a sanskrit manual part 1

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Scanned specially for

Uz-Translations by alexius103

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Approved by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examination (12th January, 1961) A SANSKRIT MANUAL FOR HIGH SCHOOLS PART I BY R ANTOINE, S.J., M.A

ALLIED PUBLISHERS LIMITED

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ALLIED PUBLISHERS LIMITED

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Reprinted 2002

Published by Sunil Sachdev and printed by Ravi Sachdev at Allied Publishers Limited, Printing Division, A-104 Mayapuri, Phase-Il, New Delhi - 110 064

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LESSON 2 4 10 11 12 13 14 15 CONTENTS

THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET <ee cee

THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( varfe ) ese

MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN @

NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVEB nee THE FourtH Consucation ( fkarfe ) ess INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE

Tue SixtH CONJUGATION ( gatfe ) se sa

MASCULINE NOUNS IN % AND 3

ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE _ , - eee

THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( qutfe )

LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE cee

FEMININE NOUNS IN @ff AND $

PRESENT TENSE—MIDDLE VOICE ( sifaawqä† ) ces THE IMPERFECT TENSE (&@@) ACTIVE AND

MIDDLE FEMININE NOUNS IN % AND 8

MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN %&

IMPERATIVE Moon ( @z )

FEMININE NOUNS IN &

POTENTIAL Moon ( fafafse )

NEUTER NOUNS IN g, 3 AND 3%

AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE

PERSONAL PRONOUNS—PASSIVE VOICE

THe DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 244 AND 9ï@q

‘ PASSIVE VOICE ( cont )

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LESSON 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

NOUNS WITH ONE STEM ( cont )

PASSIVE IMPERSONAL ( ata 5ait: )

NOUNS WITH Two STEMS

PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES ves cos THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES coe " cee NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH Two STEMS ( cont )

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS

NouUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS { cort )

THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE

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PREFACE

The purpose of this Manual is not to give an exhaustive treatment of Sanskrit grammar It is meant as a practical method of teaching and learning Sanskrit through the medium of English Its composition is based on the two following principles :

1 The effort of memory which the study of languages demands

becomes a mere drudgery when its rational usefulness is not clearly shown and immediately given practical scope An instrument, however

beautiful, remains cumbersome as long as it cannot be utilized

2 The drudgery of memory work is amply repaid by the capacity which the student acquires of expressing himself in the language which

he learns That is why greater stress has been laid on translation from

English into Sanskrit than on translation from Sanskrit into English

This First Part covers the matter of the first three years (Standards IV to VI or Classes VI to VIII) The beginnings should be extremely

slow The vocabulary should be learnt by small doses (five to eight)

words a day) and frequent repetitions should be given

The first ten lessons could conveniently form the syllabus of the first year Their treatment is very analytical

Lessons 11 to 26 are more compact and will require more time to be assimilated, They should be distributed over the second and third year

In this seventh edition, besides correcting the few printing mistakes which had escaped our scrutiny, we have incorporated the valuable suggestion of colleagues and well-wishers

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LESSON 1

THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

1 The Vowels—There are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit alphabet They are divided into simple vowels and diphthongs

Every simple vowel, except the last, last shows a short and a long form

short: @,a 3 i Ju Er zs i

long : OA J i RG BT

Diphthongs : ¢ e & ai aff o at au

2 The Consonants—The Sanskrit consonants are classified according

to the organs of pronounciation There are five categories : those pronounced from the throat are called gutturals ; those pronounced

from the palate are called palatals; those pronounced from the roof of the mouth are called cerebrals ; those pronounced from the

teeth are called dentals ; those pronounced from the lips are called

labials—The Sanskrit names for those five categories are :

GUE, ATM, HTT, SAT, VT

Each category contains seven consonants : 5 mutes, 1 semi-vowel

and 1 sibilant The five mutes of each category are divided as follows : 2 hard mutes, one non-aspirate, the other aspirate ; 3 soft mutes, one non aspirate, the second aspirate and the third nasai The semi-vowels are soft, the sibilants are hard Simple vowels | MUTES = A —

Hard Hard Soft Soft Soft Semi- Sibi- non-asp aspirate non-asp aspirate nasal vowels lants GUTTURALS ka |qkha| ãq ga | qgha| ena |(gha)| :h PALATALS aca ¡3cba |sja |wjha| sđa |qya |Sisa CEREBRALS ở ta |stha |8 da | s dha | {na |tra |Nạa

DENTALS q ta |tha |s da | qdha| qna |gøla | a Sa

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9 SANSKRIT MANUAL

N.B.—An ‘a’ has been added to each consonant to facilitate the pronounciation Besides the consonants given above, the following

should be noted :

- anusvara—a dot above a vowel, standing for final q or for

any of the five nasals followed by one of the first four mutes of its own class :

@=kam ; %t=anga ; fae=simha

visarga—a double dot : standing for a final q or a final <_

avagraha—the sign S$ marking the elision of a at the beginning of a

word asf

a stroke below a consonant % indicates that it stands by itself without any vowel following it

3 Consonants followed by vowels—When a vowel follows a consonant,

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THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET 3

4 Compound consonants—When two or more consonants have

to be written without intervening vowels, the following general principle is followed :

All consonants, except the last of the group, drop their final vertical line: T+4=7y ; A+a+9=—T ; A+9=4; at+y=ea

The combination of consonants which have no final vertical line assumes a form of its own: @+Â=Đ; @+4=; @+9=a8,

Sth=S; Egdt-W; wiscg; s†+W=NW; z†q=2I; s†i=W;

1†+q=f; s%4†+1=q; s†?q=š; AtaA=aA; RN†z=5; FTts=s;

S._†W'—§ ; § T18 |

The consonant @_ has a special ireatment in combination :

when it follows a consonant, it is written as I{+(Sä ; đ†—3 ; q+tcH When it precedes a consonant or the vowel % it is written as { LS—8 ; (+ J=3; to gz—% 5 The Sanskrit numerals are: % 2%, 3 w, &, $, 9, đ, $, © EXERCISE 1

I Write the Sanskrit vowels

II Write the Sanskrit consonants

IH What are the hard consonants ? IV What are the soft consonants ?

V Join the following groups of letters:

A+; q-+ạ ; sq-E§ ; E+; W+s; ate ;

a+ ; q13: RLS 5 AI; T+; S+§;

q+ề : (+8 ; t+ø ; A+ ; ï-E ; UT +S;

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4 SANSKRIT MANUAL VI Write the following in Sanskrit letters :

bhũmavupavi§ami ; snayuh ; jđanam ; ksetranli ; ahgäat; udyane ;

rohanti ; arthabhyam ; Sastraih ; sarvada; krinivah; drSyate; asti;

andhakarena; ratna; atra; tyakta; tiSthami; bhramati; a§va ;

baddha ; sa na janati; tena suhrdq raksitah ; maya dattam ; tvaya drstam ; yusmabhiruktam

LESSON 2

THE FIRST CONJUGATION (varie)

6 (1) The Sanskrit verb cojugated in a finite tense has three persons

and three numbers The three numbers are: singular, dual and

plural (waaaa, fgaraa, agaaa)

(2) The verbal root (qtg) is the original form of the verb

The verbal base (317) is the form assumed by the root before the

terminations are added

(3)' The formation of the verbal base depends partly on the strengthening of the radical vowel (i.e the vowel of the root) Simple vowels are subject to a twofold strengthening: the first degree of

strengthening is called guna: the second degree pf strengthening is called vrddhi The following scheme of simple vowels with their

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THE FIRST CONJUGATION 5 7 Formation of the base in the first Conjugation

(1) The final vowel and the short medial vowel of a root

take guna `

A medial vowel is a vowel which stands between consonants When a short vowel is followed by a compound consonant it

is counted as long, e.g.: fara, wat

(2) The letter a is added btfore the terminations

That # becomes a before the terminations beginning

with q or q4 That @& is dropped before terminations beginning with gi

8 The terminations of the present tense—active voice (az aeEeTaY } are ;: S D P 1st pers -fa -3: -đ: 2nd pers -fa =? -J 3rd_ pers -Ri “a: -siÍ*q 9 Applications

Roots having a short medial vowel: qq (to fall), qa (to

know ), g& (to pull )

Formation of the base

(1) Guna of the short medial vowel: 9-94; q4-ate ; ỹ-SĐ_I

(2) The letter a is added: qq+si=qd; sìq+si-ì ;

3Đ + 3 = HI

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-6 SANSKRIT MANUAL Adding the terminations S D P

"St Pers T Tai We two fall We fall

2nd pers Thon est You two fall You fall

3rd pers Heals They two fall They fl

In roots like sa (to live) and faq (to blame), the medial

vowel does not take guna because it is long.—Hence: etafa, farafe Roots having a final vowel, short or long: f# (te conquer),

3 (to become), J (to move)

(1) Guna of the final vowel—f¥.@ ; WAT ; Al

(2) The letter a is added—Ht+a; W+a; aaa

In Sanskrit, two vowels following each other must be combined according to definite rules Those rules are celled the rules

of vowel-sandhi,

In the case of 3-rai and of zĩì-Eai, the following rules applies :

When q and sì are followed, in thc same word, by any vowel they are changed respectively to 4 and aq

Hence : 3+si=sq4-+3i—s ; 3Ì +si—w4 + si—ữa

Before terminations beginning with or q4—Sqr-, 3ï4L-, qŒ- Before terminations beginning with sĩ—sï-, Wa-, ax-

Adding the termination

S D P S D P

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THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( vatfe ) 7

EXERCISE 2 I Vocabulary

Z4 ( aafa ) to draw qa ( qafa ) to fall

als (stefa) to play ga, ( arafa ) to know

wa ( aafa ) to dig 3 (aafa ) to be, to become

aiq (arafa ) to eat aq ( aafa ) to walk

at_ ( sửa ) to move aa ( aufa ) to worship as ( aufa) to move wa_ ( wafa ) to protect fa (safe ) to conquer az_ ( tefa ) to grow

sìa ( stlafa) to live aq (aafa) to speak as_ (waafq) to abandon aq (aqiq ) to sow Sẽ ( aefa } to burn aq (aafa) to dwel

g ( gafa ) to run, to melt ag_ ( aafa ) to carry, to flow ava ( arafa ) to run aa ( asfa) to go

aq ( aqfa ) to salute sỉq, ( atafa ) to praise

dt (aafa } to lead a (ava) to go Tq ( Tafq) to cook wz ( eacfa ) to remembre

II Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice : dt, TH, J FA and BW

Ill Translate the following into English :

qufd\ wafai sitar: aan qafd( tai area: aafe

Der wit @arfit: aut saat staf zea: aah aaa

ea: to aatftti «6 aeiegt | oataast oo GaRa | oatafes) | oage)—ouafar TAT | ATs) ASA

IV Translate the following into Sanskrit :

We worship You twd move He conquers They grow

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8 SANSKRIT MANUAL

We two become Thou eatest They two move We protect

You live He leads We go Youtwo praise They melt I burn Thou dwellest They two speak Wetwo run You go He carries

I cook You two eat

LESSON 3

MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN zsï NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE

10 (1) In Sanskrit, the grammatical function of a noun in a sentence is indicated by special terminations called case-endings For

instance, the noun g3 (son) becomes gy: when it is subject ; it becomes

gaq when it is direct object What we express by means of prepositions such as ‘with’, ‘by’, ‘to’, ‘for’, ‘from’, ‘of’, ‘in’, etc., is also rendered

into Sanskrit by case-endings There are eight cases in Sanskrit: nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative

and vocative

(2) As in the verb, so also in the noun, Sanskrit has _ three

numbers: singular, dual and plural Sanskrit has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter

(3) The various forms taken by a noun in all its cases and numbers are Called the Declension of that noun

(4\ There are two types of nouns ending in & Some are

masculine and some are neuter Both’ masculine and neuter nouns

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MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN &

11 Declension of oq m (a well) and of qq 7m (a forest) : ` D P, Ss D P

Nominative aa: apat am: | aq | at | aafa

Accusative aE A at mm | way qì aatfa

Instrumental | gta |gunmml| aa: | aaa |samaw| sề:

Locative sử HITT: | ak qì qmh: | sàn

Vocative zq at ST: aa qat aatts

12 The verb agrees with its subject in person and number :

e.g.: A boy falls—ate: qafa \

Two boys fall—aret qaat |

Boys fall—aret: Tafa |

13 The Nominative case is used :

(1) to indicate the subject : The father leads—waq: aafe | (2) to indicate the subjective complement :

The sons become heroes—gar: wafea afta: |

(3) to indicate a noun in apposition to the subject :

Rama, the hero conquers—ztq: att: wafe |

14 The Accusative case is used:

(1) to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb :

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10 SANSKRIT MANUAL,

(2) to indicate the objective complement :

We know Rima (to be) a hero—araq_ ataq sŸmg: \

(3) after verbs indicating movement :

The servant goes to the well— ara: aaq TeSfE |

(4) with the following prepositions: ef (above), eta (after

along), efit (near), 3q (near, below), afta: (near, in front of), ofa:

(around), aga: (on all sides of ), saga: (on both sides of ), fae (fie on),

aaa, faaar (near), fxat (without), a-ata (without, concerning), afzqzr (between), sf@ (to, towards)

15 Sandhi rules do not apply to vowels alone, but also to consonants

Thus, in the sentences above, the final q and the final : of a word followed by another word undergo various changes

(1) Final 4 when followed by a consonant is changed to anusvara :

ay ate Ta =U aT Ta: |

(2) Final : (visarga)

when followed by a hard consonant

-remains unchanged before% @ 1% @ Vand |

ga: aaa war gaa: ate: aca |

-becomes & before 4 and g—aat: sffq=waisgRa \ -becomes q beƒfore g and s—qsq: ZÌ§[=sq9ìsT | -becomes q_beƒore q_ and 3—ga: qứä=gasgrvđ \

when preceded by at and followed by a soft consonant or a vowel, is dropped: ajar: arafa=aret aaa |

wat aeha—wat vated \

when preceded by & and followed by a soft consonant, &: is

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MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN @

when preceded by @ and followed by any vowel except &, is dropped : aad: ager =Wfq szzì ¡

when preceded by & and followed by 4, 3: is changed to a while the following @ is elided : qrqa: wat=aaATIST |

N.B.—When final visarga is followed by a sibilant ( a, | or @) it is optionally changed to the sibliant :

WA: WA oF, WAR! «ate: Ths or, aTHeacha | 1 Vocabulary Masculine nouns erg: horse ara: conduct @qid; pigeon qCG hand Sle: Crow Ma: village W4: person ala: servant @qy: country qq: man aq: king qaqa: mountain als: boy Xa: cloud ga: tree 9° od EXERCISE 3 Neuter nouns Haq food sua fuel san gold sgiøaq lotus Way water TTY grass gay misery qaq leaf qraq vessel Hey fruit srữq1 body SiqĐ sacred precept afteq character gaq happiness tự, place Prepositions governing the accusative eifatq: near, in front afta: around

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12 SANSKRIT MANUAL

IJ Translate the following into English :

(3) are weft area: (2) weg gfe: (2) gq el

($

(8 44

(v) awa: qảgg sfa maha (4) ao: ara Tete | ) wat:

sìafd! (vv) mg aa: (¢) aa gaa: za: defas )

fret arat aga: | (9°) aaa frat ade sfafar (99) afteq dar

(92) way FAA sate | (33) 4c srưmg đãi ( 3v) ata: aq ii (34) cag afta: suerfW taÊỀql! (33) sa: sang caf

(3 ) aan gam area (9¢) Tet sear atte: caqcafa ( 33) ng:

aa) (2°) fra ae (43) aA srat0 sen QsĐnI ( 434 ) au

am await) (22) ca sama: aa sara wef (Rv) ay aa ale:

aafai (AM ) 2ï XHG@H set aq ama) (36) eraq ofa: are: wetfa Tafa (Xe) aa amar aa: (A32) aff aaaq gag

(8) gq 3m 3W: ¡

JM Decline fully the following nouns:

Aa, AE, SITE, BABA, IIA |

er

IV Join the sandhis in the following :

a: safe: ae: maar aug afar a aufai oan: aofteaqi as: SI4H afar ay omy aria: oq afar gam: ta \

V Translate the following into Sanskrit :

Two servants lead the horses around the village

Example :

Two servants | noun-dual-masc.-subject-nomin : erat

lead | verb-pres.-act.-3rd pers.-dual : qq:

the horses noun-plur.-mac.-object-accus : øpSf1,

around preposition : qĐg:

the village noun-sing.-masc.-governed by ftq:-accus :- Way

aren afte: erat apart aaa \

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THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( featfz } 13

(i) Trees grow near the well (2) The pigeon becomes a crow (3) The king conquers the country (4) Two horses eat grass (5) The servant draws the boys (6) Persons carry the vessels (7) We live without happiness (8) Trees carry leaves (9) On both sides

of the well boys burn the fuel (10) Clouds move towards the

mountain (11) The hand protects the body (12) Water falls on all sides of the village (13) Sacred precepts lead men to happiness {i4) Fie on the crows (15) Between the two trees the water flows

(16) Persons salute the king (17) I praise the lotus (18) According

to (his) character, the king protects the people (persons) (19) Youtwo

leave the place (20) Character (is) superior to (=above) gold

(21) The servant (is) inferior to (=below) the king

LESSON 4

THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( faatiz )

16 The Fourth Conjugation

Present Tense—Active Voice (a@af¢ 5217)

(1) Formation of the base

(a) The radical vowel does not take guna

(b) 3 is added to the root

(c) The letter 27 is added before the terminations

That # becomes aft before terminations beginning wih

HOOF

That 4 is dropped before terminations beginning with 9 (2) The terminations are the same as those of the first conjugation

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14 SANSKRIT MANUAL

(3) Application: gy (to nourish)

(a) No guna of the radical vowel: gq

(b) 4 is added to the root : qq+4a=qgeq_ (c) The letter 4 is added : qs{-+8†—=Wsx

Before terminations beginning with q or q4 : gsø- Before terminations beginning with 9 : gwq-

Adding the terminations S D P Ist Pers qui ST: E1: 2nd Pers quà 9g: s13 3rd Pers gata g1: gsafta

17 The nominative and accusative plural of neuter nouns in -3{

end in fa—aaq.qatfat In some cases, however, we have to

write fy instead of fa, as in srữqn (body)-atdufii\ The rule to be applied in this and similar cases is the following :

When, in the same word, 4, is preceded by %, %,¢ or Gand followed

by a vowel, 4,4, 4or 4, it is changed to %

The rule applies even when the 4, is separated from the preceding °%, % Cory by several letters, provided those intervening letters be vowels,

guiturals, labials, or 4, 4, € and anusvara

Examples: qal-fa=catftt ; at-a=aty ; wala-a—caaT |

But: awa because 4 is followed by nothing gyfeq because 4 is followed by @

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THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( faatfe ) 15

In order to remember the above rule, commit to memory the following line :

18

19

%ÍN(, aay Ald ASAT |

-sfĐ —When, in the same word, 4 is preceded by % (%), Torz, -qqqq—and followed by a vowel or by 4,4, Hor 7,

it is changed to 0

-d2q asaq—provided the intervening letters be not palatals

KM ~~ AN

or one of the three letters @, % or @_

Both in the first and in the fourth conjugations there are verbal roots which form their base irregularly

Irregular verbs

First Conjugation Fourth Conjugation

q3 (azsfi) to go faq ( deafa ) to play

q (z=gf) to restrain ( anzafit) to cease

gs ( sgiq ) to hide ay

aq (dlefq) to sit “_ ( suzafa) to be weary

sr (faufa) to smell 4 ( atafa ) to rejoice

at ({ ears ) to ae eqq_ ( farafa ) to pierce zat ( fasfa ) to stan

za ( aafa ) to bite aa ( safa ) to fall

at ( waft ) to blow aq ( ateafa) to forgive

gã (qg7fq) to see aq ( qưœaiä) to roam, to err

The Sanskrit sentence usually ends with the verb The normal

order of words is as follows : subject-object-verb :

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16 SANSKRIT MANUAL

20 The negation 4 is placed immediately before the verb: The king does not blame the servants—aqy erata a farate \

The conjunction q (and) is either repeated after each one of the nouns it connects, or is written once only after the last noun of

the series

The man and the boys go to the village :

—alal aera oa Tweed |

or—t† stiøix ord gÊq I II Vocabulary atg_(ateafa) to throw TT (gafa) to be pleased var_(azafq) to perish aq (aafa) to dance gay (geqfq) to nourish lẽ (8Í) to faint war (seat) to fall ea_(aarfa) to bite EXERCISE 4 fea (tafe) to play a (attzafa) to be quiet aq (atsafa) to forgive q4 (ưfR) to be weary wa (atafa) to be glad si (zsrRï) to pierce 1 (smrfR) to roam, to err «at (aafa) to blow in (axzsfRä) to go aq (azzia) to restrain at (azafa) to give WJé_ (qTEfa) to hide aa (dra) to sit sm (fafa) to smell qt (faafa) to drink zat (fagfa) to stand

farq (faeafa) to blame | & (ezfa) to take away za (qa7fa) tc see

pa: well gã: lake TaN rorest

in: elephant suang flower SẴNH, head

qa moon wlaaq life s not

yaa: palace tqq wealth | and

If Translate the following into English :

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THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( fxaYfR ) 17

ao aq ftaft: (») wana gaffe gafa a: (¢) crf seria (

(S) ag aaa avafa: (te) eé faaar aver dtegfa (99) aan

famf\t ( 3A ) ast aaa: (92) qiad freafi ( ov) at ad ace: |

( t4) gá gâđ gutRq@Êq( (3$) areata) (90) ata: (32) 108đ t

(3S) safầt (%s ) g1øi imf?q quq a4! (^3 ) aanraìw sìad đsTĐ ì

(22) Baa zaI4:\ (43) arøI guiÈq ara đìsĐï( ( 3v ) 4fg: sqưqNt7Đi |

(A4) Wet qefa (3) ay aah aga aaqia: (20) ae aafa

(A⁄) 1a: ggữ sử ì

Wi Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :

Sq, WT, SM, aa, feq_and ae

IV Translate the foliowing into Sanskrit :

(1) I throw fuel (2) Two men are dancing near the well

(3) People run to the palace (4) The elephant eats leaves, drinks water and is pleased (5) Pigeons do not bite (6) Two servants

hide the fruits and the food (7) IplayandIam glad (8) We do not praise wealth (9) You two smell the flower (10) They stand on all sides of the village (11) Men dig the piace and

carry the gold away (12) You are weary and you sit (13) The horses are not quiet (14) The king is not pleased (15) The crow

pierces the fruit (16) The boys faint (17) The man blames

the two servants (18) Life without happiness becomes misery

(19) We see the moon (20) Elephants live on both sides of the

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LESSON 5

INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE THE SIXTH CONJUGATION (gerfz) 21 The Instrumental Case is used :

(1) to indicate the agent of a passive verb

(2) to indicate the instrument which is used to do the action

The boy hides (his) face with (his) hands—arat ae geanat qefa |

(3) to indicate the person or thing accompanying the action

I go with the servant— zea azetfa |

In this sense, the instrumental may be followed by the pre-

position qs (with)—Tồa gg :TzgIĐi ¡

(4) to indicate the cause or reason, i.e to translate expressions such as: ‘owing to’, ‘on account of’, ‘out of’, ‘because of’, etc

On account of misery I leave the village—g:aa ara arent |

(5) to translate expressions like ‘by name’, ‘by nature’, by

family’, ‘by birth’, etc Rama is a hero by nature—equraa cat

fret wate ì

(6) with the prepositions ag (with) and faat (without)

(7) with the particles aq and saq (enough) Enough with misery !—ae gaa |

22 The Dative Case is used:

(1) to indicate the indirect object of verbs meaning ‘to give’,

‘to send’, ‘to promise’, ‘to show’ The preceptor gives the books

to the students—sirqri: fSha: ggSIĐ¡ zơfi \

(2) after verbs meaning ‘to be angry with’, ‘to desire’, ‘to long

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INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE 19

(3) to express the purpose of the action He goes for war

(=with a purpose to fight) qata azafe |

(4) to indicate the person or thing for whose advantage the action

is done He digs a well for (his) sons— aq gona: @afe |

(5) after verbs indicating movement (see Accusative, No 14)

The servant goes to the village—arat arara weafa |

(6) after the particles aq: (salutation) and e@fe (hail to)

Hail to the king !—aarq aia!

23 The sixth Conjugation (qz1fz)

Present tense — Active voice

(a) The radical vowel does not take guna (b) zis not added to the root

(c) The letter eq is added before the terminations

That søị becomes ait before terminations beginning with Wy or a

That 3 is dropped before teminations beginning with & The terminations are the same as those of the first conjugation

(see No 8)

24 Application: JZ (to strike)

(1) & (2) Neither guna nor 7—g@

(3) The letter @ is added : $4+H=gGz

Befoxe ierminations beginning with ¥ or 4 : đất

Before terminations beginning with & : Jz

Adding terminations

D P

1st pers dat Tera: Tata:

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SANSKRIT MANUAL

20

25 Irregular verbs of the sixth Conjugation

gã (ai) to cut | fae (faeefa) to find

ya (qufa) to release faa (faafa) to sprinkle aq (arafa) to break sq (gzafq) to wish

feq_(ferqfa to anoint | see (geefa) to ask

26 When final visarga is preceded by any vowel except & or Sf, a new sandhi rule must be applied

Final visarga preceded by any vowel except & or at and followed by a vowel or a sofi consonant is changed to ©

a: qt4fi=stdiafai a3: gzÍa=fNäGĐ \

27 We can now recapitulate the sapdhi rules applying to final

visarga (see No 15) When jinal

visarga is preceded by and followed by

| any vowel % 4 { % šị q q | itremains unchanged "any vowel aq or S ~ | it becomes ST

any vowel Zz or 3 it becomes §

any vowel q or y it becomes @

any vowel except a vowel or a it becomes

Sor BT soft cons

aT a vowel or a it is dropped

soft cons

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I Vocabulary INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE EXERCISE 5 21

aq (aafa) to plough | qq (gaff) torelease | offs: wind fara (Rafa) to throw | of (grafa) to break We burden

ae (gafa) to strike | fea (ferafi)to anoint | az: hero

feat_(fearfa) to show fra (fazzfa) to find ays: jackal

fora (feta) to write | faa (Rafa) to sprinkle | gz: swan

fxa† (fàaf) to enter SF ( zR) to wish Tey house

aa (asnfa) to create | sea (gzefq) to ask dđqnN 2 bank wal (egafa) to touch | gq (gafa) to laugh | amy ornament

sa (aeafa) to cut Ÿ (gafa) to call Ta jewel

Prepositions governing the instrumental: ag with; TầaT

without

Particles governing the instrumental : Hey, Hay enough Particles governing the dative : aq: salutation to, @f hail to

II Translate the following into English :

(3) gafzsifi! (3) ata geatfa azafa aa (3) osmel ate aula) (+) svat as wafa: (4) arta aa: seas (¢) ag dit

gầfi (v) at as ắ dzgil! (2) xạdfÌsgmft sứ: (S) adi

fora: | (3o) siồa fầat 4HøIifi q4 tsfỀềqdti (33) sìm si gaft

(33) qafà fàzsfqi! (93) wea gaara fear) (oy) afer sana orate:

(94) ata mata geaTfiy: (9¢) ararta a face: (90) az ae fxaxifzqi (3Z) sraiiở gi møïfii! (33%) dat ee faaars (2°) ora

faag attr aafa: (A3) seaata cat set graÊq\ (%3) gầa dù se7Đ ì

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22 SANSKRIT MANUAL

Ill Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice : , s4 › faq and x3!

IV Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) I give fruits to the two servants (2) Thou goest to the forest

for flowers (3) He is glad by character (4) Misery breaks life

(5) Owing to the wind the lotuses perish (6) The jackal finds food (7) The two men call the servant (8) Through happiness the boys laugh and dance (9) The hero shows the jewels to the king (10) He sees the jackal and runs (away) (11) Due to (his) conduct, he leaves

(abandons) the house (12) For the sake of wealth men plough, carry

burdens, dig the mountains and leave (their) country (13) Owing

to the wind, the fruits fall (14) We sit near the bank (15) On all sides of the house, jackals roam (16) Clouds emit (@#) water

(17) With the heroes you enter the palace (11) I stand near the lake with the boys (19) They see the lotuses and laugh with

happiness (20) The swans move towards the bank (20) I show the

swan to the boys (22) Hail to the country! (23) Enough with misery

LESSON 6

MASCULINE NOUNS IN zg AND 3 ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE

28 Masculine nouns in 3 and 3

(1) There is a great similariry between the declension of masculine

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MASCULINE NOUNS IN § AND 8 23

(2) The Declension of fa m (a sage) and of fay m (a baby) :

Ss D P ` D P

Nom afa: gã an: fitz: faz farara:

Ac | afm | gi gâa |fmaa |fma | fara

29 The Ablative Case is used :

(1) to indicate the place from which the action begins or originates

The sage goes from forest—afutata, tafe |

(2) with verbs meaning ‘to desist from’, ‘to protect’, to fear’

God protects men from misery—3qvl Awa Sata, Tala |

(3) to express the cause, the motive (cf Instrumental, No 21)

Out of anger he strikes the boy—aratq, a8 gaat

(4) with the following prepositions : M8 (before, to the east of),

q1 (before), Maeaqty (after), a (until, since), Safa (since), afe: (outside), %a (except), faat (without)

30 (1) The Genitive Case has no relation with the actior of the verb It indicates a relation between nouns, usually rendered into

English by the preposition ‘of’

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24 SANSKRIT MANUAL

(2) There is no verb meaning ‘to have’ in Sanskrit To translate:

“The enemies have chariots’, the sentence must be turned into: Of the enemies (there) are chariots— eq zat vated |

(3) The genitive is used with the following prepositions: waft (above), ata: (below), vq: (in front of), Gata (behind), qe:

(beyond), aa, qix (in the presence of), s (for the sake of)

31 When a word enđs with a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, both vowels are combined into one The rules of vowel-sandhi are divided into three sections :

(1) Combination of similar simple vowels

aq or at + Sf or sT=aIT | gfa sictf—gfầarztfi 4

gor $+ or =§1 “HẦU Say aaa |

sorar +a =%1 fisa wa = farsa |

aore + sử = =eitt 4q sang —siìamn I

sjorSI LỳÈ _ =Ềt ga sĩ ÙS: 3 —S7ESS1303 | aor at + at =sŸi gaa eta | = aerate

% or = followed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to q \

arate oy = aay: |

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MASCULINE NOUNS IN § AND 8 25 + or % ƒollowed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to 4

œJ sĐ=sfẰWĐl \

(3) Diphthongs combined with any vowel

a and ay followed by any vowel except 4 are changed respectively to aq_and aq (see No 9.)

0 and gì followed by 3 remain unchanged while the & is elided

aaa ot aatfa—gatse aorfy | cat egat—salSgat |

Before any vowel except &, Hq and Bq may optionally drop the and the 4:

aa geafa—aafarefa or aa grate |

qu efi=aifata or ax aft i

% and at followed by any vowel are changed respectively to Si and aq Pu sif4 and gi may optionally drop the 4 and the q

qgÌ s4 mzsĐi=qgitf4 3sgfi or dGii g 1zøĐi t emit seu —aafaraaa or STAT FTA |

(4) Exceptious

Interjections like et, 2, Ht do not combine with the following word

Š; 8 and q, when dual terminations, remain unchanged before vowels

aa afafa: qaqfa—the guest sees two forests

aasfafaaafa—the guest dwells in a forest

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96 SANSKRIT MANUAL EXERCISE 6 I Vocabulary

san fire S6: moon Prepositions governing the ablative

arfafa: guest 8Đ: arrow 113% before, to safe since

~ the east :

aft: enemy ye: teacher € af@ outside

aft: poet qay_ before mad except, * ?P qe tree 9i4zq@1 after without ĐẩĐ: moun- qe: axe at until, up to feat without

tain

afa: Sage qT beast Prepositions governing the genitive

fa: sun sqeJ: friend safe above s3 ¡in the pre-

sence of

tim: heap Si: arm aq: below qq: beyond

: sa: d : inf f | đt in the pre-

gefa: ocean | farg: drop Jia? in tronto sence of

fe: quarrel | fitg: baby qatq behind gd for the sake of

Il Translate the following into English after breaking up the

Sandhis :

(3) faii meztfi\ (3) qgợai đàsƠ4 gã! (3 ) gui gầìcg: sfxRq fazeft (v ) siffiaf gà «ra: etfs cafe (4) aigvqf ae grate | ($) faagga:! (9) affiaer aa qsẽĐii (Z) tqmgnf ầàĐi:

(8) seer farga: areata, qafeat (3s) ssĐizqìsĐ safii( (33) qtyề

qựa:! (3%) seat: ofa adr a geafe (33) Wea Gara 4zq4: dìfÊa \

(Ve) atta: sre: yaa gaat waa (94) gì: gaạc snfigfa t

(9¢) ore fat: gaara eeaq (90) saf sfa serfs gafta (3⁄) sinn,

afe: amet avait (18) getd %3 sai ä qlÈể( (Re) gar at fra

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THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( S41fR ) 27

HE Join the following sandhis :

gat staf: : a@afa aq Dũng aft: a wef at ay

3i S;g:\ sel waa gent aga iV Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) The poet shows the trees to the sage (2) The sage calls the boys (3) The boys stand in front of the house (4) The clouds move above the mountain (5) The arrows of the hero pierce the

enemy (6) The boy falls from the tree and breaks (his) hand

(7) The guesis have no water (8) The servant takes away the food from the fire (9) The water of the ocean iscalm (10) The beasts of the forest roam around ithe village (11) I hide the jewels behind the tree (i2) The poet hasa place in the presence of the king (13) From the babies up to the men the people are tired (14) With (my) velatives | go from the mountain to the forest (15) Hz? carries the axe with both hands (16) With heaps of leaves we feed the fire (17) Sages worship the sun (18) Owing to the quarrel, the teacher

leaves the village

LESSON 7

THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( ¥afz ) LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE

32 The tenth Conjugation: Present Tense—<Active Voice

(1) Formation of the base

(a) A short medial vowel take gunz (b) A final vowel takes vrddhi

(c) ais added to the root

(d) The letter 3 is added before the terminations,

That a becomes at before terminations beginning with q or 7

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z8 SANSKRITT MANUAL

(2) The terminations are the same as those of the first

conjugation (see No 8)

(3) Application: yz (to steal); | (to owe)

(a) Guna of medial short vowel: 41

(b) Vrddhi of final vowel : at

(c) sq is added to the root: sï{+9iq=ï01 ; WTC-+STT—HTG

(d) The letter sị ¡is added: SÌ(T+†+3i=3SìGI; NIGI+3I=GI

Before terminations beginning with q or 4 : SÌGIL-; qfGn- Before terminations beginning with sị : sìQ{-; WIG1-

33 Irrepular verbs of the tenth Conjugation

egz_ (egeafa) to desire ; oa (areafa) to cever

34 The first, fourth, sixth and tenth Conjugations at one glance

Guna of 9

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THE TENTH CONJUGATION (su) 29

35 The Locative Case is used :

(1) to indicate the place where the action takes place In English it is rendered by the prepositions ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘on’, ‘upon’,

‘among’, etc

I play in the garden—saiq stetfty| among the trees—qay |

(2) to indicate the time when the action takes place

In summer—zfì \

(3) after verbs indicating movement (see Accusative, No 14)

such as to ‘fall’, ‘to place’, ‘to throw’, ‘to send’, ‘to enter’, etc

The tree falls inte the lake—get g& qafa |

(4) to translate expressions liké ‘concerning’, in the matter of, etc

In the matter of modesty Hari stands first—faaq gỉ:

sqafeqcata |

(5) to indicate the object of emotions and feelings :

He feels affection for (or towards) Hari—ev faafa

36 The Vocative Case is used as the case of address: O Baby !—z farart!

37 Verbs preceded by a preposition

A preposition prefixed to a verb changes the meaning of that

verb

The prepositions mostly in use are:

aif over, beyond: afa-mq (afasteafa) to go beyond, to cross,

SIÊN near, unto : siÊ-mq (siẰqrzgff) to go unto, to obtain

aq after, along: siq-g (sigqdđäầ) to move after, to follow,

9q away from ; siq-sx (siqqdfầ) to move away, to depart

sify towards: af4-ara (afautafa) to run towards, to attack

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30 SANSKRIT MANUAL

3q up, forth: qa (sgafa) to arise, to be produced,

aq near: 39-faar (safaarfa) to sit

fa under: fa-fira (faaafa) to throw under, to put down

faq_away, out: faa-ae_ (fasgfä) to carry out

qĐ round, about : qfĐ-qq (qĐqaĐi) to fall around, to fly around

q forward : 3ø (Nqøf) to move forward, to set out

qĐN towards, against : nfầ-m (qíqegff) to go towards, to return,

fy apart, without: fq-er@ (e7¢qfq) to throw apart, to scatter aq together, fully : summarize 1 Vocabulary eT (aqafa) to tell as (aeafa) to wash sm† (qwf) to count ae (erage) to proclaim tra ( fazaafi ) to think st (Ni) to steal gs (ưI44fừ) to cover aes (q0zzfÍq) to punish g (aafa) to owe EXERCISE 7 qs (Tea) to protect dìs (dìgzĐ) to oppress qa (quafa) to adore wet_ (aaa) to eat tq (qw7fR) to adorn ca (caafa) to arrange area (areaata) to console ee_(egeafa) to long for (+dative) qq-fq (dfamfq) to throw together, to si-#q (sfùarrzfR) to cross afy-mqy (aifaaesfa) to obtain Sĩ g (siqgrfà) to foliow aa (aac) to depart siẪt-wa4 (siẪraraft) to attack 9ï4-sg_ (sqsgft) to burn down

si-ì (eazft) to bring

say (gala) to arise

Trang 39

THE TENTH CONJUGATION (Su) 31

II Translate the following into English after breaking up the

sandhis :

Example : 2 #4, oTate Jet ae arena fasfa i

= #3 voc sing of @fa O poet,

Was loc sing of WTq14 in the palace TST instr sing of aE the teacher

az prep governing JeuT with

JTF gen sing of aq of the king

aa prep governing aqey in the presence

fasta O poet, in the palace thou standest with the teacher in the 2nd pers sing pres tense active of eyt thou standest

presence of the king

(34) at aaat sttafar (8) & ater simlầzqi fmdt (3) gata

samagfa t (v) ada aaa: (4) aaa aeg afatafrs (6) ue ad

ga a aegis: (8) 3u: mùi QG|NHĐY I (¢) gaa weafa at:

(8) gxd aaa emafts (9°) q3: ware graaft 1 (33) gà cai ƠmrÊa \

(92) 2 ga aterarrag farefa (93) s3 ggà srenfiit (ax) ®t

ary yaaa: i (34) q34 saafa waÊqdI (96) aa sefrafgaraia |

(3+) gi fassìqfqatg:t (3Z) sfiồa qew† qamwgadì qiềđd!i (35) ggdŒ

way | (Re) sầu? sgq qgÈề! (A43) qgfqrsefit (82) afte 9si4ssf\t (A43) sứ dì qàggfã sĐ:( (3v) azgaÌ Dera A Tae (4u) fan gisxtf:t (4$) gaid a dreafa ì

HL Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) The enemies attack the king’s palace (2) In happiness,

people are giad; in misery people are weary (3) The clouds

cover the sun (4) in both villages there is no water in the

wells (5) On the bank of the lake the poet sits and thinks

(6) We console the servant (7) Crows live in trees (8) Thou

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32 SANSKRIT MANUAL

(10) The swans cross the lake from bank to bank (11) Servants, you do not throw leaves on the fire (12) Boys follow the teacher (13) They sit with (their) relatives in the house (14) You two sit on

the heap of grass (15) The child covers (his) face with both hands

(16) The servant washes the vessels with the water of the well (17) The enemies are throwing arrows at the heroes (18) We owe

jewels to the two icachers (19) The two boys of the teacher have no friends RECAPITULATION I Vocabulary

ằqG God sừng, health af: bee ala: wind

qq: son 3i2ỹ3JỒ poem aft: monkey | weq: death

s10: Virtue aay fate dư: king wy: lord,

ale: world THY strength | Rf: seer master

faz: modesty | qaiay meat wfầ: sound qq: enemy

fa-fsq (fafisafa) to put down Adverbs and prepositions

frq-ae (fraefa) to carry out 913 here sq like

qĐ-qa(qĐqafq) to fly round qq _—stthere vay —s thus sfa-aq (afaazsfa) to return vq just, only | fy = even fầ-siq (qgfa) — to scatter 9qq today aq Gzify never aq-Raq (dfarfa) to shorten 9ij4{ now qzts aalways

II Give

the instrumental singular of g3:, faq, fafa: and arg: the genitive dual of gu:, @1e7q, Ifo: and aa

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