Tiêu chuẩn iso 01496 5 1991 scan

I S 1496 PT*5 91 85190 057 04 90 O21 = IS0 I N TERN ATI ON AL 496-5 STANDARD Second edition 991 -1 2-1 AM E N DM EN T 994-09-01 Series frei g ht containers - Specification and testi ng Part 5: Pl atform and pl atform -based tai n ers AM EN DM EN T Conteneurs de la série - Spécifications et essais - Partie 5: Conteneurs plates-formes et type plate-forme AMENDEMENT2 IS0 Reference n u m ber 496-5:1 991 /Am d 2:1 994(E) IS0 IS0 PT*S 91 = 4851 903 0570493 T b 496-5:1 991/Amd.2:1 994(E) Foreword I S0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (I S0 member bodies) The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through I S0 technical committees Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with also take part in the work I S collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote Amendment to International Standard I S0 496-5:1 991 was prepared by Subcommittee SC , Technical Committee ISO/TC 04, IS O, Freight containers, General purpose containers IS0 994 rights reserved Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 CH-1 21 Genève 20 Switzerland Printed in Switzerland o All II I S 96 (9 PTU 91 ơ5 90 05'70492 IS0 ỵ T I S 496-51 991 /Amd.2:1 994(E) Seri es I fre i g h t co n tai n ers - Speci fi cati o n an d t e s t i n g - Part 5: Pl atform and pl atform -based tai n ers AM EN D M E N T ever, Page 3, subclause th e weath e rpro o fn e s s te s t ( te s t No 31 , wh ere appropri ate, sh al l al ways be pe rfo rm ed after all stru ctu ral te s ts have be e n com pl eted " Ad d th e fo l l o wi n g fi n al paragraph: " Th e s u m of th e tare we i g h ts of th e pl atfo rm tai n ers fo rm i n g an i n terl ocked pi le, to g e th e r w i t h Page 33, subclause F ỵ any req u i red secu ri n g d evi ces, sh all n o t exceed th e M axi m u m G ross M a s s ( M G M ) speci fi ed i n I S 668 Replace th e fi rs t paragraph b y th e fo l l o wi n g te xt: for th e size of tai n er i n q u esti on ' " For proof te s ti n g of carg o-secu ri n g d evi ces, a ten si l e fo rce eq u al t o , ti m e s th e rated load shall be Page 3, subclause appli ed, u si n g a m i n i m u m d i am eter of Replace n o te "N OTE 3 by th e Due to greater inherent flexibility of all sizes of incomplete superstruc- the top aperture of top corner fi tti n gs increased by or sh ackl e havi ng a m m , th e base fram e of th e tai n er be i n g approxi m atel y h ori zon tal fo l l o wi n g n o te: platform-based containers wi th ture, hook may be mm in the direction of their end wall For carg o-secu ri n g d evi ces l en g th of th e tai n er, posi ti on ed th i s te s t alon g fo rce shall th e be appl i ed i n a tran sverse plane an d at an an gle of 45" t o th e h ori zon tal (See fi g u re F ) I n such a case th e end aperture should be omitted in For carg o-secu ri n g d evi ces order t o retain corner fi tti n g strength " wi d t h of th e tai n er, posi ti on ed across th e th i s te st fo rce shal l be appl i ed i n a l on g i tu d i n al plan e an d a t an an gle of 45" t o th e h ori zon tal (See fi g u re F ) " Page 5, subclause At th e e n d of th e exi sti n g secon d paragraph, add: Replace th e l ast paragraph b y th e fo l l o wi n g : "See fi g u re F " 'Al th ou g h th e te s ts are n u m bered i n a certai n ord er, th e y m ay be carri ed o u t i n a d i ffe re n t ord er i f m ore appropri ate t o o pti m i ze u ti l i zati on of th e Page 33 te s ti n g faci l i ti es or i n terpretati on of th e te s t resu l ts H o w- Ad d th e fo l l o wi n g fi g u re F I S0 96 IS0 91 = 5390 57 93 ô3 = 1496-5: 1991/Amd 2: 1994(E) Figure F l Page PTb5 Q - Cargo-securing devices - Examples of directions of application of test loadings 34, annex G, title Replace " i n term o d al " by " m u l ti m o d al " Page 34, figure G Hei g h t 1 CC 1c cx Hl 591 438 < 438 H2 200 o00 H , - 390 O00 800 H , - 590 H3 IS0 IS0 L ỵ b PT*5 91 m L ï0 0570494 777 m I S 496-5:1 991/Amd.P:1 994(E) I Cs 55.1 80.1 O Descri ptors: co n tai n e rs , P ri ce b as e d o n pag es fre i g h t tai n ers, co n tai n e r p l at fo rm s , s p e ci fi cati o n s , d i m en si on s, te s ts , p e rfo rm an ce t e s t s I S 3476 PT*5 32 93 I NTE R NATI ON AL IS0 STANDARD 4961 Secon d ed i ti on 991 -1 2-1 AM E N D M E N T 1993-03-01 Series freight containers testi ng P att - - Specification and 5: Pl atform an d pl atform -based tai n ers AMENDMENT : Conteneursde ia série IAAA an d I B B B tai n ers - Spécifications et essais - Partie 5: Conteneursplates-formes et type plate-forme AMENDEMENT I : Conteneurs IAAA et IBBB IS0 Referen ce n u m ber 496-5: 991 /Am d l : I 9 (E) IS0 q9b PT*5 91 = 51 90 530 32 I S 496-5:1 991 /Amd.l: I 993 (E) Foreword I S0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies member bodies) The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through technical committees Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization Drafỵ International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote was prepared by Amendment to International Standard Technical Committee lSO/TC Sub-Committee SC (IS IS0 IS0 1 04, Freight 496-1 :1 991 containers, 1, Generalpurpose containers O IS01 993 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form of by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 CH-I21 Genève 20 Switzerland Printed in Switzerland ii 59T I S0 LY9b PT*5 91 W Y 3 IS0 496-5:1 991 /Amd :I993 (E) Series I freight Containers - Specification and testing Part 5: P l at fo rm a n d p l atfo rm - b as e d co n tai n e rs AM E N D M E N T : Page 1, Scope, paragraph IAAA a n d I B B B c o n t a i n e r s I Replace th e fou rth l i n e by th e fol l owi n g : "based types designated IAAA, IAA, IA, IAX, IBBB, IBB, IB, IBX," Page 2, table I n th e col u m n "Container designation", replace th e fi rst and second li nes wi th th e fol l owi n g : "IAAA, IAA, I A and AX IBBB, IBB, B and I B X" Page 4, subclause 5.9 I 1, last paragraph Replace th i s paragraph wi th th e fol l owi n g : "Fork-li ft pockets shall n ot be provi ded on I A M , IAA, IA, IAX, IBBB, IBB, 1B and I BXcon tai n ers " Page 5, subclause 5.9.3 Replace th e cu rren t paragraph wi th th e fol l owi n g : "Gooseneck tu n n el s shall be provi ded as man datory features i n features i n IAA, IA and 1AX containers The di mensi ons of gooseneck tu n n el s shall be i n accordance wi th I AAA containers, and m ay be provi ded as opti onal annex E The base stru ctu re of th e containers, i f any, shall be i n accordance wi th 5.4." I S 496-5:1 991 /Amd.l:1 993 (E) Page 6, table I n th e col u m n "Container designation", replace th e fi rst and second li nes wi th th e fol l owi n g : "IAAA, I A A , I A and AX IBBB, IBB, B and I B X" Page 7, subclause 6.4.2, second paragraph Replace th e second t o fi fth li n es wi th th e fol l owi n g : "30"t o th e hori zontal for IAM, IAA, IA and 1AX hori zontal for IBBB, IBB, 1B and I BX containers; 37" t o th e containers:" Page 22, subclause B.2.2, first paragraph Replace th i s paragraph wi th th e fol l owi n g : "B.2.2 The m i n i m u m n u mber of pairs of load-transferareas is: ICC, IC and CX contai ners IBBB, IBB, 1B and I BX containers For I AM, l u,I A and 1AX containers For IAAA, I AA, IA and 1AX contai ners fi tted wi th a For For non-conti nu ou s gooseneck tu n n el Page 24, figure 5 6" B Replace th e cu rren t ti tl e wi th th e fol l owi n g : "FigureB.3 - IBBB, IBB, B and I B X containers" Page 26, figure B Replace th e cu rren t ti tl e wi th th e fol l owi n g : "FigureB.5 - IAAA, IAA, I A and AX containers with gooseneck tunnel ( wi th m i n i m u m localized stru ctu re) " Page 30, fjgure D Insert a reference t o " IAAA" contai ners i n th e to p left-han d drawi n g and a reference t o below Page 32, subclause F 2.2 I n i tem a), replace th e second and th i rd li nes wi th th e fol l owi n g : I'- - for I A M , I AA, I A and 1AX containers, N = 16 for IBBB, IBB, 1B and I BX containers, N = 12" " IBBB" contai ners i n th e drawi n g I S 96 P T U 91 I S 496-5: 991 0/Am d l: I 9 90 3 (E) U DC 621 869.888 Descri ptors: containers, Price b as ed o n Daaes freight containers, container p latforms, classification, s p ecifications , di m ens i o ns , te s ts , performance te s ts IS0 496 PT*5 91 4853903 0503833 b = I S 496-5:1 991 (E) D i m en sl on s i n m i l l l m e t re s ~ ) Zorn Central axis zona li 250m m o m F i g u re B - Z o n e s for l o n g i t u d i n a l m e m b e r s D l rn en sl on s I n rn l l l i rn etresl ) pairs of load-transfer areas ( pair at each end plus al b) li intermediate pairs) M i n i m u m req u i rem en ts Req u i rem en ts appl i cabl e i f pai rs of l o ad -tran sfer areas are to be fi t t ed 1 Mo mm to o00 o00 mm to o00 m m mm = = 6oi s/i e 3931 a F i g u re - in in in to in to I C C , I C an d CX c o n t a i n e rs 23 I ' I S 14 96 PT*5 91 W YB 52903 LBL4 B M I S 496-5~ 991 (E) Dimenslons i n rnllllmetresl) i 700 to O00 rc, pairs of load-transfer ( pair a t each end a) b) 1) i to rnrn paira 8 w i e in to 7831 i n = 93 in 3 intermediate pairs) of l oad-transfsr area8 are to b e fi tted = Fi g u re 24 phis Mlnlmum req u i rem en ts Req u i rem en ts applicable i f 700 mm o00 mm o00 t o o00 mm areas to78314 in - I B B , B a n d BX co n ta i n e rs IS0 49b PT*5 91 90 L5 T W IS0 496-5: 991 (E) Di m en si on s In m i l l l m etre sl ) pairs of load-transfer areas ( pair a t each end plus intermediate pai rs) a) M i n i m u m req u i rem en ts 25 IS0 Y9 b P T* 4853903 93 05OII816 II I S - 991 (E) Di m en si on s i n m i i i i rn etresl ) i I 31 50tO3H x) (See dm faure B ) pairs of load-transfer areas ( pair at each end plus intermediate pairs) a) M i n i m u m req u i rem en ts (Cae elso iigure 8) b) 11 1 o00 mm to o00 mm = 700 mm to o00 mm = 50 mm to Figure B 26 Req u i rem en ts appl i cabl e i f pai rs of l oad -tran sfer areas are t o be fi tted - 3931 i n to 78314 in 661 5/ie i n to 7831 in mm = 1241 14 in to 7 in ~ I A A , I A and I A X c o n t a i n e rs wi th g o o s e n ec k t u n n el ( w i t h m i n i m u m l o c a l i z e d s tru ctu re ) I S 96 PTU 91 4851903 0501 837 IS 496-5: 991 (E) Di m en si on s in ml l l i metresl ) Each l o ad - tran s fer area a t th e tu n n e l has two com pon en ts, an upper co m po n e n t (A) a n d a lower co m po n e n t (E) This pai red set, A a n d E, sh al l b e taken as o n e l o ad - l ran s fer area Fro n t of co n tai n er an d t h e s u m o f l h e two co m po n e n ts , A to o r g re ate r th an (Seean n ex NOTE E f o r d e tai l s may I E, sh al l be eq ual m d of tu n n e l se cti o n ) - Wh ere co n ti n u o u s tu n n e l si d e m em bers are provided, th e l oad tran sfe r areas s i tu atcd be twee n 50 rnm an d of th e co n tai n e r 1) m0 500 rnm” from th e e n d b e o m i tte d 250mm2=2in2 o00 mm lo 50 mm to 25mm = 250 mm 350 mm o00 mm 500 = mm = 39318 in to 78314 in 241 i n to 3771 i n l i n = 10 in = in Fi g u re B.6 - M i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t s fo r l o a d - tra n s fer a r e a s n e a r g o o s e n e c k t u n n el 27 I , IS0 349b PTU 91 853903 8 IS0 496-5:1 991 (E) Annex C ( n o rm ati ve ) Di mensions of fork-l i ft pockets ( wh e re p ro vi d e d ) See an d figure C Pl atform conteiner Di m en si on s Fork-iift pockets for loaded and unloaded Contamer in I mm in A B C D A B D A' B' C' A' B' 2050 355 115 20 C 81 14 4112 /32 900 305 02 351 12 min min min *SI min min *W *2 N OTE-C= d ~ open ki Figure C 28 pockets for unloaded containem oniy I mm lCC* lCorlCX Fork-l i ft containers *2 C' I SO PT*5 91 = 0503839 I S 496-5: 991 (E) Annex D ( n o r m at i ve ) Di mensions of g rappl er-arm l i fti n g areas ( wh e re p ro vi d e d ) S and fi g u re D 29 I IS I S0 96 PT*5 91 90 m m 496-5: 991(E) Dlmenslons In millimetres Li fti n g Li fti n g centre centre This part o f the wal l (i n cl u d i n g ri vet/bol t heads) shall n o t be more than - i from the inside of the l i p Grappler-arm contact area shall be fl at and level wi th corner clean and square The outer edge m a y be rounded or slanted Stops shall be provided at ends of pockets; they shall be sloped as indicated Di m ensi on conversion 0,08 0,24 Base o f corner f i t t i 3,94 300 1 ,8 600 23,M 51 2,Ol 2400 80 3,1 876 943 92 x-x Type Figure 30 D IS 1496 PT*5 91 4851903 0501 821 I S 496-5: 991 (E) Annex E ( n o rm ati ve ) Di m en si on s of gooseneck tu nnel s ( wh e re pro vi d e d ) See Th e space re q u i re d to co n s ti tu te a g o o se n e ck t u n n e l i n t o wh i c h th e g o o s e n e ck of a t i l e r m a y fi t i s sh o wn i n f i g u r e E l L w a i of tran!P v m memben (tunnel areal Y I NOTES Bt shsll be measured in the back part of the tunnel o w R ienmh of abou t 600 mm 123518 I n ) T&rance The tunnel stru cture may be formed by continuous members heving the minimum length specified in g4ven for the thick lines i n the fi re or, a l t e m a t M y , l ocal i zed structures may be provided at table end the internai dimendons shown i n Msck in figure 6.6 th e the posi ti on s Fig ure E l 31 IS0 1476 71 P T* 0501 822 4851 703 W I S 496-5: 991 (E) Annex F ( n o rm ati ve ) Carg o-secu ri n g systems for pl atform an d pl atform -based contai ners F l Su ch s e cu ri n g cap ab i l i ty can be re ach e d e i th e r General F.1 A carg o - s e cu ri n g s yste m s trai n th e m o ve m e n t of c a rg o i s d e s i g n e d to re re s u l ti n g fro m - a co m b i n ati o n F 2 - s h o ri n g , o r - carg o - s e cu ri n g d e vi ce s, o r - a c o m b i n a t i o n o f bo th of a hi g her n u m ber of an ch o r po i n ts h avi n g a l o we r i n d i vi d u al rate l o ad C arg o - s e cu ri n g syste m s co n si s t o f F.1 by a co m b i n ati o n o f a m i n i m u m n u m b e r of an ch o r po i n ts rate d to an ap p ro p ri ate l o ad , o r d y- n am i c fo rce s i n d u ce d d u ri n g tran s p o rtati o n F.1 - Th e typ i cal n u m ber N o f carg o - s e cu ri n g d e - vi ce s are a) Th i s an n e x d e s cri b e s carg o - s e cu ri n g d e vi ce s o n l y ( s ee 7) Th ey a re fi x tu re s to wh i ch l as h i n g s ( s u ch as ro pe s, s traps , ch n s , cab l e s , etc ) m ay be fo r an ch o r po i n ts: - fo r I A A , I A an d I A X co n tai n e rs , N = - fo r I B B , B an d I B X co n tai n e rs , N = 12 - for l C C , C an d CX co n tai n e rs , N = 16 I O attach e d Su ch d e vi ce s a re n ot i n te n d e d fo r an y o th e r p u r- b) fo r l as h i n g po i n ts , N i s u n spe ci fi e d pose, fo r e xam p l e h an d l i n g o r s e cu ri n g co n tai n e rs F.2.3 Th ey a re e i th e r fi xe d , h i n g e d or s l i d i n g eyes, ri n g s An ch o r po i n ts an d l as h i n g po i n ts s h al l be d e s i g n e d an d fi tte d i n su ch a way th at o r bars F.1 3.1 Lash i n g po i n ts a re s e cu ri n g d e vi ce s l o cate d i n an y p a rt of th e - - fo l l o wi n g re q u i re m e n ts Th e an ch o r p o i n ts s h al l b e d e s i g n e d an d i n co n tai n e r b as e s tru ctu re i n s u ch a way as to p ro vi d e a t o t a l niini- al o n g t h e p e ri m e t e r o f t h e m u m s e cu ri n g cap ab i l i ty at l e ast e q u i val e n t to 0, 4P tran s ve rs al l y; 32 d e vi ce s s h al l p ro tru d e u pper l o n g i tu d i n al l y No ( fo r th o s e 5) as far as p racti cab l e , th e y s h o u l d n o t i n fri n g e th e co n tai n e rs h avi n g n o t cap ab l e o f wi th - b e lo- fo rm F.2.4 C arg o - s e cu ri n g d e vi ce s s h al l pro vi d e , o n a l l si d e s , an u n o bs tru cte d access fo r a minimum of 50 m m frorn an y fi xe d s u rface t o al l o w fo r - pass ag e o f th e l as h i n g th ro u g h th e ap e rtu re o f th e carg o - s e cu ri n g d e vi ce s, o r - n o e n d wal l s or e n d wa l l s s tan d i n g te s t s e cu ri n g p l an e l o cate d m m b e l o w th e carg o - l o ad i n g are a an d s h o u l d th e re fo re P l atfo rm an d p l atfo rm - b as e d co n tai n e rs s h al l be fi t- , 6P p art o f th e cate d less th an 25 m fro m th e e d g e o f th e p l at- t e d wi th carg o - s e cu ri n g d e vi ce s co m p l yi n g wi th th e s tal l e d c a rg o face o f th e to p co rn e r fi tti n g s; Desi g n requirements F.2.1 no above th e co n tai n e r o t h e r th an t h e i r bas e s tru ctu re F.2 ro p e s o r o th e r m e an s o f l as h i n g th e g i ve n i n 4.1 ; o n t h e bas e s tru ctu re o f t h e co n tai n e r F.1 3.2 th e s h al l n o t p ro tru d e be yo n d th e o v e l l d i m e n s i o n s An ch o r po i n ts a re s e cu ri n g d e vi ce s l o cate d attach m e n t o f re s trai n t fi xtu re s cl i p s , sh ackl e s , bars , e tc su ch as h ooks, I S 96 PT*5 91 51 90 9 IS0 Each an ch o r po i n t as s pe ci fi e d F i n F.2.1 an d F.2.2 a) s h al l , wh ate ve r t h e i r actu al n u m be r, be d esi g n ed an d l o ad o f 3000 i n s tal l e d t o kg pro vi d e a minimum rat e d app l i e d i n an y d i re cti o n F o r carg o - s e cu ri n g d e vi ce s 1496-5:1991(€) i n s tal l e d at po s i ti o n s abo ve th e fl oor pl an e , th e te s t fo rce s h al l wh e re ve r p o s s i b l e b e appl i e d at 45O u p ward s an d d o wn ward s fro m th e h o ri z o n t al p l an e For d e vi ces i n s tal l e d cl o se t o th e to p of th e co n tai n e r ( o r o t h e r e xtre m e F.2.6 Each l as h i n g poi n t as s pe ci fi e d in F 2b) s h al l be d e s i g n e d an d i n s tal l e d t o p ro vi d e a m i n i - mum rat e d l o ad of F.3 F.3.1 O00 kg i n an y d i re cti o n Testing h e i g h ts ) th e te s t an g l e s h al l b e 45" d o wn ward s Th e te n s i l e fo rce s h al l b e co n ti n u o u sl y ap pl i e d at th e s pe ci fi e d an g l e fo r F.3.2 Wh en co n tai n e rs are fi tte d wi th carg o - s e cu ri n g d e vi ce s o f d i ffe ren t type s, at l e as t o n e d e F o r pro o f te s ti n g o f carg o - s e cu ri n g d e vi ces , vi ce of each type s h al l be tes ted a te n s i l e fo rce e q u al to ,5 ti m e s th e rate d l o ad s h al l be appl i ed , u s i n g a h o o k o r s h ackl e h avi n g a m axi m u m d i am e t e r o f 10 m m i n a p l an e o ri e n t e d 45" fro m t h e axi s of th e co n tai n e r s tru ctu ral m e m b e r t o wh i ch i t i s attach ed an d at an an g l e o f pl an e 45" t o th e h o ri z o n tal F.3.3 On co m p l e ti o n o f th e te s t, th e carg o - s e cu ri n g d evi ce s, o r t h e i r attach m e n t t o th e co n tai n e r stru ctu re , o r th e co n tai n e r s tru ctu re i ts e l f s h al l n o t s h o w an y wi l l p e rm an e n t d e fo rm ati o n re n d e r t h e m or abn o rm al i ty wh i ch u n s u i tabl e for co n ti n u o u s s e rvi ce at fu l l rate d l o ad 33 IS0 IS0 14 96 PT*5 91 0501 824 851903 O = - 991 (E) Annex G (informative) Di mensions of existi ng I C C , I C an d I C X pl atform -based containers (type codes 61 to 64) for the carri ag e of small i n term od al containers See 2, figure G l an d IS0 668 Length L, L, Lj L, = Ovsrell external length = Internal length between walk - Intemal length between top transverse member = Internal length between &= corner posts Internal length between the dlegonals of the laterel stiffeners ri snyt Wi d th W, W, = Overall external width = Internal width between the diagonals of the stiffeners W3= W, - (if anyt Internal width behN8en Intermediate posts Internel width between comer (if any) posts Helght I /, i/, /I = Overall = Internal height - Internal height under external height bearer (if any) of intemedi ate side longitudinal rail Dimensions in I Figure G 34 Length 6058 r, 5Em 58 0 L3 5800 L4 Wi d th I I miilimetres Ll Ls 5m Wl 2438 w 2 loo w loo w I 7700 2438to2m1 H el g h t 850to2000 o to 2wo I IS0 49b PT85 93 4853903 0503825 IS0 496-5:1 991 (E) Annex H ( i n fo rm ati ve ) I B i b iog rap hy IS0 [I ] 8323: 1985, Freight containers and tests - Airfsurface (interniodal) general purpose containers - Specification I S 96 PT*5 91 4851903 0501826 I S 496-5: 991 (E) _ U DC 621 869.88 Descriptors: co n tai n e rs , P ri ce base d on 35 pag es fre i g h t co n tai n e rs, tai n er pl atfo rm s , cl ass i fi cati o n , spaci fi cati on s, d i m en si on s, te s ts , perfo rm an ce te s ts