MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION JWCL187_ifc_001-002.qxd 11/11/09 5:18 PM Page Characteristics of Selected Elements Element Symbol Atomic Number Aluminum Argon Barium Beryllium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Carbon Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Gallium Germanium Gold Helium Hydrogen Iodine Iron Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neon Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Platinum Potassium Silicon Silver Sodium Sulfur Tin Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Zirconium Al Ar Ba Be B Br Cd Ca C Cs Cl Cr Co Cu F Ga Ge Au He H I Fe Pb Li Mg Mn Hg Mo Ne Ni Nb N O P Pt K Si Ag Na S Sn Ti W V Zn Zr 13 18 56 35 48 20 55 17 24 27 29 31 32 79 53 26 82 12 25 80 42 10 28 41 15 78 19 14 47 11 16 50 22 74 23 30 40 Atomic Weight (amu) Density of Solid, 20⬚C (g/cm3) Crystal Structure, 20⬚C Atomic Radius (nm) Ionic Radius (nm) Most Common Valence Melting Point (⬚C) 26.98 39.95 137.33 9.012 10.81 79.90 112.41 40.08 12.011 132.91 35.45 52.00 58.93 63.55 19.00 69.72 72.64 196.97 4.003 1.008 126.91 55.85 207.2 6.94 24.31 54.94 200.59 95.94 20.18 58.69 92.91 14.007 16.00 30.97 195.08 39.10 28.09 107.87 22.99 32.06 118.71 47.87 183.84 50.94 65.41 91.22 2.71 — 3.5 1.85 2.34 — 8.65 1.55 2.25 1.87 — 7.19 8.9 8.94 — 5.90 5.32 19.32 — — 4.93 7.87 11.35 0.534 1.74 7.44 — 10.22 — 8.90 8.57 — — 1.82 21.45 0.862 2.33 10.49 0.971 2.07 7.27 4.51 19.3 6.1 7.13 6.51 FCC — BCC HCP Rhomb — HCP FCC Hex BCC — BCC HCP FCC — Ortho Dia cubic FCC — — Ortho BCC FCC BCC HCP Cubic — BCC — FCC BCC — — Ortho FCC BCC Dia cubic FCC BCC Ortho Tetra HCP BCC BCC HCP HCP 0.143 — 0.217 0.114 — — 0.149 0.197 0.071 0.265 — 0.125 0.125 0.128 — 0.122 0.122 0.144 — — 0.136 0.124 0.175 0.152 0.160 0.112 — 0.136 — 0.125 0.143 — — 0.109 0.139 0.231 0.118 0.144 0.186 0.106 0.151 0.145 0.137 0.132 0.133 0.159 0.053 — 0.136 0.035 0.023 0.196 0.095 0.100 ⬃0.016 0.170 0.181 0.063 0.072 0.096 0.133 0.062 0.053 0.137 — 0.154 0.220 0.077 0.120 0.068 0.072 0.067 0.110 0.070 — 0.069 0.069 0.01–0.02 0.140 0.035 0.080 0.138 0.040 0.126 0.102 0.184 0.071 0.068 0.070 0.059 0.074 0.079 3⫹ Inert 2⫹ 2⫹ 3⫹ 1⫺ 2⫹ 2⫹ 4⫹ 1⫹ 1⫺ 3⫹ 2⫹ 1⫹ 1⫺ 3⫹ 4⫹ 1⫹ Inert 1⫹ 1⫺ 2⫹ 2⫹ 1⫹ 2⫹ 2⫹ 2⫹ 4⫹ Inert 2⫹ 5⫹ 5⫹ 2⫺ 5⫹ 2⫹ 1⫹ 4⫹ 1⫹ 1⫹ 2⫺ 4⫹ 4⫹ 4⫹ 5⫹ 2⫹ 4⫹ 660.4 ⫺189.2 725 1278 2300 ⫺7.2 321 839 (sublimes at 3367) 28.4 ⫺101 1875 1495 1085 ⫺220 29.8 937 1064 ⫺272 (at 26 atm) ⫺259 114 1538 327 181 649 1244 ⫺38.8 2617 ⫺248.7 1455 2468 ⫺209.9 ⫺218.4 44.1 1772 63 1410 962 98 113 232 1668 3410 1890 420 1852 JWCL187_ifc_001-002.qxd 11/11/09 5:18 PM Page Values of Selected Physical Constants Quantity Symbol SI Units cgs Units Avogadro’s number NA Boltzmann’s constant k 6.022 ⫻ 10 molecules/mol 1.38 ⫻ 10⫺23 J/atom # K Bohr magneton Electron charge Electron mass Gas constant Permeability of a vacuum Permittivity of a vacuum Planck’s constant B e — R 0 ⑀0 h 9.27 ⫻ 10⫺24 A # m2 1.602 ⫻ 10⫺19 C 9.11 ⫻ 10⫺31 kg 8.31 J/mol # K 1.257 ⫻ 10⫺6 henry/m 8.85 ⫻ 10⫺12 farad/m 6.63 ⫻ 10⫺34 J # s Velocity of light in a vacuum c ⫻ 108 m/s 6.022 ⫻ 1023 molecules/mol 1.38 ⫻ 10⫺16 erg/atom # K 8.62 ⫻ 10⫺5 eV/atom # K 9.27 ⫻ 10⫺21 erg/gaussa 4.8 ⫻ 10⫺10 statcoulb 9.11 ⫻ 10⫺28 g 1.987 cal/mol # K unitya unityb 6.63 ⫻ 10⫺27 erg # s 4.13 ⫻ 10⫺15 eV # s ⫻ 1010 cm/s a b 23 In cgs-emu units In cgs-esu units Unit Abbreviations A ⫽ ampere in ⫽ J⫽ K⫽ kg ⫽ lbf ⫽ lbm ⫽ m⫽ Mg ⫽ mm ⫽ mol ⫽ MPa ⫽ Å ⫽ angstrom Btu ⫽ British thermal unit C ⫽ Coulomb °C ⫽ degrees Celsius cal ⫽ calorie (gram) cm ⫽ centimeter eV ⫽ electron volt °F ⫽ degrees Fahrenheit ft ⫽ foot g ⫽ gram inch joule degrees Kelvin kilogram pound force pound mass meter megagram millimeter mole megapascal N nm P Pa s T m newton nanometer poise Pascal second temperature micrometer (micron) W ⫽ watt psi ⫽ pounds per square inch SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes Factor by Which Multiplied 10 106 103 10⫺2 10⫺3 10⫺6 10⫺9 10⫺12 a Avoided when possible ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ Prefix Symbol giga mega kilo centia milli micro nano pico G M k c m n p JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page iv JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 5:37 PM Page i This online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources WRÀWHYHU\OHDUQLQJVW\OH With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S » www.wileyplus.com JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 10:29 PM Page ii ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 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JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page iii EIGHTH EDITION Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction William D Callister, Jr Department of Metallurgical Engineering The University of Utah David G Rethwisch Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The University of Iowa John Wiley & Sons, Inc JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page iv Front Cover: Depiction of a unit cell for the inverse spinel crystal structure Red spheres represent O2⫺ oxygen ions; dark blue and light blue spheres denote Fe2⫹ and Fe3⫹ iron ions, respectively (As discussed in Chapter 20, some of the magnetic ceramic materials have this inverse spinel crystal structure.) Back Cover: The image on the right shows the ionic packing of a close-packed plane for the inverse spinel crystal structure The relationship between this close-packed plane and the unit cell is represented by the image on the left; a section has been taken through the unit cell, which exposes this close-packed plane VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER ACQUISITIONS EDITOR EDITORIAL PROGRAM ASSISTANT PRODUCTION SERVICES MANAGER PRODUCTION EDITOR EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER CREATIVE DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER PHOTO EDITOR PHOTO RESEARCHER ILLUSTRATION EDITOR MEDIA EDITOR PRODUCTION SERVICES COVER ART Donald Fowley Jennifer Welter Alexandra Spicehandler Dorothy Sinclair Janet Foxman Christopher Ruel Harry Nolan Kevin Murphy Hilary Newman Teri Stratford Anna Melhorn Lauren Sapira Elm Street Publishing Services Roy Wiemann and Bill Callister This book was set in Times Ten Roman 10/12 by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound by World Color USA/Versailles The cover was printed by World Color USA/Versailles This book is printed on acid-free paper q Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2003, 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website www.wiley.com/go/permissions Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Callister, William D., 1940Materials science and engineering: an introduction / William D Callister, Jr., David G Rethwisch.–8th ed p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-470-41997-7 (cloth) Materials I Rethwisch, David G II Title TA403.C23 2009 620.1’1—dc22 2009023130 L.C Call no Dewey Classification No L.C Card No ISBN 978-0-470-41997-7 (Main Book) ISBN 978-0-470-55673-3 (Binder-Ready Version) Printed in the United States of America 10 JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page v Dedicated to our wives, Nancy and Ellen, whose love, patience, and understanding have helped make this volume possible JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page vi JWCL187_glo_G1-G15.qxd 11/19/09 4:46 PM Page G15 Glossary • G15 positions within a parallelepiped volume unsaturated Describes carbon atoms that participate in double or triple covalent bonds and, therefore, not bond to a maximum of four other atoms upper critical temperature For a steel alloy, the minimum temperature above which, under equilibrium conditions, only austenite is present V vacancy A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is missing vacancy diffusion The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from a lattice site to an adjacent vacancy valence band For solid materials, the electron energy band that contains the valence electrons valence electrons The electrons in the outermost occupied electron shell, which participate in interatomic bonding van der Waals bond A secondary interatomic bond between adjacent molecular dipoles that may be permanent or induced viscoelasticity A type of deformation exhibiting the mechanical characteristics of viscous flow and elastic deformation viscosity (H) The ratio of the magnitude of an applied shear stress to the velocity gradient that it produces; that is, a measure of a noncrystalline material’s resistance to permanent deformation vitrification During firing of a ceramic body, the formation of a liquid phase that upon cooling becomes a glass-bonding matrix vulcanization A nonreversible chemical reaction involving sulfur or an other suitable agent wherein crosslinks are formed between molecular chains in rubber materials The rubber’s modulus of elasticity and strength are enhanced W wave-mechanical model An atomic model in which electrons are treated as being wavelike weight percent (wt%) A concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relative to the total alloy weight (or mass) weld decay Intergranular corrosion that occurs in some welded stainless steels at regions adjacent to the weld welding A technique for joining metals in which actual melting of the pieces to be joined occurs in the vicinity of the bond A filler metal may be used to facilitate the process whisker A very thin, single crystal of high perfection that has an extremely large length-to-diameter ratio Whiskers are used as the reinforcing phase in some composites white cast iron A low-silicon and very brittle cast iron in which the carbon is in combined form as cementite; a fractured surface appears white whiteware A clay-based ceramic product that becomes white after high-temperature firing; whitewares include porcelain, china, and plumbing sanitary ware working point (glass) The temperature at which a glass is easily deformed, which corresponds to a viscosity of 103 Pa # s (104 P) wrought alloy A metal alloy that is relatively ductile and amenable to hot working or cold working during fabrication Y yielding The onset of plastic deformation yield strength (y) The stress required to produce a very slight yet specified amount of plastic strain; a strain offset of 0.002 is commonly used Young’s modulus See modulus of elasticity JWCL187_Ans_S0-S4.qxd 11/19/09 7:17 PM Page S02 Answers to Selected Problems Chapter ⫺24 2.3 (a) 1.66 ⫻ 10 g/amu; (b) 2.73 ⫻ 1026 atoms/lb # mol 2.14 A 1/11⫺n2 r0 ⫽ a b nB A B E0 ⫽ ⫺ ⫹ 1/11⫺n2 A A n/11⫺n2 a b a b nB nB 2.15 (c) r0 ⫽ 0.279 nm, E0 ⫽ ⫺4.57 eV 2.19 63.2% for TiO2; 1.0% for InSb Chapter 3.2 VC ⫽ 6.62 ⫻ 10⫺29 m3 3.8 R ⫽ 0.136 nm 3.11 (a) VC ⫽ 1.40 ⫻ 10⫺28 m3; (b) a ⫽ 0.323 nm, c ⫽ 0.515 nm 3.14 Metal B: face-centered cubic 3.16 (a) n ⫽ atoms/unit cell; (b) ⫽ 4.96 g/cm3 3.19 VC ⫽ 8.63 ⫻ 10⫺2 nm3 3.22 000, 100, 110, 010, 001, 101, 111, 011, 12 21 0, 1 1 1 1 1 2 1, 2 , 2 , 2 , and 2 3.29 Direction 1: [012] 3.31 Direction A: [01 1]; Direction C: [112] 3.32 Direction B: [232]; Direction D: 3136 3.33 (b) [1 10], [110], and [110] 3.35 Direction A: [1011] 3.41 Plane B: 11 122 or 11122 3.42 Plane A: 1322 3.43 Plane B: (221) 3.44 (c) [010] or [010] 3.46 (a) (010) and 11002 3.50 (b) 110102 3.52 (a) LD100 ⫽ 2R22 S0 • 3.53 (b) LD111(W) ⫽ 3.65 ⫻ 109 m⫺1 3.54 (a) PD111 ⫽ 2R 23 3.55 (b) PD110(V) ⫽ 1.522 ⫻ 1019 m⫺2 3.59 2 ⫽ 81.38⬚ 3.60 d110 ⫽ 0.2862 nm 3.62 (a) d321 ⫽ 0.1523 nm; (b) R ⫽ 0.2468 nm 3.64 d110 ⫽ 0.2015 nm, a ⫽ 0.2850 nm Chapter 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.10 4.14 4.17 4.20 4.24 4.32 4.34 4.D1 Nv /N ⫽ 2.41 ⫻ 10⫺5 Qv ⫽ 0.75 eV/atom For FCC, r ⫽ 0.41R C¿Zn ⫽ 29.4 at%, C¿Cu ⫽ 70.6 at% CPb ⫽ 10.0 wt%, CSn ⫽ 90.0 wt% C¿Sn ⫽ 72.5 at%, C¿Pb ⫽ 27.5 at% NAl ⫽ 6.05 ⫻ 1028 atoms/m3 a ⫽ 0.289 nm NAu ⫽ 3.36 ⫻ 1021 atoms/cm3 CNb ⫽ 35.2 wt% (a) d ⬵ 0.066 mm (b) NM ⫽ 1,280,000 grains/in.2 CLi ⫽ 1.540 wt% Chapter 5.6 5.8 5.11 5.15 5.18 5.21 5.24 5.29 5.33 5.D1 M ⫽ 2.6 ⫻ 10⫺3 kg/h D ⫽ 3.95 ⫻ 10⫺11 m2/s t ⫽ 19.7 h t ⫽ 40 h T ⫽ 1152 K (879⬚C) (a) Qd ⫽ 252.4 kJ/mol, D0 ⫽ 2.2 ⫻ 10⫺5 m2/s; (b) D ⫽ 5.4 ⫻ 10⫺15 m2/s T ⫽ 1044 K (771⬚C) x ⫽ 1.6 mm ⫽ 47.4 Not possible JWCL187_Ans_S0-S4.qxd 11/19/09 7:17 PM Page S01 Answers to Selected Problems • S1 Chapter 6.4 l0 ⫽ 255 mm (10 in.) 6.7 (a) F ⫽ 89,375 N (20,000 lbf); (b) l ⫽ 115.28 mm (4.511 in.) 6.10 ⌬l ⫽ 0.090 mm (0.0036 in.) 6.13 a dF b ⫽ ⫺ dr r0 2A a A b nB 3/11⫺n2 ⫹ 1n2 1n ⫹ 12B a A 1n⫹22/11⫺n2 b nB 6.15 (a) ⌬l ⫽ 0.50 mm (0.02 in.); (b) ⌬d ⫽ ⫺1.6 ⫻ 10⫺2 mm (⫺6.2 ⫻ 10⫺4 in.), decrease 6.16 F ⫽ 16,250 N (3770 lbf) 6.17 ⫽ 0.280 6.19 E ⫽ 170.5 GPa (24.7 ⫻ 106 psi) 6.22 (a) ⌬l ⫽ 0.10 mm (4.0 ⫻ 10⫺3 in.); (b) ⌬d ⫽ ⫺3.6 ⫻ 10⫺3 mm (⫺1.4 ⫻ 10⫺4 in.) 6.24 Steel 6.27 (a) Both elastic and plastic; (b) ⌬l ⫽ 3.4 mm (0.135 in.) 6.29 (b) E ⫽ 62.5 GPa (9.1 ⫻ 106 psi); (c) y ⫽ 285 MPa (41,000 psi); (d) TS ⫽ 370 MPa (53,000 psi); (e) %EL ⫽ 16%; (f) Ur ⫽ 0.65 ⫻ 106 J/m3 (93.8 in # lbf/in.3) 6.36 Figure 6.12: Ur ⫽ 3.32 ⫻ 105 J/m3 (48.2 in # lbf/in.3) 6.38 y ⫽ 381 MPa (55,500 psi) 6.42 PT ⫽ 0.237 6.44 T ⫽ 440 MPa (63,700 psi) 6.46 Toughness ⫽ 3.65 ⫻ 109 J/m3 (5.29 ⫻ 105 in # lbf/in.3) 6.48 n ⫽ 0.136 6.50 (a) P1elastic2 ⬵ 0.00226, P1plastic2 ⬵ 0.00774; (b) li ⫽ 463.6 mm (18.14 in.) 6.52 (a) 125 HB (70 HRB) 6.57 Figure 6.12: w ⫽ 125 MPa (18,000 psi) 6.D2 (a) ⌬x ⫽ 2.5 mm; (b) ⫽ 10 MPa Chapter 7.9 7.11 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.24 7.25 7.28 7.30 7.32 7.37 7.38 7.D1 7.D6 Al: |b| ⫽ 0.2862 nm cos l cos f ⫽ 0.408 (b) crss ⫽ 0.80 MPa (114 psi) crss ⫽ 0.45 MPa (65.1 psi) For (111)⫺ 3101 : y ⫽ 4.29 MPa d ⫽ 1.48 ⫻ 10⫺2 mm d ⫽ 6.9 ⫻ 10⫺3 mm rd ⫽ 8.25 mm r0 ⫽ 10.6 mm (0.424 in.) crss ⫽ 20.2 MPa (2920 psi) (b) t ⬵ 150 (b) d ⫽ 0.085 mm Is possible Cold work to between 21 and 23%CW [to d¿0 ⬵ 12.8 mm (0.50 in.)], anneal, then cold work to give a final diameter of 11.3 mm (0.445 in.) Chapter 8.1 8.3 8.6 8.8 8.10 8.12 8.14 8.16 8.18 8.19 8.21 8.27 8.28 8.30 8.32 8.33 8.35 8.D4 8.D6 m ⫽ 2404 MPa (354,000 psi) c ⫽ 16.2 MPa Fracture will not occur ac ⫽ 24 mm (0.95 in.) Is not subject to detection because a ⬍ 4.0 mm (b) ⫺105⬚C; (c) ⫺95⬚C (a) max ⫽ 275 MPa (40,000 psi), min ⫽ ⫺175 MPa (⫺25,500 psi); (b) R ⫽ ⫺0.64; (c) r ⫽ 450 MPa (65,500 psi) Nf ⬵ ⫻ 105 cycles (b) S ⫽ 250 MPa; (c) Nf ⬵ ⫻ 106 cycles (a) ⫽ 130 MPa; (c) ⫽ 195 MPa (a) t ⫽ 120 min; (c) t ⫽ 222 h ¢P/¢t ⫽ 7.0 ⫻ 10⫺3 min⫺1 ⌬l ⫽ 22.1 mm (0.87 in.) tr ⫽ 600 h 650⬚C: n ⫽ 11.2 (a) Qc ⫽ 480,000 J/mol # Ps ⫽ 0.118 s⫺1 T ⫽ 991 K (718⬚C) For years: ⫽ 260 MPa (37,500 psi) Chapter ms ⫽ 5022 g; CL ⫽ 64 wt% sugar; ms ⫽ 2355 g The pressure must be raised to approximately 570 atm 9.8 (a) ⑀ ⫹ ; C⑀ ⫽ 87 wt% Zn–13 wt% Cu, C ⫽ 97 wt% Zn–3 wt% Cu; (c) Liquid; CL ⫽ 55 wt% Ag–45 wt% Cu; (e)  ⫹ ␥, C ⫽ 49 wt% Zn–51 wt% Cu, C␥ ⫽ 58 wt% Zn–42 wt% Cu; (g) ␣; C␣ ⫽ 63.8 wt% Ni–36.2 wt% Cu 9.9 Is not possible 9.12 (a) T ⫽ 560⬚C (1040⬚F); (b) C␣ ⫽ 21 wt% Pb–79 wt% Mg; 9.1 (a) (b) (c) 9.5 (a) JWCL187_Ans_S0-S4.qxd 11/19/09 7:17 PM Page S02 S2 • Answers to Selected Problems 9.14 9.15 9.18 9.19 9.21 9.24 9.30 9.33 9.35 (c) T ⫽ 465⬚C (870⬚F); (d) CL ⫽ 67 wt% Pb–33 wt% Mg (a) W⑀ ⫽ 0.70, W ⫽ 0.30; (c) WL ⫽ 1.0; (e) W ⫽ 0.56, W␥ ⫽ 0.44; (g) W␣ ⫽ 1.0 (a) T ⫽ 295⬚C (560⬚F) (a) T ⬵ 230⬚C (445⬚F); (b) C␣ ⫽ 15 wt% Sn; CL ⫽ 43 wt% Sn C␣ ⫽ 90 wt% A–10 wt% B; C ⫽ 20.2 wt% A–79.8 wt% B Not possible (a) V⑀ ⫽ 0.70, V ⫽ 0.30 Is possible C0 ⫽ 82.4 wt% Sn–17.6 wt% Pb Schematic sketches of the microstructures called for are shown here 500°C 600°C Mg2Pb (81 wt% Pb) L (88 wt% Pb) L (85 wt% Pb) 270°C β (~100 wt% Pb) 200°C 9.45 For point B, F ⫽ 9.48 C¿0 ⫽ 0.42 wt% C 9.51 (a) ␣-ferrite; (b) 2.27 kg of ferrite, 0.23 kg of Fe3C; (c) 0.38 kg of proeutectoid ferrite, 2.12 kg of pearlite 9.53 C¿0 ⫽ 0.55 wt% C 9.55 C¿1 ⫽ 0.61 wt% C 9.58 Is possible 9.61 Two answers are possible: C0 ⫽ 1.11 wt% C and 0.72 wt% C 9.64 HB (alloy) ⫽ 128 9.66 (a) T(eutectoid) ⫽ 650⬚C (1200⬚F); (b) ferrite; (c) W␣⬘ ⫽ 0.68, Wp ⫽ 0.32 Chapter 10 10.3 10.6 10.8 10.10 10.11 10.15 10.18 10.20 10.23 10.27 10.36 10.38 10.39 L (97 wt% Pb) Mg2Pb (81 wt% Pb) Mg2Pb (81 wt% Pb) 9.42 Eutectics: (1) 12 wt% Nd, 632⬚C, L → Al ⫹ Al11Nd3; (2) 97 wt% Nd, 635⬚C, L → AlNd3 ⫹ Nd; Congruent melting point: 73 wt% Nd, 1460⬚C, L → Al2Nd Peritectics: (1) 59 wt% Nd, 1235⬚C, L ⫹ Al2Nd → Al11Nd3; (2) 84 wt% Nd, 940⬚C, L ⫹ Al2Nd → AlNd; (3) 91 wt% Nd, 795⬚C, L ⫹ AlNd → AlNd2; (4) 94 wt% Nd, 675⬚C, L ⫹ AlNd2 → AlNd3 No eutectoids are present 10.D1 10.D5 r* ⫽ 1.30 nm t ⫽ 305 s r ⫽ 4.42 ⫻ 10⫺3 min⫺1 y ⫽ 0.51 (c) t ⬵ 250 days (b) 265 HB (27 HRC) (a) 50% coarse pearlite and 50% martensite; (d) 100% martensite; (e) 40% bainite and 60% martensite; (g) 100% fine pearlite (a) martensite; (c) bainite; (e) ferrite, medium pearlite, bainite, and martensite; (g) proeutectoid ferrite, pearlite, and martensite (a) martensite (a) martensite; (c) martensite, proeutectoid ferrite, and bainite (b) 180 HB (87 HRB); (g) 265 HB (27 HRC) (c) TS ⫽ 915 MPa (132,500 psi) (a) Rapidly cool to about 675⬚C (1245⬚F), hold for at least 200 s, then cool to room temperature Not possible Temper at between 400 and 450⬚C (750 and 840⬚F) for h Chapter 11 11.4 11.21 11.22 11.D10 11.D11 11.D15 VGr ⫽ 11.1 vol% (a) At least 905⬚C (1660⬚F) (b) 830⬚C (1525⬚F) Maximum diameter ⫽ 83 mm (3.3 in.) Maximum diameter ⫽ 75 mm (3 in.) Heat for between and 10 h at 149⬚C, or between about 35 and 500 h at 121⬚C JWCL187_Ans_S0-S4.qxd 11/19/09 7:17 PM Page S03 Answers to Selected Problems • S3 Chapter 12 12.5 12.7 12.8 12.10 12.14 12.16 12.18 12.20 12.22 12.24 12.29 12.34 12.37 12.38 12.40 12.43 12.44 12.47 12.49 (a) Cesium chloride; (c) sodium chloride APF ⫽ 0.79 (a) FCC; (b) tetrahedral; (c) one-half (a) octahedral; (b) all (a) a ⫽ 0.421 nm; (b) a ⫽ 0.424 nm (a) (calculated) ⫽ 4.11 g/cm3; (b) (measured) ⫽ 4.10 g/cm3 (a) ⫽ 4.21 g/cm3 Cesium chloride APF ⫽ 0.755 APF ⫽ 0.684 Ns /N ⫽ 4.03 ⫻ 10⫺6 (a) O2⫺ vacancy; one O2⫺ vacancy for every two Li⫹ added (a) 8.1% of Mg2⫹ vacancies (a) C ⫽ 45.9 wt% Al2O3–54.1 wt% SiO2 t ⫽ 0.39 nm R ⫽ 4.0 mm (0.16 in.) Ff ⫽ 10,100 N (2165 lbf) (a) E0 ⫽ 342 GPa (49.6 ⫻ 106 psi); (b) E ⫽ 280 GPa (40.6 ⫻ 106 psi) (b) P ⫽ 0.19 Chapter 13 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.13 (a) (a) (b) (b) T ⫽ 2000⬚C (3630⬚F) WL ⫽ 0.86; (c) WL ⫽ 0.66 T ⬵ 2800⬚C; pure MgO Qvis ⫽ 364,000 J/mol Chapter 14 DP ⫽ 23,760 (a) Mn ⫽ 33,040 g/mol; (c) DP ⫽ 785 (a) CCl ⫽ 20.3 wt% L ⫽ 1254 nm; r ⫽ 15.4 nm 8530 of both styrene and butadiene repeat units 14.18 Propylene 14.21 f(isoprene) ⫽ 0.88, f(isobutylene) ⫽ 0.12 14.25 (a) a ⫽ 2.000 g/cm3, c ⫽ 2.301 g/cm3; (b) % crystallinity ⫽ 87.9% 14.3 14.5 14.8 14.9 14.16 Chapter 15 Er(10) ⫽ 4.25 MPa (616 psi) TS ⫽ 44 MPa Fraction sites vulcanized ⫽ 0.180 Fraction of repeat unit sites crosslinked ⫽ 0.470 15.40 (a) m(ethylene glycol) ⫽ 17.673 kg; (b) m[poly(ethylene terephthalate)] ⫽ 59.843 kg 15.6 15.17 15.25 15.27 Chapter 16 16.2 16.6 16.9 16.10 16.13 16.15 16.17 16.26 16.D2 16.D3 kmax ⫽ 33.3 W/m # K; kmin ⫽ 29.7 W/m # K c ⫽ 34.5 MPa Is possible Ef ⫽ 70.4 GPa (10.2 ⫻ 106 psi); Em ⫽ 2.79 GPa (4.04 ⫻ 105 psi) (a) Ff /Fm ⫽ 23.4; (b) Ff ⫽ 42,676 N (9590 lbf), Fm ⫽ 1824 N (410 lbf); (c) f ⫽ 445 MPa (63,930 psi); m ⫽ 8.14 MPa (1170 psi); (d) P ⫽ 3.39 ⫻ 10⫺3 scl* ⫽ 633 MPa (91,700 psi) s* cd ⫽ 1340 MPa (194,400 psi) (b) Ecl ⫽ 69.1 GPa (10.0 ⫻ 106 psi) Carbon (PAN standard-modulus) and aramid Not possible Chapter 17 17.4 (a) ⌬V ⫽ 0.031 V; (b) Fe2⫹ ⫹ Cd → Fe ⫹ Cd2⫹ 17.6 [Pb2⫹] ⫽ 2.5 ⫻ 10⫺2 M 17.11 t ⫽ 10 yr 17.14 CPR ⫽ 5.24 mpy 17.17 (a) r ⫽ 8.03 ⫻ 10⫺14 mol/cm2 # s; (b) VC ⫽ ⫺0.019 V 17.28 Sn: P–B ratio ⫽ 1.33; protective 17.30 (a) Parabolic kinetics; (b) W ⫽ 1.51 mg/cm2 Chapter 18 18.2 d ⫽ 1.88 mm 18.5 (a) R ⫽ 4.7 ⫻ 10⫺3 ⍀; (b) I ⫽ 10.6 A; (c) J ⫽ 1.5 ⫻ 106 A/m2; (d) e ⫽ 2.5 ⫻ 10⫺2 V/m 18.11 (a) n ⫽ 1.25 ⫻ 1029 m⫺3; (b) 1.48 free electrons/atom 18.14 (a) 0 ⫽ 1.58 ⫻ 10⫺8 ⍀ # m, a ⫽ 6.5 ⫻ 10⫺11 (⍀ # m)/⬚C; (b) A ⫽ 1.18 ⫻ 10⫺6 ⍀ # m; (c) ⫽ 4.25 ⫻ 10⫺8 ⍀ # m 18.16 ⫽ 7.31 ⫻ 106 (⍀ # m)⫺1 18.18 (a) for Si, 1.40 ⫻ 10⫺12; for Ge, 1.13 ⫻ 10⫺9 18.25 ⫽ 0.096 (⍀ # m)⫺1 18.29 (a) n ⫽ 1.44 ⫻ 1016 m⫺3; (b) p-type extrinsic 18.31 e ⫽ 0.50 m2/V # s; h ⫽ 0.02 m2/V # s 18.33 ⫽ 61.6 (⍀ # m)⫺1 18.37 ⫽ 224 (⍀ # m)⫺1 JWCL187_Ans_S0-S4.qxd 11/19/09 7:17 PM Page S04 S4 • Answers to Selected Problems ⫽ 272 (⍀ # m)⫺1 Bz ⫽ 0.58 tesla l ⫽ 1.6 mm pi ⫽ 2.26 ⫻ 10⫺30 C # m (a) V ⫽ 17.3 V; (b) V ⫽ 86.5 V; (e) P ⫽ 1.75 ⫻ 10⫺7 C/m2 18.58 Fraction of Pr due to Pi ⫽ 0.67 18.D2 ⫽ 2.44 ⫻ 107 (⍀ # m)⫺1 18.D3 Is possible; 30 wt% ⬍ CNi ⬍ 32.5 wt% 18.39 18.42 18.49 18.53 18.55 Chapter 19 19.2 19.4 19.7 19.13 19.14 19.21 19.25 19.26 19.27 19.D1 19.D4 Tf ⫽ 49⬚C (120⬚F) (a) cv ⫽ 139 J/kg # K; (b) cv ⫽ 923 J/kg # K ⌬l ⫽ ⫺9.2 mm (⫺0.36 in.) Tf ⫽ 129.5⬚C (b) dQ/dt ⫽ 9.3 ⫻ 108 J/h (8.9 ⫻ 105 Btu/h) k(upper) ⫽ 26.4 W/m # K (a) ⫽ ⫺150 MPa (⫺21,800 psi); compression Tf ⫽ 39⬚C (101⬚F) ⌬d ⫽ 0.0251 mm Tf ⫽ 42.2⬚C (108⬚F) Glass-ceramic: ⌬Tf ⫽ 317⬚C Chapter 20 20.1 (a) H ⫽ 10,000 A # turns/m; (b) B0 ⫽ 1.257 ⫻ 10⫺2 tesla; (c) B ⬵ 1.257 ⫻ 10⫺2 tesla; (d) M ⫽ 1.81 A/m 20.5 (a) ⫽ 1.2645 ⫻ 10⫺6 H/m; (b) m ⫽ 6.0 ⫻ 10⫺3 20.7 (a) Ms ⫽ 1.45 ⫻ 106 A/m 20.13 4.6 Bohr magnetons/Mn2⫹ ion 20.19 (b) i ⬵ ⫻ 10⫺3 H/m, ri ⫽ 2387; (c) (max) ⬵ 8.70 ⫻ 10⫺3 H/m 20.21 (b) (i) ⫽ 1.10 ⫻ 10⫺2 H/m, (iii) m ⬵ 8750 20.25 Ms ⫽ 1.69 ⫻ 106 A/m 20.28 (a) 2.5 K: 1.33 ⫻ 104 A/m; (b) 1.56 K Chapter 21 21.7 y ⫽ 2.09 ⫻ 108 m/s 21.8 Fused silica: 0.53; soda–lime glass: 0.33 21.9 Borosilicate glass: Pr ⫽ 2.16; polypropylene: Pr ⫽ 2.22 21.16 I¿T /I¿0 ⫽ 0.81 21.18 l ⫽ 67.3 mm 21.27 ⌬E ⫽ 1.78 eV JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page vi JWCL187_ind_I0-I22.qxd 10/26/09 2:08 PM Page I0 Index Page numbers preceded by a “A” or a “G” refer to the appendices and the glossary, respectively A Abrasive ceramics, 503, 507, 527 Abrasives, G0 Absorption coefficient, 851, 868 Absorption of light: in metals, 845–846 in nonmetals, 846–847 Absorptivity, 844 ABS polymer, 596 AmBnXp crystal structures, 459 Acceptors, 739, G0 Acetic acid, 536 Acetylene, 534 Acid rain, as corrosion environment, 701 Acids (organic), 536 Acid slags, 507 Acrylics, see Poly(methyl methacrylate) Acrylonitrile, see Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, 600 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 596 Activation energy, G0 for creep, 268, 274 for diffusion, 133, 143, 348 free, 347, 351, 383, 384 for viscous flow, 531 Activation polarization, 684–685, 712, G0 Actuator, 11–12, 509 Addition polymerization, 607–608, 681, G0 Additives, polymer, 610–611, 618 Adhesives, 602, 618, G0 Adhesive tape, 18 Adipic acid (structure), 610 Adsorption, 105 Advanced ceramics, 503, 509–512, 527 Advanced materials, 11–12 Advanced polymers, 603–607, 618 I0 • Age hardening, see Precipitation hardening Air, as quenching medium, 430 AISI/SAE steel designation scheme, 395–396 Akermanite, 466 Alcohols, 536 Aldehydes, 536 Alkali metals, 26, 38 Alkaline earth metals, 26 Allotropic transformation (tin), 53 Allotropy, 52, G0 Alloys, 5, 393, G0 See also Solid solutions; specific alloys atomic weight equations, 97 cast, 406 composition specification, 95–96 compositions for various, A29–A30 costs, A31–A33 defined, 94 density equations, 97 density values, A3–A5 ductility values, A11–A13 electrical resistivity values, A26–A28 fracture toughness values, A16 heat treatable, 408 high-temperature, 269–270 linear coefficient of thermal expansion values, 785, A17–A18 low expansion, 788 modulus of elasticity values, 157, A6–A8 Poisson’s ratio values, 157, A10 specific heat values, 785, A24–A25 strengthening, see Strengthening of metals tensile strength values, 168, A11–A13 thermal conductivity values, 785, A21–A22 wrought, 406 yield strength values, 168, A11–A13 Alloy steels, 364, 383, G0 See also Steels Alnico, 823, 824 ␣ Iron, see Ferrite (␣) Alternating copolymers, 551, 552, G0 Alumina, See also Aluminum oxide Aluminosilicates, 518 Aluminum: atomic radius and crystal structure, 47 bonding energy and melting temperature, 31 elastic and shear moduli, 157 electrical conductivity, 728 electrical wires, 731–732 for integrated circuit interconnects, 140–141 Poisson’s ratio, 157 recrystallization temperature, 222 slip systems, 203 superconducting critical temperature, 831 thermal properties, 785 yield and tensile strengths, ductility, 168 Aluminum alloys, 408–410 fatigue behavior, 277 plane strain fracture toughness, 246 precipitation hardening, 439–440 properties and applications, 409 Aluminum-copper alloys, phase diagram, 439 Aluminum-lithium alloys, 409, 410 Aluminum oxide: electrical conductivity, 755 flexural strength, 486 hardness, 491 index of refraction, 848 modulus of elasticity, 486 JWCL187_ind_I0-I22.qxd 10/26/09 2:08 PM Page I1 Index • I1 plane strain fracture toughness, 246 Poisson’s ratio, A10 sintered microstructure, 525 stress-strain behavior, 487 thermal properties, 785 translucency, 4, 855 as whiskers and fibers, 646 Aluminum oxide-chromium oxide phase diagram, 477 Ammonia, bonding energy and melting temperature, 31 Amorphous materials, 46, 79, G0 Anelasticity, 159, G0 Angle computation between two crystallographic directions, 207 Anions, 453, G0 Anisotropy, 73–74, 81, G0 of elastic modulus, 74, 161, 189 magnetic, 74, 818–819 Annealing, 368, 422–424, 443, G0 ferrous alloys, 423–424, 443 glass, 516 Annealing point, glass, 514, 527, G0 Annealing twins, 106 Anodes, 675, 711, G0 area effect, galvanic corrosion, 694 sacrificial, 702, G11 Antiferromagnetism, 809, 832, G0 temperature dependence, 813 Aramid: cost, as a fiber, A35 fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites, 649 melting and glass transition temperatures, A40 properties as fiber, 646 repeat unit structure, 649, A38 Argon, bonding energy and melting temperature, 31 Aromatic hydrocarbons (chain groups), 536, 595 Arrhenius equation, 353 Artificial aging, 442, G0 Asphaltic concrete, 632 ASTM standards, 152 Atactic configuration, 548, G0 Athermal transformation, 364, G0 Atomic bonding, see Bonding Atomic mass, 20 Atomic mass unit (amu), 20, G0 Atomic models: Bohr, 21, 22, G1 wave-mechanical, 22, G14 Atomic number, 20, G0 Atomic packing factor, 48, G0 Atomic point defects, 92, 472–474 Atomic radii, of selected metals, 47 Atomic structure, 19–27 Atomic vibrations, 106–107, 783–784, G0 Atomic weight, 20, G0 metal alloys, equations for, 97 Atom percent, 96, G1 Austenite, 319, 332, G1 shape-memory phase transformations, 379–380 transformations, 356–370, 382 summary, 378 Austenitic stainless steels, 397–398 Austenitizing, 424, G1 Automobiles, rusted and stainless steel, 673 Automobile transmission, 122 Auxetic materials, 160 Average value, 180–181 Avogadro’s number, 20 Avrami equation, 355, 382, 591 AX crystal structures, 457–458 AmXp crystal structures, 458–459 B Bainite, 360–361, 368, 373, 378, 382, G1 mechanical properties, 373 Bakelite, see Phenol-formaldehyde (Bakelite) Ball bearings, ceramic, 511 Band gap, 724–725 Band gap energy, G1 determination, 776 selected semiconductors, 734 Bands, see Energy bands Barcol hardness, 581 Barium ferrite (as magnetic storage medium), 828 Barium titanate: crystal structure, 459, 460, 766 as dielectric, 765 as ferroelectric, 766 as piezoelectric, 512, 767 Base (transistor), 750–751 Basic refractories, 507 Basic slags, 507 Beachmarks (fatigue), 259–260 Bend strength, 485 See also flexural strength Beryllia, 507 Beryllium-copper alloys, 408 Beverage containers, 1, 197, 391, 872, 885 corrosion of, 872 diffusion rate of CO2 through, plastic, 560–561 stages of production, 391 Bifunctional repeat units, 540, 562, G1 Billiard balls, 569, 598–599 Bimetallic strips, 781, 788 Binary eutectic alloys, 298–311, 332 tensile strength, 338 Binary isomorphous alloys, 287–298, 331 mechanical properties, 297–298 microstructure development, equilibrium cooling, 294–295 microstructure development, nonequilibrium cooling, 295–297 Biodegradable beverage can, 872 Biodegradable polymers/plastics, 872, 881–883 Biomass, 882 Biomaterials, 11 Biorenewable polymers/plastics, 881–883 Block copolymers, 551–552, G1 Blowing, of glass, 515 Blow molding, plastics, 613–614 Body-centered cubic structure, 48–49, G1 Burgers vector for, 204 slip systems, 203 twinning in, 211 Bohr atomic model, 21, 22, G1 Bohr magneton, 805, G1 Boltzmann’s constant, 92, G1 Bonding: carbon-carbon, 537–538 cementitious, 508 covalent, 32–33, 453, G2 hybrid sp, 25, 26 hydrogen, 35, 36, 37, G6 ionic, 30–31, 453, G6 metallic, 33–34, G7 van der Waals, see van der Waals bonding Bonding energy, 29, G1 and melting temperature for selected materials, 31 Bonding forces, 28–29 Bond rupture, in polymers, 709–710 Bone: as composite, 628 Boron carbide: hardness, 491 Boron: boron-doped silicon semiconductors, 738 fiber-reinforced composites, 654 properties as a fiber, 646 Borosilicate glass: composition, 503 electrical conductivity, 755 viscosity, 514 JWCL187_ind_I0-I22.qxd 10/26/09 2:08 PM Page I2 I2 • Index Borsic fiber-reinforced composites, 654 Bottom-up science, 12 Bragg’s law, 75–76, G1 Branched polymers, 546, G1 Brass, 406, 407, G1 annealing behavior, 221 elastic and shear moduli, 157 electrical conductivity, 728, 775 fatigue behavior, 277 phase diagram, 311, 312 Poisson’s ratio, 157 recrystallization temperature, 222 stress-strain behavior, 165 thermal properties, 785 yield and tensile strengths, ductility, 168 Brazing, 421, G1 Breakdown, dielectric, 749, 750, 765 Bridge, suspension, 150 Brinell hardness tests, 175, 177, 179 Brittle fracture, 166–167, 234, 239–241, 271, G1 ceramics, 480–485 Brittle materials, thermal shock, 793–794, 795 Bronze, 407, G1 Bronze age, 2, 480 Buckminsterfullerene, 470 Burgers vector, 99, 100, 101, 204 for FCC, BCC, and HCP, 204 magnitude computation, 230 Butadiene: degradation resistance, 708 melting and glass transition temperatures, A40 repeat unit structure, 553, A37 Butane, 534–535 C Cadmium sulfide: color, 853 electrical characteristics, 733, 734 Calcination, 508, G1 Calendering, 615, 658, 659 Capacitance, 757–759, G1 Capacitors, 757–762 Carbon: vs graphite, 646, 648 polymorphism, 52, 468–471 Carbon black, as reinforcement in rubbers, 599, 631, 632 Carbon-carbon composites, 656–657, G1 Carbon diffusion, in steels, 324, 376 Carbon dioxide emissions, 874 Carbon dioxide (pressure-temperature phase diagram), 342 Carbon fiber-reinforced polymermatrix composites, 648–649, 650 Carbon fibers, 648 properties as fiber, 646 Carbon nanotubes, 13, 471 Carburizing, 130, G1 Case-hardened gear, 122 Case hardening, 122, 263–264, G1 Cast alloys, 406 Casting techniques: metals, 419–420 plastics, 614 slip, 510, 520, 521 tape, 525–526 Cast irons, 322, 332, 393, 399–406, G1 annealing, 425 compositions, mechanical properties, and applications, 403 graphite formation in, 399 heat treatment effect on microstructure, 404 phase diagram, 400, 404 stress-strain behavior (gray), 190 Catalysts, 105 Catalytic converters (automobiles), 90, 105 Cathodes, 676, G1 Cathodic protection, 694, 702, 713, G1 Cations, 453, G1 Cemented carbide, 630–631 Cementite, 320, G1 decomposition, 399, 404 proeutectoid, 327–328 in white iron, 401, 402 Cementitious bond, 508–509 Cements, 503, 508–509, G1 Ceramic ball bearings, 511 Ceramic-matrix composites, 655–656, G1 Ceramics, 6–7, 452, G1 See also Glass advanced, 503, 509–512, 527 application-classification scheme, 503 brittle fracture, 480–485 coefficient of thermal expansion values, 785, A19 color, 853–854 corrosion, 706–707 costs, A33–A34 crystal structures, 453–462 summary, 460 defects, 472–476 defined, 6–7 density computation, 462–463 density values, A5 elastic modulus values, 486, A8 electrical conductivity values for selected, 755 electrical resistivity values, A28 fabrication techniques classification, 513 flexural strength values, 486, A14 fractography of, 482–485 fracture toughness values, 246, A16–A17 impurities in, 475 indices of refraction, 848 as electrical insulators, 754–756, 765 magnetic, 809–813 mechanical properties of, 480–489 in MEMS, 510 phase diagrams, 316, 476–480 piezoelectric, 12, 512, 767 plastic deformation, 487–489 Poisson’s ratio values, A10 porosity, 489–490, 523–525 porosity, influence on properties, 489–490 silicates, 464–468 specific heat values, 785, A25 as superconductors, 830–831 thermal conductivity values, 785, A22 thermal properties, 785, 787, 790–791, 793–794 traditional, traditional vs new, 452–453 translucency and opacity, 855 Cercor (glass ceramic), 505 Cermets, 630, G1 Cesium chloride structure, 458, 460 Chain-folded model, 556–557, G1 Chain-reaction polymerization, see Addition polymerization Chain stiffening/stiffness, 545, 594–595 Charge carriers: majority vs minority, 737 temperature dependence, 740–741 Charpy impact test, 251, 252, G2 Chevron markings, 239 Chips, semiconductor, 719, 753 Chlorine, bonding energy and melting temperature, 31 Chloroprene, repeat unit structure, 553, A37 Chloroprene rubber: characteristics and applications, 600 melting and glass transition temperatures, A40 cis, 549, G2 JWCL187_ind_I0-I22.qxd 10/26/09 2:08 PM Page I3 Index • I3 Clay, characteristics, 518–519 Clay products, 503, 505 drying and firing, 505, 521–523 fabrication, 518–523 particles, 501 Cleavage (brittle fracture), 240 Clinker, 508 Close-packed ceramic structures, 460–461 Close-packed metal crystal structures, 69–71 Coarse pearlite, 358, 359, 368, G2 Coatings (polymer), 601–602 Cobalt: atomic radius and crystal structure, 47 Curie temperature, 813 as ferromagnetic material, 807 magnetization curves (single crystal), 819 Coercivity (coercive force), 516, G2 Cold work, percent, 215 Cold working, see Strain hardening Collector, 750–751 Color, G2 metals, 846 nonmetals, 853–854 Colorants, 611, G2 Compacted graphite iron, 401, 405–406, G2 Compliance, creep, 578 Component, 283, 317, G2 Composites: aramid fiber-reinforced polymer, 649 carbon-carbon, 656–657 carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, 648–649 ceramic-matrix, 655–656 classification scheme, 628, 629 costs, A35 definition, 10–11, 628 dispersion-strengthened, 629, 634 elastic behavior: longitudinal, 638–639 transverse, 640–641 fiber-reinforced, see Fiberreinforced composites glass fiber-reinforced polymer, 647–648 hybrid, 657, G6 laminar, 629, 644, 660–661 large-particle, 629, 630–634 metal-matrix, 653–655 particle-reinforced, 629–634 production processes, 657–660 properties, glass-, carbon-, aramidfiber reinforced, 650 rule of mixtures expressions, 341, 630, 638, 641, 642, 643, 652 strength: longitudinal, 642 transverse, 642 stress-strain behavior, 636–637 structural, 629, 660–662 Composition, G2 conversion equations, 96–97, 119, 120 specification of, 95–96 Compression molding, plastics, 612 Compression tests, 154–155 Compressive deformation, 153, 173 Computers, semiconductors in, 752–753 magnetic drives in, 800, 825 Concentration, 95, G2 See also Composition Concentration cells, 694 Concentration gradient, 126, G2 Concentration polarization, 686–687, G2 Concentration profile, 126, G2 Concrete, 632–634, G2 electrical conductivity, 755 plane strain fracture toughness, 246 Condensation polymerization, 609–610, G2 Conducting polymers, 756–757 Conduction: electronic, 722–725 ionic, 722, 755–756 Conduction band, 725, G2 Conductivity, see Electrical conductivity; Thermal conductivity Configuration, molecular, 547–550 Conformation, molecular, 544 Congruent phase transformations, 315, G2 Constitutional diagrams, see Phase diagrams Continuous casting, 420 Continuous cooling transformation diagrams, 367–370, G2 4340 steel, 365 1.13 wt% C steel, 388 0.76 wt% C steel, 368 for glass-ceramic, 504 Continuous fibers, 636 Conventional hard magnetic materials, 823–824 Conversion factors, magnetic units, 804 Cooling rate, of cylindrical rounds, 431 Coordinates, point, 55–57 Coordination numbers, 48, 50, 454–456, G2 Copolymers, 540, 551–552, G2 styrenic block, 606 Copper: atomic radius and crystal structure, 47 diffraction pattern, 89 elastic and shear moduli, 157 electrical conductivity, 728 OFHC, 731 Poisson’s ratio, 157 recrystallization, 221, 355 slip systems, 203 thermal properties, 785 yield and tensile strengths, ductility, 168 Copper alloys, 406–408 properties and applications of, 407 Copper-aluminum phase diagram, 439 Copper-beryllium alloys, 407, 408 phase diagram, 450 Copper-nickel alloys: ductility vs composition, 214, 298 electrical conductivity, 729–730 phase diagram, 287–288 tensile strength vs composition, 214, 298 yield strength vs composition, 214 Copper-silver phase diagram, 298–299 Coring, 297 CorningWare (glass ceramic), 505 Corrosion, G2 of beverage cans, 872 ceramic materials, 706–707 electrochemistry of, 675–681 environmental effects, 692 environments, 700–701 forms of, 692–700 galvanic series, 681–682 overview of, 674 passivity, 690–692 rates, 682–683 prediction of, 683–690 Corrosion fatigue, 264–265, G2 Corrosion inhibitors, 701 Corrosion penetration rate, 683, G2 Corrosion prevention, 701–703 Corundum, 507 See also Aluminum oxide crystal structure, 496 Cost of various materials, A31–A36 Coulombic force, 30, G2 Covalency, degree of, 33 Covalent bonding, 32–33, 453, 534, G2 JWCL187_ind_I0-I22.qxd 10/26/09 2:08 PM Page I4 I4 • Index Crack configurations, in ceramics, 483 Crack critical velocity, 482–483 Crack formation, 236 in ceramics, 482–483 fatigue and, 259–261 glass, 517 Crack propagation, 236 See also Fracture mechanics in brittle fracture, 239–242 in ceramics, 480–485 in ductile fracture, 236–237 fatigue and, 259–260 Cracks: stable vs unstable, 236 Crack surface displacement modes, 245 Crazing, 579 Creep, 265–270, G2 ceramics, 491 influence of temperature and stress on, 266–268 mechanisms, 268 in polymers, 578 stages of, 265–266 steady-state rate, 266 viscoelastic, 578 Creep compliance, 578 Creep modulus, 578 Creep rupture tests, 266 data extrapolation, 268–269 Crevice corrosion, 694–695, G2 Cristobalite, 464, 479, 480 Critical cooling rate, ferrous alloys, 369–370 glass-ceramics, 503–504 Critical fiber length, 635 Critical resolved shear stress, 205, G2 as related to dislocation density, 232 Critical stress (fracture), 243 Critical temperature, superconductivity, 829, 831 Critical velocity (crack), 482–483 Crosslinking, 546, G2 elastomers, 588–590 influence on viscoelastic behavior, 577 thermosetting polymers, 551 Crystalline materials, 46, 72, G2 defects, 91–107 single crystals, 72, G11 Crystallinity, polymers, 552–556, G2 influence on mechanical properties, 585 Crystallites, 556, G2 Crystallization, polymers, 590–591 Crystallographic directions, 57–63 easy and hard magnetization, 819 families, 59 hexagonal crystals, 60–63 Crystallographic planes, 63–68 atomic arrangements, 66–67 close-packed, ceramics, 460–462 close-packed, metals, 69–71 diffraction by, 74–76 families, 67 Crystallographic point coordinates, 55–56 Crystal structures, 46–55, G2 See also Body-centered cubic structure; Close-packed crystal structures; Face-centered cubic structure; Hexagonal closepacked structure ceramics, 453–462 close-packed, ceramics, 460–461 close-packed, metals, 69–71 determination by x-ray diffraction, 74–78 selected metals, 47 types, ceramics, 453–462 types, metals, 47–51, 69–71 Crystallization (ceramics), 504, 518, G2 Crystal systems, 52–55, G2 Cubic crystal system, 52, 54 Cubic ferrites, 809–813 Cunife, 823, 824 Cup-and-cone fracture, 237 Curie temperature, 813, G3 ferroelectric, 766 ferromagnetic, 784 Curing, plastics, 612 Current density, 722 Cyclic stresses, 255–256 D Damping capacity, steel vs cast iron, 404 Data scatter, 181–182 Debye temperature, 784 Decarburization, 146 Defects, see also Dislocations atomic vibrations and, 106–107 dependence of properties on, 91 in ceramics, 472–476 interfacial, 102–106 point, 92–99, 472–474, G9 in polymers, 558–559 surface, 105 volume, 106 Defect structure, 472, G3 Deformation: elastic, see Elastic deformation elastomers, 588–589 plastic, see Plastic deformation Deformation mechanism maps (creep), 268 Deformation mechanisms (semicrystalline polymers), elastic deformation, 582, 583 plastic deformation, 528, 584 Degradation of polymers, 707–711, G3 Degree of polymerization, 542, G3 Degrees of freedom, 316–318 Delayed fracture, 481 Density: computation for ceramics, 462–463 computation for metal alloys, 97 computation for metals, 51–52 computation for polymers, 555–556 of dislocations, 200 linear atomic, 68 planar atomic, 69 polymers (values for), 572 ranges for material types (bar chart), relation to percent crystallinity for polymers, 554 values for various materials, A3–A6 Design, component, 874 Design examples: cold work and recrystallization, 223 conductivity of a p-type semiconductor, 745–746 cubic mixed-ferrite magnet, 812–813 creep rupture lifetime for an S-590 steel, 269 nonsteady-state diffusion, 136–137 spherical pressure vessel, failure of, 247–250 steel shaft, alloy/heat treatment of, 434–435 tensile-testing apparatus, 183–184 tubular composite shaft, 651–653 Design factor, 182 Design stress, 182, G3 Dezincification, of brass, 697–698 Diamagnetism, 805, G3 Diamond, 468–469 as abrasive, 507 bonding energy and melting temperature, 31 cost, A34 films, 468–469 hardness, 491 thermal conductivity value, A22 Diamond cubic structure, 468 JWCL187_ind_I0-I22.qxd 10/26/09 2:08 PM Page I5 Index • I5 Die casting, 419 Dielectric breakdown, 750, 765 Dielectric constant, 759, G3 frequency dependence, 764–765 relationship to refractive index, 847 selected ceramics and polymers, 758 Dielectric displacement, 759, G3 Dielectric loss, 764–765 Dielectric materials, 757, 765, G3 Dielectric strength, 765, G3 selected ceramics and polymers, 758 Diffraction (x-ray), 44, 74–75, G3 Diffraction angle, 78 Diffractometers, 77 Diffusion, 123–125, G3 grain growth and, 224 in ionic materials, 476 in integrated circuit interconnects, 140–141 in Si of Cu, Au, Ag, and Al, 141 interstitial, 126, G6 mechanisms, 125–126 and microstructure development, 294–297, 307–308 nonsteady-state, 128–132, G8 in polymers, 559–561 in semiconductors, 137–140 short-circuit, 142 steady-state, 126–128, G12 vacancy, 125–126, 476, G14 Diffusion coefficient, 127, G3 relation to ionic mobility, 755 temperature dependence, 132–136 values for various metal systems, 132 Diffusion couples, 123 Diffusion flux, 126, G3 for polymers, 559 Digitization of information/signals, 826, 863 Dimethyl ether, 536 Dimethylsiloxane, 553, 599, 600, A37 See also Silicones; Silicone rubber melting and glass transition temperatures, A40 Diode, 748, G3 Dipole moment, 759 Dipoles: electric, 35, G3 induced, 35 magnetic, 801–802 permanent, 36 Directional solidification, 270 Directions, see Crystallographic directions Discontinuous fibers, 636 Dislocation density, 200, 229, 232, G3 Dislocation line, 99, 100, 101, G3 Dislocation motion, 199–200 caterpillar locomotion analogy, 201 in ceramics, 487–488 at grain boundaries, 212–213 influence on strength, 211–212 recovery and, 219 Dislocations, 99–102, G3 in ceramics, 102, 201 characteristics of, 201–202 interactions, 202 multiplication, 202 at phase boundaries, 372, 375 pile-ups, 212 plastic deformation and, 162, 199–208, 211 in polymers, 102, 558 strain fields, 201, 202 Dispersed phase, 628, G3 definition, 628 geometry, 629 Dispersion (optical), 846 Dispersion-strengthened composites, 634, G3 Disposal of materials, 875–876 Domain growth, 815–816 Domains, 807, 814–818, G3 Domain walls, 814 Donors, 736, G3 Doping, 739, 742, 743, G3 Double bonds, 534 Drain casting, 520 Drawing: glass, 515, 516 influence on polymer properties, 585–586 metals, 417–419, G3 polymer fibers, 615, G3 Drift velocity, electron, 727 Drive-in diffusion, 138 Driving force, 127, G3 electrochemical reactions, 678 grain growth, 224 recrystallization, 219 sintering, 525 steady-state diffusion, 127 Dry corrosion, 703 Dry ice, 342 Drying, clay products, 521 Ductile fracture, 167, 236–237, G3 Ductile iron, 400, 402, G3 compositions, mechanical properties, and applications, 403 Ductile-to-brittle transition, 251–255, G3 polymers, 578 and temper embrittlement, 377 Ductility, 166–168, G3 fine and coarse pearlite, 372 precipitation hardened aluminum alloy (2014), 441 selected materials, A11–A15 selected metals, 168 spheroidite, 372 tempered martensite, 376 Durometer hardness, 178, 581 E Economics, materials selection: considerations in materials engineering, 873–874 tubular composite shaft, 652–653 Eddy currents, 820 Edge dislocations, 99, 199–200, G3 See also Dislocations interactions, 202 in polymers, 559 E-glass, 646 Elastic deformation, 156–162, G3 Elastic modulus, see Modulus of elasticity Elastic (strain) recovery, 173, G4 Elastomers, 571, 588–590, 599–601, 614, G4 in composites, 631 deformation, 588–589 thermoplastic, 605–607 trade names, properties, and applications, 600 Electrical conduction: in insulators and semiconductors, 726–727 in metals, 725–726 Electrical conductivity, 721, 727–728, G4 ranges for material types (bar chart), selected ceramics and polymers, 755 selected metals, 728 selected semiconductors, 734 temperature variation (Ge), 777 values for electrical wires, 732 Electrical resistivity, 721, G10 See also Electrical conductivity metals: influence of impurities, 729–730 influence of plastic deformation, 729, 730 influence of temperature, 729 values for various materials, A26–A29 JWCL187_ind_I0-I22.qxd 10/26/09 2:08 PM Page I6 I6 • Index Electrical wires, aluminum and copper, 731–732 Electric dipole moment, 759 Electric dipoles, see Dipoles Electric field, 722, 727, G4 Electrochemical cells, 677–678 Electrochemical reactions, 675–682 Electrodeposition, 677 Electrode potentials, 677–678 values of, 679 Electroluminescence, 856, G4 Electrolytes, 678, G4 Electromagnetic radiation, 841–843 interactions with atoms/electrons, 843–844 Electromagnetic spectrum, 841–842 Electron band structure, see Energy bands Electron cloud, 22, 33 Electron configurations, 24–26, G4 elements, 25 periodic table and, 26 stable, 25 Electronegativity, 26–27, 33, G4 influence on solid solubility, 95 values for the elements, 27 Electroneutrality, 472, G4 Electron gas, 725 Electronic conduction, 722, 755 Electronic polarization, 512, 762–763, 844, 849, G9 Electron microscopy, 109–111 Electron mobility, 727 influence of dopant content on, 742, 743 influence of temperature on, 742, 743 selected semiconductors, 734 Electron orbitals, 21 Electron probability distribution, 22 Electrons, 19–20 conduction process, 735, 748–749 role, diffusion in ionic materials, 476 energy bands, see Energy bands energy levels, 21–24 free, see Free electrons scattering, 727, 783 in semiconductors, 734–739 temperature variation of concentration, 740–741 spin, 23, 805 valence, 25 Electron states, G4 Electron transitions, 844–845 metals, 845–846 nonmetals, 849–852 Electron volt, 31, G4 Electropositivity, 26, G4 Electrorheological fluids, 12 Elongation, percent, 166 selected materials, A11–A15 selected metals, 168 selected polymers, 572 Embrittlement: hydrogen, 699–700 temper, 377 Embryo, phase particle, 346 Emf series, 678–680 Emitter, 750–751 Endurance limit, 257 See also Fatigue limit Energy: activation, see Activation energy bonding, 29, 31, G1 current concerns about, 13–14, 876 free, 285, 345–349, G5 grain boundary, 103 photon, 843 surface, 102 vacancy formation, 92 Energy band gap, see Band gap Energy bands, 722–725 structures for metals, insulators, and semiconductors, 724 Energy levels (states), 21–24, 723–724 Energy and materials, 877 Energy product, magnetic, 822–823 Engineering stress/strain, 154, G12 Entropy, 285, 345, 588 Environmental considerations and materials, 875–883 Epoxies: degradation resistance, 708 polymer-matrix composites, 650 repeat unit structure, A36 trade names, characteristics, applications, 598 Equilibrium: definition of, 285 phase, 285, G4 Equilibrium diagrams, see Phase diagrams Erosion-corrosion, 698, G4 Error bars, 181 Error function, Gaussian, 129 Etching, 108, 109 Ethane, 535 Ethers, 536 Ethylene, 534 polymerization, 537 Ethylene glycol (structure), 609 Euro coins, alloys used for, 416 Eutectic isotherm, 299 Eutectic phase, 308, G4 Eutectic reactions, 299, 307, G4 iron-iron carbide system, 321 Eutectic structure, 307, G4 Eutectic systems: binary, 298–311 microstructure development, 305–311 Eutectoid, shift of position, 330 Eutectoid ferrite, 325 Eutectoid reactions, 314, G4 iron-iron carbide system, 321 kinetics, 357–358 Eutectoid steel, microstructure changes/development, 322–324 Exchange current density, 685 Excited states, 844, G4 Exhaustion, in extrinsic semiconductors, 741 Expansion, thermal, see Thermal expansion Extrinsic semiconductors, 736–739, G4 electron concentration vs temperature, 741 exhaustion, 741 saturation, 741 Extrusion, G4 clay products, 519 metals, 418–419 polymers, 613–614 F Fabrication: ceramics, 513 clay products, 518–523 fiber-reinforced composites, 657–660 metals, 417–422 Face-centered cubic structure, 47–48, G4 anion stacking (ceramics), 460–461 Burgers vector for, 204 close packed planes (metals), 69–71 slip systems, 203 Factor of safety, 183, 248 Failure, mechanical, see Creep; Fatigue; Fracture Faraday constant, 680 Fatigue, 255–265, G4 corrosion, 264 crack initiation and propagation, 259–261 cyclic stresses, 255–256 environmental effects, 264–265 low- and high-cycle, 259 polymers, 580, 581 probability curves, 258–259 thermal, 264 JWCL187_ind_I0-I22.qxd 10/26/09 2:08 PM Page I7 Index • I7 Fatigue life, 258, G4 factors that affect, 262–264 Fatigue limit, 257, 258, G5 Fatigue strength, 257, 258, G4 Fatigue testing, 257 S-N curves, 257–259, 277, 580 Feldspar, 501, 519 Fermi energy, 724, 737, 738, 784, G4 Ferrimagnetism, 809–811, G4 temperature dependence, 813–814 Ferrite (␣), 319–320, G4 eutectoid/proeutectoid, 325, G10 from decomposition of cementite, 399 Ferrites (magnetic ceramics), 809–811, G4 Curie temperature, 813, 814 as magnetic storage, 828 Ferritic stainless steels, 398, 399 Ferroelectricity, 766, G4 Ferroelectric materials, 766 Ferromagnetic domain walls, 106 Ferromagnetism, 807–808, G4 temperature dependence, 813–814 Ferrous alloys, G4 See also Cast irons; Iron; Steels annealing, 423–424 classification, 321–322, 393 continuous cooling transformation diagrams, 367–370 costs, A31–A32 hypereutectoid, 327–329, G6 hypoeutectoid, 324–326, G6 isothermal transformation diagrams, 356–367 microstructures, 322–329 mechanical properties of, 370–374, A11–A12 Fiber efficiency parameter, 644 Fiberglass, 503 Fiberglass-reinforced composites, 647–648 Fiber-reinforced composites, 634–660, G4 continuous and aligned, 636–642 discontinuous and aligned, 643 discontinuous and randomly oriented, 643–644 fiber length effect, 634–636 fiber orientation/concentration effect, 636–642 fiber phase, 645–646 longitudinal loading, 636–637, 642 matrix phase, 646–647 processing, 657–660 reinforcement efficiency, 644 transverse loading, 640–641, 642 Fibers, 601, G4 coefficient of thermal expansion values, A20 in composites, 628 continuous vs discontinuous, 636 fiber phase, 645–646 length effect, 634–636 orientation and concentration, 636–645 costs, A35 density values, A6 elastic modulus values, 646, A9 electrical resistivity values, A29 optical, 511, 863–865 polymer, 601 properties of selected, 646 specific heat values, A26 spinning of, 614–615 tensile strength values, 646, A15 thermal conductivity values, A23 Fick’s first law, 128, 789, G5 for polymers, 559 Fick’s second law, 128, 139, 798, G5 Fictive temperature, 514 Filament winding, 659–660 Fillers, 610, G5 Films: diamond, 468–469 polymer, 603 shrink-wrap (polymer), 587 Fine pearlite, 359, 368, 372, G5 Fireclay refractories, 506 Firing, 505, 522–523, G5 Flame retardants, 611, G5 Flash memory, 719, 753 Flexural strength, 485–486, G5 influence of porosity on, ceramics, 489–490 values for selected ceramics, 486, A14 Float process (sheet glass), 516 Fluorescence, 855, G5 Fluorite structure, 459 Fluorocarbons, 538 trade names, characteristics, applications, 597 Flux (clay products), 519 Foams, 603, G5 Forces: bonding, 28–30 coulombic, 30, G2 Forging, 418, G5 Formaldehyde, 536, 599 Forming operations (metals), 417–419 Forsterite, 466 Forward bias, 748, 749, G5 Fractographic investigations: ceramics, 482–485 metals, 238 Fractographs: cup-and-cone fracture surfaces, 238 fatigue striations, 260 glass rod, 484 intergranular fracture, 241 transgranular fracture, 240 Fracture, see also Brittle fracture; Ductile fracture; Impact fracture testing delayed, 481 fundamentals of, 236 polymers, 578–580 types, 166–167, 236–241 Fracture mechanics, 242–250, G6 applied to ceramics, 481 polymers, 580 use in design, 247–250 Fracture profiles, 237 Fracture strength, 165 See also Flexural strength ceramics, 485 distribution of, 481–482 influence of porosity, 489–490 influence of specimen size, 481–482, 645 Fracture surface, ceramics, 483–484 Fracture toughness, 169, 244–246, G5 ceramic-matrix composites, 655–656 ranges for material types (bar chart), testing, 250–254 values for selected materials, 246, 656, A16–A17 Free electrons, 725–726, G5 contributions to heat capacity, 784 role in heat conduction, 789 Free energy, 285, 345–349, G5 activation, 346, 351 volume, 345 Freeze-out region, 741 Frenkel defects, 472, 473, G5 equilibrium number, 474 Full annealing, 368, 424, G5 Fullerenes, 470 Functionality (polymers), 540, G4 Furnace heating elements, 731 Fused silica, 464 characteristics, 503, 514 dielectric properties, 758 electrical conductivity, 755 flexural strength, 486 index of refraction, 848 modulus of elasticity, 486 thermal properties, 785