhìn ra ngoài 15. look for : tìm kiếm 16. laugh at : cười nhạo 17. good at : giỏi về cái gì 18. good for : tốt cho cái gì 19. prevent… from : ngăn … không cho 20. be in bed : nằm trên giường 21. regard … as : xem như 22. be divided into : được chia thành 23. take part in : tham gia vào 5 LESSON 3: WORD FORM ( Từ Loại ) A. PARTS OF SPEECH: I. Noun (n) 1) n + V : làm S cho V 2) V + n : làm O cho V 3) prep. + n : làm O cho prep. 4) be (là) + n : làm C ( C : complement: bổ ngữ) 5) adj + n Ex: People can see new film at the cinema. S O O He is a scientist. C * Notes: - a, an ,the - this, that, these, those - some, any, many, … + n - my, your, Tom’s, … II. Adjective (adj.): 1) adj + n 2) adv + adj 3) be (thì, là ), look có vẻ), feel, become, taste (có mùi), smell ( có vò), get, grow,remain, stay, turn, seem, appear, sound, … + adj Ex: That young girl is very beautiful . III. Adverb (adv): 1) S + V i + adv Ex: They arrived safely. 2) S + V t + O + adv Ex: She did the housework disappointedly. 3) S + V aux + adv + V main Ex: He can surely do it 4) adv + adj Ex: He is reasonably right. 5) adv + adv Ex: Jack runs very quickly. 6) S + V + adv Ex: We have bought it at that store recently. ( or: adv + S + V + …. ) (or: Recently we have bought it at that store.) IV. Verb (v) : V đứng sau S. Các hình thức ≠ của V còn được dùng ở nhiều vò trí khác. Participle: Present participle ( V ing ) Past participle ( V 3 ed ) 1) Used in Continuous tenses ( V ing ) 2) Used in Perfect tenses & Passive voice (V 3 ed ) 3) Used as Adj: V ing  Active meaning V 3 ed  Passive meaning Ex: a/ The match excites the fans. The match is exciting. The fans are excited. b/ The children have seen an interesting film. The children are interested in the film. B. FORMATION OF N, ADJ, V: I. V + suffix  n : V + -tion, ation : conservation, preservation, prevention -ment : development -er : fertilizer -ing : poisoning, dirtying - age : drainage -0 : safeguard II. n + suffix  adj : - ful : harmful, useful, delightful, successful,hopeful, helpful, peaceful - less : childless, odourless, speechless, restless, careless, harmless, treeless - ly : manly, brotherly, worldly, hourly, yearly, daily. n + - like : childlike, godlike, lifelike, statesmanlike = adj - y : dusty, snowy, rainy, sandy, dirty, healthy. - ish : foolish, selfish, childish - al : magical, agricultural, industrial, natural. III. OUT + Vi  V t (tốt hơn, nhanh hơn, lâu hơn) : outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outrun, outweigh IV. UNDER + n / V  n / V( thấp hơn, bên dưới, kém hơn) : undergrowth, undercharge V. OVER + n/ Adj /V  n/ Adj / V ( quá giới hạn, vượt, quá nhiều) overcoat, overanxious, overact. C. WORD FORM CHARTS: 1. satisfy (v) satisfied( past. Part) satisfying (pres. part) satisfactory (adj) satisfactorily (adv) satisfaction (n) 2. disappoint(v) disappointed(past. Part) disappointing(pres. part) disappointedly(adv) disappointment(n) 3. tolerate(v) tolerated( past. Part) tolerant(adj) tolerable(adj) tolerably(adv) tolerance(n) 4. important (adj) importance(n) 5. difficult(adj) difficulty(n) 6. determine (v) determination (n) 7. tend (v) tendency(n) 8. occupy (v) occupied (past. Part) occupation(n) occupational (adj) 9. potential (adj) / (n) 10. expect(v) expected (past. Part) expecting(pres. part) expectant(adj) expectantly(adv) expectation(n) 11. prefer(v) preferential(adj) preferentially(adv) preference(n) 12. attract(v) attracted(past. Part) attractive(adj) attractively(adv) attraction(n) 13. reason(v) reasonable(adj) reasonably(adv) reason(n) 14. absorb(v) absorbed(past. Part) absorbent(adj) / (n) absorptive(adj) absorption(n) 15. deafen(v) deaf(adj) / (n) deafness(n) 16. militarize(v) militaristic(adj) military(adj) / (n) militarily(adv) militarism(n) LESSON 4 : ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME ( Mệnh Đề Trạng Từ Chỉ Thời Gian) I. PRESENT TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE: Ex: 1/ a. We always take our umbrellas when it rains. b. We are singing as she comes. 2/ a. I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting for the bus. b. I’m writing while they are talking. 3./ He goes home after he has finished his work. 4/ a. She has played the piano since she was five. b. I’ve felt much better since I’ve been here. 5/ a. She greets me as soon as she sees me. b. He continues his journey as soon as he has finished his meal. Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG) 1. S + V 1 / s / es S + AM / IS / ARE + V ing (đang…) WHEN = AS WHENEVER S + V 1 / s / es 2. S+ V 1 / s / es S + AM / IS / ARE + V ing (đang…) WHILE =AS S + AM / IS / ARE + V ing (đang…) 3. S+ V 1 / s / es AFTER S + HAS / HAVE + V 3 ed 4. S + HAS / HAVE + V 3 ed SINCE S + V 2 ed → ĐÃ CHẤM DỨT S + HAS / HAVE + V 3 ed → Vẫn còn 5. S + V 1 / s / es AS SOON AS UNTILL = TILL S + V 1 / s / es S + HAS / HAVE + V 3 ed → Hoàn tất II. PAST TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE: EX: 1/ a. I sat near the window whenever I took a bus. b. It was raining hard when I got there. 2/ a. I met him while I was walking down the street. b. I was writing while he was reading. 3/ He smoked after he had finished his meal. 4/ He had finished his meal before he smoked. 5/ a. He left as soon as I told him. b. He left as soon as he had finished his work. Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG) 1. S + V 2 S + WAS / WERE + V ing (đang…) WHEN = AS WHENEVER S + V 2 2. S + V 2 S + WAS / WERE + V ing (đang…) WHILE =AS S + WAS / WERE + V ing (đang…) 3. S + V 2 AFTER S + HAD + V 3 ED 4. S + HAD + V 3 ED BY THE TIME BEFORE S + V 2 5. S + V 2 AS SOON AS UNTILL = TILL S + V 2 S + HAD + V 3 ED →Hoàn tất II. FUTURE TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE: EX: 1/ a. We’ ll go when we want. b. I’m goint to wait until you have finished your homework. 2/ We will have finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow. Note: Không dùng thì Tlai trong Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG→ Dùng các thì Htại thay thế. LESSON 5 : MAKING & ANSWERING QUESTIONS ( Dựng & Trả Lời Câu Hỏi) Types Questions Answers Yes - No Inter. form? Yes, S pron . + V preceding Q. No, S pron . + V preceding Q . + NOT Or Inter. form + A or B? Affir. form + A/B Wh Wh + Inter. form? Affir. form Ex: 1. Uncle Ho / die / 1969? - Did Uncle Ho die in 1969?  Yes, he did. 2. Faraday / writer or scientist? - Was Faraday a writer or a scientist?  He / Faraday was a scientist. 3. When / Tom / go / school? - When does Tom often go to school?  He/Tom often goes to school in the morning. Notes: 1. When “Wh” is the Subject or Modifies the Subject → Affir. form is used in the Q. Ex: a/ Who can swim? Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG) 1. S + WILL / SHALL + V 1 OR: S + AM / IS / ARE GOING TO + V 1 WHEN =AS AS SOON AS UNTILL = TILL S + V 1 / s / es S + HAS / HAVE + V 3 ed →Hoàn tất 2. S + WILL / SHALL + HAVE + V 3 ed →Hoàn tất BY THE TIME BEFORE S+ V 1 / s / es [...]... *Why = for + the reason *‘THAT’ thay thế cho “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” trong mệnh đề có giới hạn (không đứng sau dấu phẩy, prep) *Dùng 1 hoặc 2 dấu phẩy tách mệnh đề quan hệ ra khỏi mệnh đề chính khi tiền danh từ là: - Danh từ riêng - Danh từ được bổ nghóa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE - Danh từ được bổ nghóa = sở hữu (MY, YOUR, …,TOM’S HOUSE,…) - Danh từ được bổ nghóa = 1 nhóm từ ( EX: The man from Hanoi,…) Ex:... most exciting match he’s ever watched No one / Nobody adj + er + place + be + _ + than + A more + adj adj + est ↔ A + be + the + + place most + adj Ex: No one in the village is stronger than Tom ↔ Tom is the strongest in the village LESSON 15 : SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION ( Biến đổi câu) 1 khoảng TG + ago S + started /began + Ving / to V1… + 1/ ↔S Ex: V3 + has / have + (prep.+) mốc TG for + khoảng... smoking because of his bad cough 4 NEED + To V1 : cần phải làm ( ý chủ động) Ving : cần phải được làm ( ý bò động) Ex: a) Tom needs to work harder b) The grass in front of the house needs cutting V Một số trường hợp khác: 1 ADVISE To V1 Ex: The police allow us to go there ALLOW PERMIT RECOMMEND + V ing Ex: The police allow going there 2 3 4 FEEL HEAR SEE WATCH + Vo / Ving ( đang) HELP MAKE LET NOTICE BID... ngược lại , I am not clever, so I won’t be a doctor If I were clever, I would be a doctor 2 John was sick because he ate much cake If John hadn’t eaten much cake, he’d not have been sick Examples: 1 Trường hợp khác : 1 S+ can /will+ V1 but S + must/ have to +V1 IF + S + V1/Vs,es , S + can/ will + V1 ( Đk 1) Ex: I’ll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week  If you promise... ever seen 1/ Notes: 1/ Short Adj / Adv (ngắn): - 1 vần Ex: tall, soon Small… - 2 vần tận cùng = -y,-er, -le,-ow, -et, Ex: happy, clever, simple,… early 2/ Long Adj /Adv (dài): - 2 vần trở lên, trừ các trường hợp trên Ex: modern, carefully, comfortable… - 2 vần tận cùng = -ly Ex: quickly, loudly… 3/ So Sánh Nhất : Dùng cho 3 đối tượng trở lên 4/ Khi thêm “-er ; -est” large larger largest big bigger biggest... small house ed S + would like / would love  S+ wish b + to V1 / to have + V3 + ( that) S + V2 / S + had + V3 ed Ex: I’d like to have met her  I wish I had met her LESSON 9: GERUND AND INFINITIVE ( Danh Động Từ & Động Từ Nguyên Mẫu) A GERUND (Ving) : đóng vai trò V & N cùng một lúc Vai trò: 1 S ( Ex: Learning English is easily.) 2 O - Sau prep (Ex: We are interested in studying English.) - Sau một... 11/ ↔S not could + V1 … because of + n prevent(s) / stop(s) + _ + O + from + Ving prevented / stopped Ex: We can’t drive because of fog ↔The fog prevents us from driving 12/ Inversion: Đảo ngữ Adv* + V + S… Adv*: No longer, Never, Rarely, Seldom, Only, No sooner, Hardly … She no longer gets up early ↔ No longer does she get up early 13/ Who + do /does + S + belong to? ↔ Who own(s) …….? ↔... risen 7 S(thời gian, tiền, khoảng cách, trọng lượng) + Vsingular Ex : Twenty dollars is too much for that shirt 8 S(Ving/To V) + Vsingular Ex : Smoking is bad for health To live is to struggle ( Sống là tranh đấu ) 9 There + Be + N Ex : There is some sugar in the jar There are some books on the self 10 Phần trăm/phân số + of + Nkhông đếm được + Vsingular Ex : Sixty percent of waste paper is recycled Phần... Đặt,để Đọc Cươi(ngựa, xe đạp) ̃ Rung (chuông) Mọc Chạy Nói Thấy Tìm đến Bán Gửi Rung, lắc Chiếu sáng Bắn Chỉ,cho xem Hát Ngủ Nói Ngồi Trãi qua, tiêu xài Đứng Ăn cắp Đánh Bơi Đung đưa,lúc lắc Lấy,đưa,dẫn Dạy Xé Kể,bảo Suy nghó Ném,liệng Hiểu Thức giấc Mặc,mang,đội Thắng,đoạt viết . doing? Diễn tả :  Hđộng đang xảy ra ở Htại vào lúc nói viết.  2 hđộng đang kéo dài // ở Htại (while: trong khi).  1 hđộng đang kéo dài ở Htại thì có 1 hđộng ngắn đột ngột xảy ra(S+ V 1 / V s, es ) Với. PRESENT PERFECT: (HTHT) Diễn tả:  Hđộng Qk ko rõ tg.  Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra.  Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai. S + has/ have + V 3 ed Ex: I’ve. years. S + has/ have + not + been + V ing . Has/ Have + S + been + V ing ? Diễn tả: - Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qkhứ, tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể đến Tlai ( nhấn mạnh tính liên tục) - since + mốc TG