Designation C140/C140M − 17a Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M; the number immedia[.]
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee Designation: C140/C140M − 17a Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S Department of Defense Scope* Calculations Report Keywords Annexes—Test Procedures Concrete Masonry Units Concrete and Calcium Silicate Brick Segmental Retaining Wall Units Concrete Interlocking Paving Units Concrete Grid Paving Units Concrete Roof Pavers Dry-Cast Articulating Concrete Block Determining Plate Thickness Requirements for Compression Testing Worksheet and Test Report for Concrete Masonry Units 1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedures commonly used for evaluating characteristics of concrete masonry units and related concrete units Methods are provided for sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressive strength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content, flexural load, and ballast weight Not all methods are applicable to all unit types, however 1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedures are included in annexes to these test methods for the following specific unit types: Annex A1—Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C129) Annex A2—Concrete and calcium silicate brick (Specifications C55, C73, C1634) Annex A3—Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C1372) Annex A4—Concrete interlocking paving units (Specification C936/C936M) Annex A5—Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319) Annex A6—Concrete roof pavers (Specification C1491) Annex A7—Dry-cast articulating concrete block (Specification D6684) Annex A1 Annex A2 Annex A3 Annex A4 Annex A5 Annex A6 Annex A7 Annex A8 Appendix X1 NOTE 1—The testing laboratory performing these test methods should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093 1.5 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard 1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee 1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods are also applicable to other types of units not referenced in these test methods, but specific testing and reporting requirements for those units are not included 1.4 These test methods include the following sections: Scope Referenced Documents Terminology Significance and Use Sampling Measurement of Dimensions Compressive Strength Absorption Section 10 11 Section These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units Current edition approved June 1, 2017 Published July 2017 Originally approved in 1938 Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C140 – 17 DOI: 10.1520/C0140 _C0140M-17A *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States C140/C140M − 17a included in the body of these test methods and those applicable to the specific unit types are included within the annexes Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: C55 Specification for Concrete Building Brick C73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick) C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units C129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry Units C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete C936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units C1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies for Masonry C1232 Terminology of Masonry C1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units C1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall Units C1491 Specification for Concrete Roof Pavers C1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Related Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression Testing C1634 Specification for Concrete Facing Brick D6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing 2.2 Other Documents: SP 960-12 NIST Recommended Practice Guide – Stopwatch and Timer Calibration3 Sampling 5.1 Selection of Test Specimens: 5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall be selected by the purchaser or authorized representative The selected specimens shall be of similar configuration and dimensions Specimens shall be representative of the whole lot of units from which they are selected 5.2 Number of Specimens: 5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, a set of units shall consist of six full-size units 5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens (including the cores) prior to determining the received weight NOTE 3—An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to remove loose material 5.4 Identification—Mark each specimen so that it may be identified at any time Markings shall cover not more than % of the surface area of the specimen 5.5 Received Weight—Weigh each specimen immediately after sampling and marking, and record as wr (received weight) Record time and place wr was measured NOTE 4—Received weights often have direct relationships with other unit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results or for sorting purposes The weight of a concrete masonry unit and related unit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result of the moisture within the unit Therefore, to understand the context of a received weight value, it is also important to understand the point in time and the frame of reference when that weight was determined “Time and place” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but when and where the received weights were determined In addition to date and time references, it is also important to know if those weights were determined after units reached equilibrium with lab environment, or before units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth Terminology 3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6 shall apply for these test methods 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 lot, n—any number of concrete masonry units or related units, designated by the producer, of any configuration or dimension manufactured by the producer using the same materials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, and curing method Measurement of Dimensions 6.1 Apparatus: 6.1.1 Measurement Devices—Devices used to measure specimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than 0.1 in [2.5 mm] when the dimension is to be reported to the nearest 0.1 in [2.5 mm] and not greater than 0.01 in [0.25 mm] when the dimension is to be reported to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] 6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate to the division required to be reported Accuracy shall be verified at least once annually Verification record shall include date of verification, person or agency performing verification, identification of reference standard used, test points used during verification, and readings at test points Significance and Use 4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirements for application to a broad range of concrete products Those general testing requirements are included in the body of this standard NOTE 2—Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, or other resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines for those products not addressed with the annex of this standard 4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirements in two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all units covered by these test methods and those applicable to the specific unit types The requirements applicable to all units are 6.2 Specimens—Three full-size units shall be selected for measurement of dimensions 6.3 Measurements—Measure specimens in accordance with the applicable annex of this standard For those products not covered by the annexes of this standard, measure overall dimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations on opposite sides of the specimen to the nearest division required For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website Available at http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2281.pdf C140/C140M − 17a testing machine requirements In these cases, reduce the specimen size in accordance with Annex A1 7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compression specimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in [13 mm] on all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of 75 15°F [24 8°C] and a relative humidity of less than 80 % for not less than 48 h Alternatively, if compression results are required sooner, store units unstacked in the same environment described above with a current of air from an electric fan passing over them for a period of not less than h Continue passing air over the specimens until two successive weighings at intervals of h show an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 % of the previously determined weight of the specimen and until no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of the unit Specimens shall not be subjected to oven-drying to be reported Document location of each measurement on a sketch or photograph of the specimen NOTE 5—Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be used in other tests NOTE 6—Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales and dividers of the appropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate for these measurements Compressive Strength 7.1 Test Apparatus: 7.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 % over the anticipated load range The upper platen shall be a spherically seated, hardened metal block firmly attached at the center of the upper head of the machine The center of the sphere shall lie at the center of the surface held in its spherical seat but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimeter shall have at least 0.25 in [6 mm] clearance from the head to accommodate specimens whose bearing surfaces are not parallel The diameter of the upper platen (determined in accordance with Annex A8) shall be at least in [150 mm] A hardened metal bearing plate may be used beneath the specimen to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine 7.1.2 When the bearing area of the upper platen or lower platen is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, a single steel plate with a thickness equal to at least the distance from the edge of the platen to the most distant corner of the specimen shall be placed between the platen and the capped specimen The length and width of the steel plate shall be at least 0.25 in [6 mm] greater than the length and width of the units See Annex A8 for information on determining the required minimum bearing plate thickness, tBP The provided bearing plate (when needed) shall have a thickness at least equal to the value of tBP as determined in Annex A8 7.1.3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended for contact with the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60 (BHN 620) The surfaces of the platen and plate shall not depart from plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in [0.025 mm] in any in [150 mm] dimension NOTE 8—In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see 9.5) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compression testing The compressive strength method is based on the assumption that units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) have the same net volume as units used for compression testing Sampled split face units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the time they are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens have a net volume that is visually representative and a weight that is representative of the compression test specimens 7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed or required by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall be performed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting the specimen to as little saw vibration as possible Use a diamond saw blade of proper hardness Following cutting, residue from the cutting operation shall be removed prior to continuing testing (see Note 9) If the specimen is wetted during sawing, allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with laboratory air conditions before testing, using the procedures outlined in 7.2.3 NOTE 9—For specimens cut with a wet saw, rinsing with clean water is typically sufficient for removing cutting residue For specimens cut with a dry saw, brushing with a soft-bristle brush is typically sufficient for removing cutting residue NOTE 7—Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates has a significant effect on the tested compressive strength of masonry units when the bearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen Plate bending results in nonuniform stress distributions that can influence the failure mechanisms of the tested specimens The magnitude of this effect is controlled by the stiffness of the plate, the size of the specimen tested, and the strength of the specimen Tested compressive strengths will typically increase with increased plate thickness and with reduced distance to the furthest corner of the specimen Some testing laboratories have limitations that limit the practicality of eliminating plate bending entirely Therefore the plate thickness requirements in 7.1 are intended to provide an adequate level of accuracy in the compression test results so as to conform to the limits of practicality of the testing laboratory 7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut from full-sized units and the net area of the compression test specimens can not be determined by 9.5.1, saw-cut an additional three units to the dimensions and configuration of the three compression test specimens The average net area for the saw-cut compression specimens shall be taken as the average net area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated as required in 9.5 Calculated net volumes of saw-cut specimens shall not be used in calculating equivalent thickness 7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified in accordance with Practices E4 at a frequency defined by Practice C1093 7.4 Compression Testing Procedure: 7.4.1 Position of Specimens—Test specimens with the centroid of their bearing surfaces aligned vertically with the center of thrust of the spherically seated steel bearing block of the testing machine (Note 10) Except for special units intended for use with their cores in a horizontal direction, test all hollow concrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction Test masonry units that are 100 % solid and special hollow 7.3 Capping—Cap test specimens in accordance with Practice C1552 7.2 Test Specimens: 7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, test three specimens in compression 7.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units except when the units cannot be tested full-size due to specimen configuration or C140/C140M − 17a and density of reduced-size absorption specimens shall be considered as representative of the whole unit 8.2.2.1 When test specimens are saw-cut from full-sized units, the test specimen shall have an initial weight after cutting of no less than 20 % of the initial received weight of the full-sized unit units intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontal direction in the same direction as in service Prior to testing each unit, ensure that the upper platen moves freely within its spherical seat to attain uniform seating during testing NOTE 10—For those masonry units that are symmetrical about an axis, the location of that axis can be determined geometrically by dividing the dimension perpendicular to that axis (but in the same plane) by two For those masonry units that are nonsymmetrical about an axis, the location of that axis can be determined by balancing the masonry unit on a knife edge or a metal rod placed parallel to that axis If a metal rod is used, the rod shall be straight, cylindrical (able to roll freely on a flat surface), have a diameter of not less than 0.25 in [6 mm] and not more than 0.75 in [19 mm], and its length shall be sufficient to extend past each end of the specimen when placed upon it The metal rod shall be placed on a smooth, flat, level surface Once determined, the centroidal axis shall be marked on the end of the unit using a pencil or marker having a marking width of not greater than 0.05 in [1.5 mm] A tamping rod used for consolidation of concrete and grout for slump tests performed in accordance with Test Method C143/C143M is often used as a balancing rod NOTE 13—When performing absorption tests on reduced-sized specimens, it is preferable to have a test specimen that is as large as practically possible and can be accommodated by laboratory equipment This helps to reduce any location-specific variability from the absorption results 8.3 Procedure: 8.3.1 Immerse the test specimens in water at a temperature of 60 to 80°F [15 to 27°C] for 24 to 28 h such that the top surfaces of the specimens are at least in [150 mm] below the surface of the water Specimens shall be separated from each other and from the bottom of the immersion tank by at least 0.125 in [3 mm], using wire mesh, grating, or other spacers The spacer shall not cover more than 10 % of the area of the face that is in direct contact with the spacer (see Note 14) 7.4.2 Moisture Condition of Specimens—At the time the specimens are tested, they shall be free of visible moisture or dampness 7.4.3 Speed of Testing—Apply the load (up to one half of the expected maximum load) at any convenient rate, after which adjust the controls of the machine as required to give a uniform rate of travel of the moving head such that the remaining load is applied in not less than nor more than The results of the first specimen shall not be discarded so long as the actual loading time for the second half of the actual load is greater than 30 s NOTE 14—The intent of the requirement for spacer contact with the specimen surface is to limit the possibility of reduced absorption of water due to blockage by the spacer In order to determine compliance, only the area of the surface of the specimen in contact with the spacer should be considered For example, when a spacer is used between the bottom of the specimen and the bottom of the tank, only the area of the bottom of the unit should be used to determine the 10 % limit (not the surface area of the entire specimen) 8.3.2 Weigh the specimens while suspended by a metal wire and completely submerged in water and record wi (immersed weight) 8.3.3 Remove the specimens from water and allow to drain by placing them on a 0.375-in [10-mm] or coarser wire mesh While the specimen is draining and before weighing, remove visible surface water with a damp cloth Weigh specimens 60 s following removal from water Record as ws (saturated weight) 8.3.4 Subsequent to saturation, dry all specimens in a ventilated oven at 230 9°F [110 5°C] for not less than 24 h and until two successive weighings at intervals of h show an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 % of the last previously determined weight of the specimen Record weight of dried specimens as wd (oven-dry weight) NOTE 11—The allowance for a loading rate outside of to for the first specimen acknowledges that the expected load may be different than the actual maximum load The load rate for the remaining two specimens should be adjusted based on the first specimen results 7.4.4 Maximum Load—Record the maximum compressive load in pounds [newtons] as Pmax Absorption 8.1 Apparatus—Unless specified otherwise in the appropriate annex, the following equipment shall be used: 8.1.1 Balance—A balance readable and accurate to 0.1 % of the weight of the smallest specimen tested Balances shall be calibrated in accordance with Practice C1093 8.1.2 Oven—A ventilated oven of appropriate size capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 230 9°F [110 5°C] Ovens shall be verified in accordance with Practice C1093 8.1.3 Timer—A timer readable and accurate to second Timers shall be verified in accordance with Practice C1093 (See Note 12.) Calculations 9.1 Absorption—Calculate absorption as follows: Absorption, lb/ft3 @ ~ w s w d ! / ~ w s w i ! # 62.4 (1) @ Absorption , kg/ m @ ~ w s w d ! / ~ w s w i ! # 1000# NOTE 12—Recommended procedures for verifying timers can be found in NIST Special Publication 960-12 (2009): NIST Recommended Practice Guide—Stopwatch and Timer Calibrations Absorption, % @ ~ w s w d ! /w d # 100 where: ws = saturated weight of specimen, lb [kg], wi = immersed weight of specimen, lb [kg], and wd = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb [kg] 8.2 Test Specimens: 8.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, test three specimens in absorption 8.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, tests shall be performed on full-sized units or specimens saw-cut from full-sized units Calculated values for absorption 9.2 Moisture Content—Calculate the moisture content of the unit at the time it is sampled (when wr is measured) as follows: C140/C140M − 17a where: Ag = gross area of specimen, in.2 [mm2], L = average length of specimen, in [mm], and W = average width of specimen, in [mm] Moisture Content, % of total absorption □ @ ~ w r w d ! / ~ w s w d ! # 100 (2) where: wr = received weight of unit, lb [kg], wd = oven-dry weight of unit, lb [kg], and ws = saturated weight of unit, lb [kg] 9.6.1 The gross cross-sectional area of a specimen is the total area of a section perpendicular to the direction of the load, including areas within cells and reentrant spaces, unless these spaces are to be occupied in the masonry by portions of adjacent masonry NOTE 15—When determining the moisture content of a unit or set of units, the value determined is a measure of the water content of a unit based upon the received weight of the unit wr Thus, the moisture content calculation above is only applicable to the unit moisture content at the time the received weight, wr, is obtained 9.7 Compressive Strength: 9.7.1 Net Area Compressive Strength—Calculate the net area compressive strength of the specimen as follows: 9.3 Density—Calculate oven-dry density as follows: Density ~D!, lb/ft3 @ w d ⁄ ~ w s w i ! # 62.4 (3) Net Area Compressive Strength, psi @ MPa# P max/A n @ Density ~D!, kg/ m @ w d ⁄ ~ w s w i ! # 1000# where: = maximum compressive load, lb [N], and Pmax An, avg = average of the net area values determined for each of the three absorption specimens, in.2 [mm2] where: wd = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb [kg], ws = saturated weight of specimen, lb [kg], and wi = immersed weight of specimen, lb [kg] 9.7.2 Gross Area Compressive Strength—Calculate the gross area compressive strength of the specimen as follows: 9.4 Net Volume—Calculate net volume as follows: Net Volume ~ V n ! , ft3 w d ⁄ D ~ w s w i ! ⁄ 62.4 Gross Area Compressive Strength, psi @ MPa# P max/A g (4) net volume of specimen, ft3 [cm3], oven-dry weight of specimen, lb [kg], oven-dry density of specimen, lb/ft3 [kg ⁄m3], saturated weight of specimen, lb [kg], and immersed weight of specimen, lb [kg] 10 Report 10.1 For the purpose of reporting test results, all observed or calculated values shall be rounded using the following procedure: 10.1.1 When the digit immediately after the last place to be retained is less than 5, retain unchanged the digit in the last place retained 10.1.2 When the digit immediately after the last place to be retained is greater than or equal to 5, increase by the digit in the last place retained 9.5 Average Net Area—Calculate net area as follows: Average Net Area ~ A n ! , in.2 ~ V n 1728! ⁄ H (5) @ Average Net Area ~ A n ! , mm2 ~ V n 103 ! ⁄ H # where: Vn = net volume of specimen, ft3 [cm3], An = average net area of specimen, in.2 [mm2], and H = average height of specimen, in [mm] NOTE 17—As an example, density results are required to be reported to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3] in 10.3.7 For inch-pound units, a calculated value of 130.85 lb/ft3 should be reported as 130.9 lb/ft3 For SI units, a calculated value of 2095.85 kg/m3 should be reported as 2096 kg ⁄m3 NOTE 16—In SI units, net volume is calculated in terms of cubic centimetres to be consistent with the reporting requirements of this standard Net area, however, is calculated in terms of square millimetres in order to facilitate calculation of compressive strength in MPa which is defined as N/mm2 10.2 A complete report shall include the following general information: 10.2.1 Name and address of the testing laboratory, 10.2.2 Identification of the report and the date of issue, 10.2.3 Name and address of the client or the identification of the project, 10.2.4 Description and identification of the test sample, 10.2.5 Date of receipt of the test sample, 10.2.6 Date(s) of test performance, 10.2.7 Identification of the standard test method used, including edition, and a notation of any known deviation from the test method, 10.2.8 Name of the person(s) accepting technical responsibility for the test report, 10.2.9 Age of test specimens, if known, 9.5.1 Except for irregularly shaped specimens, such as those with split surfaces, calculate the net area of coupons and those specimens whose net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to the bearing surface is equal to the gross crosssectional area measured in the same plane, as follows: Net Area ~ A n ! , in @ mm2 # L W (6) where: An = net area of coupon or specimen, in.2 [mm2], L = average length of coupon or specimen, in [mm], and W = average width of coupon or specimen, in [mm] 9.6 Gross Area—Calculate gross area of each specimen as follows: Gross Area ~ A g ! , in @ mm2 # L W (9) where: = maximum compressive load, lb [N], and Pmax Ag, avg = average of the gross area values determined for each of the three specimens, in.2 [mm2] @ Net Volume ~ V n ! , cm3 ~ w d ⁄ D ! 106 ~ w s w i ! 103 # where: Vn = wd = D = ws = wi = (8) (7) C140/C140M − 17a 10.3.6 The absorption to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested 10.3.7 The density to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested 10.3.8 When required, the received weight (wr) to the nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg] and the moisture content to the nearest 0.1 % separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested The time when the moisture content is determined (when wr is measured) shall also be reported 10.3.9 The size and configuration of the specimens tested for compressive strength and absorption 10.4 Provide a summary report that includes the information necessary to determine compliance with the applicable product specification for the properties evaluated 10.5 A complete report shall also include the other reporting requirements from the applicable annex 10.2.10 Identification of any test results obtained from another laboratory, and 10.2.11 A photograph, sketch, or description of the configuration of the unit 10.3 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, a complete report shall include the following test results for the tests performed: 10.3.1 The average width, height and length to the nearest 0.1 in [2.5 mm] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested 10.3.2 The net area to the nearest 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested 10.3.3 The maximum load separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested Record the load as indicated to the nearest 10 lb [50 N] or the minimum resolution of the test machine as used during testing, whichever is greater 10.3.4 The net area compressive strength to the nearest 10 psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested 10.3.5 The immersed, saturated, and oven dry weights (wi, ws, and wd) to the nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested NOTE 18—This summary report can be included as part of the test report or provided separately as a cover letter See Appendix X1 for an example of a test report with summary section for concrete masonry units 11 Keywords 11.1 absorption; compressive strength; concrete masonry units; density; equivalent thickness; face shell; moisture content; roof paver; web area; webs; web thickness ANNEXES (Mandatory Information) A1 TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS A1.1 Scope A1.2 Measurement A1.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are particular for concrete masonry units that are manufactured for compliance with the following unit specifications: C90, C129 A1.2.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to the nearest division required to be reported (see Fig A1.1): FIG A1.1 Diagram Showing Location of Measurements for CMU C140/C140M − 17a (1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom bearing surfaces Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the specimen (2) Height (H) at mid-length on each face Average the two recorded values to determin the height of the specimen (3) Length (L) at mid-height on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the specimen NOTE A1.1—Webs with minimum heights over their entire length or thickness over their entire height of less than 0.75 in [19 mm] not typically contribute to the unit’s structural stability Such webs should not be included in the minimum web area calculation When a web has a portion that is less than 0.75 in [19 mm] in thickness, the web area should be determined based only on the portions of the web that are larger than 0.75 in [19 mm] in thickness See Fig A1.2 and Fig A1.3 NOTE A1.2—It can be difficult on some units to access the minimum web area If necessary, the unit can be saw-cut along the length at the minimum web area to facilitate measurements Fig A1.3 shows an example of a non-rectangular web, where the upper portion would be discarded from the measurement because it is less than 0.75 in [19 mm] in thickness, and the lower portion would be used to determine web area because it is greater than 0.75 in [19 mm] in thickness A1.2.2 For each unit, measure the face shell thicknesses (tfs) at the thinnest point 0.50 in [13 mm] down from the top surface of the unit as manufactured (typically the bottom surface of the unit as laid) and record to the nearest division required to be reported Disregard grooves, scores, and similar details in the face shell thickness measurements A1.3 Compressive Strength Testing A1.2.3 For each unit, when the thinnest point of opposite face shells differ in thickness by less than 0.125 in [3 mm], calculate the minimum face shell thickness by averaging the recorded measurements When the thinnest points differ by more than 0.125 in [3 mm], the minimum face shell thickness shall be taken as the smaller of the two recorded measurements A1.3.1 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-sized units unless full-size units cannot be tested due to specimen configuration or testing machine requirements When necessary, modify specimens as required in A1.3.1.1 through A1.3.1.3 A1.3.1.1 Unsupported projections having a length greater than the thickness of the projection shall be removed by saw-cutting For units with recessed webs, the face shell projecting above the web shall be removed by saw-cutting to provide a full bearing surface over the net cross section of the unit Where the resulting unit height would be reduced by more than one-third of the original unit height, the unit shall be coupon tested in accordance with A1.3.1.3 A1.3.1.2 When compression testing full-sized units that are too large for the test machine’s bearing block and platens or are beyond the load capacity of the test machine, saw-cut the units to properly size them to conform to the capabilities of the testing machine The resulting specimen shall have no face shell projections or irregular webs and shall be fully enclosed in a four-sided cell or cells The compressive strength of the segment shall be considered to be the compressive strength of the whole unit A1.3.1.3 When compression testing units of unusual size and shape where a suitable reduced-size specimen in accordance with A1.3.1.2 cannot be obtained, (see Note A1.3 and Note A1.4), the specimens shall be saw-cut to remove any face shell projections The resulting specimen shall be a cell or cells containing four sides that will ensure a 100 % bearing surface A1.2.4 For each unit, measure the web thickness (tw) at the minimum thickness of each web to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] A1.2.5 For each unit, determine the minimum web area using one of the following methods: A1.2.5.1 For units with rectangular webs, measure the web height (th) at the minimum height of each web to the nearest 0.1 in [2.5 mm] For each unit, calculate the minimum web area for each web (Aw) by multiplying the minimum web thickness (tw) and minimum web height (th) for measured web dimensions of 0.75 in [19 mm] or greater For each unit, calculate the total minimum web area (Awt) by summing the web area (Aw) of each web A1.2.5.2 For units with webs that are not rectangular, disregard portions of the web that have a thickness of less than 0.75 in [19 mm] Make necessary measurements to determine the web area of each web at the minimum area based on the configuration of the web (see Note A1.2) For each unit, calculate the total minimum web area (Awt) by summing the web area (Aw) of each web NOTE 1—If tw is less than 0.75 in [19 mm] over the entire height of the web, disregard entire area of that web when determining minimum web area FIG A1.2 Example of Web with Irregular Cross-section—Plan View C140/C140M − 17a NOTE 1—Web Area = tw * h FIG A1.3 Example of Irregular Web Area Calculation—Section View Where saw-cutting will not result in an enclosed four-sided unit, the specimen shall be a coupon cut from a face shell of each unit The coupon shall be cut from the unit such that the coupon height dimension is in the same direction as the unit’s height dimension The compressive strength of the coupon shall be the net area compressive strength of the whole unit The coupon size shall conform with the following: (1) Aspect ratio (height divided by width, Hs/Ws) of 2.0 0.1 before capping (2) Length to width ratio ((Ls/Ws) of 4.0 0.1 (3) Coupon width shall be equal to the face shell thickness and shall not be less than 0.75 in [19 mm] (4) Coupon dimensions shall not differ by more than 0.125 in [3 mm] from targeted dimensions A1.3.1.4 If a coupon complying with to A1.3.1.3 is used for compressive strength testing, measure the coupons in accordance with A1.3.2 NOTE A1.4—A full-size unit should be tested if feasible If that is not feasible, then a reduced-size unit should be tested If it is not feasible to test a full-size or reduced-size unit, then a coupon should be tested A1.3.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with 7.3 and 7.4 A1.4 Absorption Testing A1.4.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall comply with 8.1 A1.4.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 except as modified in A1.4.2.1 A1.4.2.1 Tests shall be performed on full-size units when test results are to be used to determine moisture content in accordance with 9.2 or equivalent thickness in accordance with A1.5.3 A1.4.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance with 8.3 A1.3.2 Coupon Measurement—Coupon measurements shall be performed to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] using a measurement device readable and accurate to 0.01 in [0.25 mm] Measurements shall be taken as follows: A1.3.2.1 Width—Measure and record the width of the coupon (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the coupon A1.3.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the coupon (Hs) at mid-length on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the height of the coupon A1.3.2.3 Length—Measure and record the length of the coupon (Ls) at mid-height of each face Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the coupon A1.5 Calculations A1.5.1 Calculate absorption, moisture content, density, average net area, and net area compressive strength in accordance with Section A1.5.2 Normalized Web Area—Calculate the normalized web area (Awn) of each unit by dividing the total minimum web area (Awt) by the nominal length and height of the unit as follows: A wn~ in.2 ⁄ ft2 ! F NOTE A1.3—Examples of units having unusual size or shape include, but are not limited to, bond beam units, open end units, and pilaster units A wt 144 ~ L n H n! A wn ~ mm2 ⁄ m ! A wt 106 ~ L n H n! (A1.1) G C140/C140M − 17a where: Awn = Awt = Ln = Hn = 2 cross-sectional area of every plane parallel to the bearing surface relative to the gross cross-sectional area of the same plane normalized web area, in /ft [mm /m ], total minimum web area, in.2 [mm2] (see A1.2.5), nominal length of unit, in [mm], and nominal height of unit, in [mm] A1.5.5 Maximum Variation from Specified Dimensions: A1.5.5.1 Determine the variation from each specified dimension by calculating the average width, height, and length of each specimen and comparing each average to the respective specified dimension, resulting in three variation results for each unit and nine results for a set of units Determine the maximum variation for the set by identifying the maximum of the nine values A1.5.5.2 Specified dimensions shall be obtained from the unit manufacturer NOTE A1.5—Minimum web area does not apply to the portion of the unit to be filled with grout The portion of the unit to be filled with grout should be deducted from the calculation of the normalized web area A1.5.3 Equivalent Thickness—Equivalent thickness for concrete masonry is defined as the average thickness of solid material in the unit and is calculated as follows: T e , in ~ V n / ~ L H !! 1728 (A1.2) A1.6 Report @ T e , mm ~ V n / ~ L H !! # A1.6.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in Sections 10.2, 10.3, and the following: A1.6.1.1 The minimum face shell thickness to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A1.6.1.2 The minimum web thickness to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A1.6.1.3 The normalized web area to the nearest 0.1 in.2/ft2 [500 mm2/m2] as the average for the three specimens tested A1.6.1.4 The equivalent thickness to the nearest 0.1 in [2.5 mm] as the average for the three specimens tested A1.6.1.5 The percent solid results to the nearest 0.1 % separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A1.6.1.6 Maximum variation from specified dimensions to the nearest 0.1 in [2.5 mm] for the set of specimens tested A1.6.1.7 The gross area to the nearest 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A1.6.1.8 The gross area compressive strength to the nearest 10 psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A1.6.1.9 The net volume to the nearest 0.01 ft3 [250 cm3] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested where: Te = equivalent thickness, in [mm], Vn = average net volume of full-size units, ft3 [mm3] (see 9.5), L = average length of full-size units, in [mm] (see A1.2.1), and H = average height of full-size units, in [mm] (see A1.2.1) A1.5.3.1 Equivalent thickness shall only be calculated and reported for full-size concrete masonry units A1.5.4 Percent Solid—Calculate the percent solid as follows: Percent solid,ft3 ~ % ! F S ~~ Percent solid , mm3 ~ % ! D V n 1728! 100 L W H! (A1.3) S~ G Vn L W H! D 100 where: Vn = net volume of specimen, ft3 [mm3] (see 9.5), L = average length of specimen, in [mm] (see A1.2.1), W = average width of specimen, in [mm] (see A1.2.1), and H = average height of specimen, in [mm] (see A1.2.1) NOTE A1.6—This calculation determines the percentage of concrete in the gross volume of the unit It is a useful reference value, but it is not a requirement of unit specifications This value is not comparable to the definition of a solid unit in C90 and C129, which refers to the net A2 TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE AND CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK (1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom bearing surfaces Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the specimen (2) Height (H) at mid-length on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the height of the specimen (3) Length (L) at mid-height on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the specimen A2.1 Scope A2.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are particular for concrete brick that are manufactured for compliance with the following unit specifications: C55, C73, and C1634 A2.2 Measurement of Dimension A2.2.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to the nearest division required to be reported: C140/C140M − 17a A2.4.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 except as modified in A2.4.2.1 A2.4.2.1 Tests shall be performed on full-size units when test results are to be used to determine equivalent thickness A2.2.1.1 The width (W) is the smaller average lateral dimension and the length (L) is the larger average lateral dimension A2.2.2 For brick containing cores, measure 0.5 in [13 mm] down from the top surface of the unit and record the minimum distance from the any edge of each brick to the nearest edge of the nearest core to the nearest division required to be reported A2.4.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance with 8.3 A2.3 Compressive Strength Testing A2.5 Calculations A2.3.1 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-sized units except as modified in A2.3.1.1 and A2.3.1.2 A2.3.1.1 When compression testing full-sized units that are too large for the test machine’s bearing block and platens or are beyond the load capacity of the test machine, saw-cut the units to properly size them to conform to the capabilities of the testing machine The resulting specimen shall have no projections or irregular features and cores shall be fully enclosed The compressive strength of the segment shall be considered to be the compressive strength of the whole unit A2.3.1.2 Test specimens shall have an aspect ratio (height divided by its width, Hs/Ws) of 0.6 0.1 The length of the test specimen shall not exceed 2.25 times the specimen width If full-size units are not within that dimensional ratio requirement, the units shall be saw-cut to produce a compression test specimen with that dimensional ratio prior to capping See Note A2.1 When a reduced size specimen is used for compressive strength testing, measure specimens in accordance with A2.3.2 A2.5.1 Calculate absorption, moisture content, and density in accordance with Section A2.5.2 For units tested to determine compliance with Specifications C55 or C1634, calculate net area in accordance with 9.5 and net area compressive strength in accordance with 9.7.1 A2.5.3 For units tested to determine compliance with Specification C73, calculate gross area in accordance with 9.6 and gross area compressive strength in accordance with 9.7.2 A2.5.4 Equivalent Thickness—Equivalent thickness is defined as the average thickness of solid material in the unit and is calculated as follows: T e , in ~ V n / ~ L H !! 1728 (A2.1) @ T e , mm ~ V n / ~ L H !! # where: Te = equivalent thickness, in [mm], Vn = average net volume of full-size units, ft3 [mm3] (see 9.5), L = average length of full-size units, in [mm] (see A2.2.1), and H = average height of full-size units, in [mm] (see A2.2.1) NOTE A2.1—It is preferable that the compression specimen have a height of at least in [50 mm] For some concrete brick, it may not be possible to obtain this minimum height while maintaining the required aspect ratio In these cases, the aspect ratio requirement should be met, and the specimen should have a height as great as possible A2.5.4.1 Equivalent thickness shall only be calculated and reported for full-size concrete brick A2.3.2 Reduced-size Specimen Measurement—Reducedsize specimen measurements shall be performed to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] using a measuring device readable and accurate to 0.01 in [0.25 mm] Measurements shall be taken as follows: A2.3.2.1 Width—Measure and record the width of the reduced-size specimen (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the reduced-size specimen A2.3.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the reduced-size specimen (Hs) at mid-length on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the height of the reduced-size specimen A2.3.2.3 Length—measure and record the length of the reduced-size specimen (Ls) at mid-height of each face Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the reduced-size specimen A2.5.5 Percent Solid—Calculate the percent solid as follows: Percent solid, ft3 ~ % ! 5 F S ~~ S~ Percent solid, mm3 ~ % ! 5 D V n 1728! 100 L W H! Vn L W H! D (A2.2) 100 G where: Vn = net volume of specimen, ft3 [mm3] (see 9.5), L = average length of specimen, in [mm] (see A2.2.1), W = average width of specimen, in [mm] (see A2.2.1), and H = average height of specimen, in [mm] (see A2.2.1) A2.3.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with 7.3 and 7.4 NOTE A2.2—This calculation determines the percentage of concrete in the gross volume of the unit It is a useful reference value, but it is not a requirement of unit specifications This value is not comparable to the definition of a solid unit in C55 and C1634, which refers to the net cross-sectional area of every plane parallel to the bearing surface relative to the gross cross-sectional area of the same plane A2.4 Absorption Testing A2.6 Report A2.4.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall comply with 8.1 A2.6.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in Sections 10.2, 10.3, and the following: 10 C140/C140M − 17a A3.6 Calculations A3.6.1 Calculate absorption, density, net area, and net area compressive strength in accordance with Section (3) Coupon width shall be as close to in [50 mm] as possible, but in no case less than 1.5 in [40 mm] (4) Coupon dimensions shall not differ by more than 0.125 in [3 mm] from targeted dimensions A3.4.1.1 Measure coupons in accordance with A3.4.2 A3.7 Report A3.7.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in 10.2 and the following: A3.7.1.1 The average width and height to the nearest 0.1 in [2.5 mm] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A3.7.1.2 The front length to the nearest 0.1 in [2.5 mm] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A3.7.1.3 The rear length to the nearest 0.1 in [2.5 mm] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A3.7.1.4 The net area to the nearest 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A3.7.1.5 The maximum load separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested Record the load as indicated to the nearest 10 lb [50 N] or the minimum resolution of the test machine as used during testing, whichever is greater A3.7.1.6 The net area compressive strength to the nearest 10 psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A3.7.1.7 The immersed, saturated, and oven dry weights (wi, ws, and wd) to the nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A3.7.1.8 The absorption to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A3.7.1.9 The density to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3] separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A3.7.1.10 The size and configuration of the specimens tested for compressive strength and absorption A3.4.2 Coupon Measurement—Coupon measurements shall be performed to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] using a measurement device readable and accurate to 0.01 in [0.25 mm] Measurements shall be taken as follows: A3.4.2.1 Width—measure and record the width of the coupon (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the coupon A3.4.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the coupon (Hs) at mid-length on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the height of the coupon A3.4.2.3 Length—Measure and record the length of the coupon (Ls) at mid-height of each face Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the coupon NOTE A3.2—The compressive strength of coupons saw-cut from segmental retaining wall units can be measurably influenced by the unit configuration and location of the sample Due to the variety of unit configurations available, it is not possible to specify exact locations for obtaining coupons In order to compare results within a set or between independently performed tests, coupons should be consistently obtained from the same location for a given unit configuration Suppliers should be consulted for the recommended coupon sample location for a given unit configuration A3.4.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with 7.3 and 7.4 A3.5 Absorption Testing A3.5.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall comply with 8.1 A3.5.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 A3.5.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance with 8.3 A4 TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE INTERLOCKING PAVING UNITS (1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom bearing surfaces Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the specimen (2) Thickness (T) at mid-length on each side Average the two recorded values to determine the thickness of the of the specimen (3) Length (L) at mid-width across the top and bottom bearing surfaces Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the specimen A4.1 Scope A4.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are particular for concrete interlocking paving units that are manufactured for compliance with the following unit specifications: C936/C936M A4.2 Measurement of Dimensions A4.2.1 For each full-sized unit sampled for compressive strength testing, measure and record the following using a caliper readable and accurate to 0.002 in [0.1 mm]: 12 C140/C140M − 17a (2) Thickness (Ts) at mid-length of each side (3) Length (Ls) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-width When full-size specimens are tested in compression, consider Ts, Ws, and Ls to be T, W, and L, respectively, as measured in A4.2.1 A4.2.1.1 Disregard spacer tabs when performing length and width measurements A4.2.1.2 The width (W) is the smaller average lateral dimension and the length (L) is the larger average lateral dimension A4.2.2 For pavers with chamfers, disregard the chamfer and measure thickness from the bottom surface to the top surface of the specimen along the portion of the top surface without the chamfer See Fig A4.1 A4.3.2 Capping—Cap test specimens in accordance with Practice C1552 except as modified below A4.3.2.1 Use high strength gypsum cement capping material only A4.3.2.2 The average cap thickness for each unit shall not exceed 0.06 in [1.5 mm] A4.3.2.3 Determine the average thickness of the cap as follows: after capping both sides of the specimen, measure and record the thickness of the capped specimen to the nearest 0.002 in [0.1 mm] at the same two points where thickness of the uncapped specimen was measured in accordance with either (1) A4.2.1 if the pavers were not cut to reduce thickness or (2) A4.3.1.1 if the pavers were cut to reduce thickness Calculate the difference in thickness for each point and divide by to determine the calculated cap thickness at each point Calculate the average cap thickness for the whole specimen by taking the average of the calculated cap thickness at each of the two points A4.3 Compressive Strength Testing A4.3.1 Test Specimens—Test full size units that comply with all the requirements of A4.3.1.2 If full size units not comply with all of the requirements of A4.3.1.2, then cut a rectangular full-height specimen from the units by reducing the width or length or both to meet all of the requirements of A4.3.1.2 If the smoothness or the aspect ratio required in A4.3.1.2 cannot be achieved with a full-height specimen, cut the specimen height to achieve the required smoothness and aspect ratio If saw-cutting is required to achieve specimen size or configuration requirements in A4.3.1.2, follow the procedures in 7.2.4 A4.3.1.1 For any cuts that reduce the thickness of the pavers, cut off the top of the paver and discard Verify the accuracy of cut by measuring and recording as Tc the thickness of the cut specimen at mid-length of each side Discard any specimen if the difference in Tc at the two different points is greater than 0.08 in [2.0 mm] A4.3.1.2 Compression specimens shall (1) have a crosssection about any principal axis that is a rectangle; (2) have a face area with a length no greater than 2.1 times the width; (3) have no grooves, chamfers, or dummy joints on the top face, except those intentionally manufactured on the edges of the specimen; (4) have no texture on the top surface where the difference in height between the highest and lowest point across the surface face is greater than 0.06 in [1.5 mm] except for chamfers intentionally manufactured on the edges of the specimen; and (5) have an aspect ratio (thickness divided by width of the compression specimen, Ts / Ws) of 0.60 to 1.20 A4.3.1.3 If saw-cutting is required to achieve specimen size and configuration requirements, measure and record the following to the nearest 0.002 in [0.1 mm] for each specimen: (1) Width (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length NOTE A4.1—An important factor in producing high-quality gypsum caps is to use a water-to-cement ratio that yields a capping material that is fluid enough to spread while being viscous enough to allow the paver to be pushed into it forming a consistent thin cap A4.3.3 Testing—Test specimens in accordance with 7.4 A4.4 Absorption Testing A4.4.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall comply with 8.1 except as modified in A4.4.1.1 and A4.4.1.2 A4.4.1.1 The balance used shall be readable and accurate to 0.05 % of the smallest specimen tested A4.4.1.2 Record the immersed, saturated, and oven dry weights (wi, ws, and wd) to the accuracy required in Table A4.1 A4.4.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 A4.4.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance with 8.3 FIG A4.1 Measuring Thickness of Paver with Chamfer (Section view from end of paver) 13 C140/C140M − 17a TABLE A4.1 Required Accuracy for Recording and Reporting Specimen Weights Absorption Specimen Less than 10 lb [4 kg] 10 to 20 lb [4 to 10 kg] Greater than 20 lb [10 kg] A4.6 Report A4.6.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in Section 10.2 and the following: A4.6.1.1 The average width, W, thickness, T, and length, L, to the nearest 0.002 in [0.1 mm] separately for each full-sized, sampled unit and as the average for the three units tested A4.6.1.2 The dimensions of the compression specimens (Ws, Ts, and Ls), to the nearest 0.002 in [0.1 mm], if different from the full-size units, including the difference in Tc value across the face of the paver if the specimen was cut to reduce thickness A4.6.1.3 The net area to the nearest 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2] separately for each compression specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested A4.6.1.4 The average cap thickness to the nearest 0.002 in [0.1 mm] for each compression specimen and as the average for the set of three specimens tested A4.6.1.5 The maximum load separately for each specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested Record the load as indicated to the nearest 10 lb [50 N] or the minimum resolution of the test machine as used during testing, whichever is greater A4.6.1.6 The aspect ratio, Ra, and aspect ratio factor, Fa, for each compressive strength test specimen A4.6.1.7 The net area compressive strength to the nearest 10 psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and as the average for three specimens tested A4.6.1.8 The immersed, saturated, and oven dry weights (wi, ws, and wd) to the accuracy required in Table A4.1 separately for each specimen and as an average for the three specimens tested A4.6.1.9 The absorption results to the nearest 0.1 % and density results to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3] separately for each unit and as the average for the three specimens tested If absorption tests are performed on specimens other than fullsize units, report the reason for testing reduced-size units A4.6.1.10 Two sample test reports showing examples of reports that meet all of the requirements of this section are shown in the nonmandatory Appendix X2 Required Accuracy 0.002 lb [0.001 kg] 0.005 lb [0.002 kg] 0.01 lb [0.005 kg] A4.5 Calculations A4.5.1 Calculate the absorption and density in accordance with Section A4.5.2 Calculate net area compressive strength of the specimen as follows: Net Area ~ A n ! in.2 @ mm2 # L s W s (A4.1) Aspect Ratio ~ R a ! T s ⁄ W s (A4.2) Aspect Ratio Factor ~ F a ! ~ 0.374 ⁄ R a ! 11.611 (A4.3) Net Area Compressive Strength, psi @MPa# =~ P max ⁄ A n ! F a (A4.4) where: = An = Ls = Ws = Ra = Ts Fa Pmax average net area of specimen, in.2 [mm2], average length of the final test specimen, in [mm], average width of the final test specimen, in [mm], aspect ratio, average uncapped thickness of the final test specimen, in [mm], = aspect ratio factor (see Note A4.2), and = maximum compressive load, lb [N] NOTE A4.2—The aspect ratio factors are normalized so that a common 2.36-in [60-mm] thick rectangular 3.86 × 7.80 in [98 × 198 mm] paver with an aspect ratio of 0.612 has an aspect ratio factor of 1.00 Based on Eq A4.3, the aspect ratio factors for rectangular 3.86 × 7.80 in [98 × 198 mm] pavers of various thicknesses are shown in the following table: Thickness, in [mm] 2.36 [60] 2.76 [70] 3.15 [80] 3.54 [90] 3.94 [100] 4.33 [110] 4.72 [120] Aspect Ratio (Ra) 0.612 0.714 0.816 0.918 1.020 1.122 1.224 Aspect Ratio Factor (Fa) 1.00 1.09 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.28 1.31 A5 TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE GRID PAVING UNITS (1) Width (W) across the top and bottom bearing surfaces at the maximum width of the unit Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the specimen (2) Thickness (T) at mid-length of each face Average the two recorded values to determine the thickness of the specimen (3) Length (L) across the top and bottom bearing surfaces at the maximum length of the unit Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the specimen A5.1 Scope A5.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are particular for concrete grid paving units that are manufactured for compliance with the following unit specifications: C1319 A5.2 Sampling A5.2.1 Sampling—A minimum of six specimens shall be selected for each test set A5.3 Measurement of Dimensions NOTE A5.1—Fig A5.1 shows a representative example of how to properly measure and obtain specimens from a common unit shape There are many other shapes and sizes of grid paving units available which may require different procedures for measuring and obtaining specimens A5.3.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to the nearest division required to be reported (see Fig A5.1) 14 C140/C140M − 17a NOTE A5.2—An example of a unit that will require coupon testing would be one that has depressions in some of the webs that prevents obtaining a fully enclosed cell with a full bearing surface A5.4.1.3 If a coupon complying with to A1.3.1.3 is used for compressive strength testing, measure the coupons in accordance with A1.3.2 A5.4.2 Coupon Measurement—Coupon measurements shall be performed to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] using a measurement device readable and accurate to 0.01 in [0.25 mm] Measurements shall be taken as follows: A5.4.2.1 Width—Measure and record the width of the coupon (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the coupon A5.4.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the coupon (Hs) at mid-length on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the height of the coupon A5.4.2.3 Length—Measure and record the length of the coupon (Ls) at mid-height of each face Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the coupon FIG A5.1 Typical Grid Paver Configuration A5.4.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with 7.3 and 7.4 Suppliers should be consulted for recommended specimen sampling procedures A5.3.2 For each unit, measure the width of each web at the thinnest point Record the minimum value measured For the web with the minimum thickness, measure and record two additional web readings The two additional readings shall be at the maximum width of the web and at mid-thickness of the web Measure and record all web width measurements to the nearest division required to be reported Disregard grooves, scores, and similar details in the measurements A5.5 Absorption Testing A5.5.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall comply with 8.1 A5.5.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 except as modified by A5.5.2.1 A5.5.2.1 When compression specimens are other than fullsize units, absorption testing shall be performed on specimens saw-cut from full-size units with the same configuration as the reduced-size units used for compression testing A5.4 Compressive Strength Testing A5.4.1 Test Specimens—Three units shall be tested for compressive strength Specimens shall be full-sized units or reduced-size units as modified in A5.4.1.1 or A5.4.1.2 A5.4.1.1 When compression testing full-sized units that are too large for the test machine’s bearing block and platens or are beyond the load capacity of the test machine, saw-cut the units to properly size them to conform to the capabilities of the testing machine The resulting specimen shall be symmetrical, have no projections or irregular features, and shall be a fully enclosed cell or cells with a full bearing surface The compressive strength of the segment shall be considered to be the compressive strength of the whole unit A5.4.1.2 If it is not possible to obtain a specimen that is symmetrical with no projections or irregular features and a fully enclosed cell or cells, the specimen shall be a coupon cut from the unit The compressive strength of the coupon shall be considered to be the compressive strength of the whole unit Saw-cutting shall be performed in accordance with 7.2.4 and 7.2.5 The coupon shall conform with the following: (1) Aspect ratio (height divided by width, Hs/Ws) of 2.0 0.1 before capping (2) Length to width ratio (Ls/Ws) of 4.0 0.1 (3) Coupon width shall not be less than the minimum width of the webs (4) Coupon dimensions shall not differ by more than 0.125 in [3 mm] from targeted dimensions A5.5.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance with 8.3 A5.6 Full Size Net Area Testing A5.6.1 Three full size units shall be tested for net area A5.6.2 Determine the net cross-sectional area of full-size units by performing absorption testing on full-size units in accordance with 8.3 A5.7 Calculations A5.7.1 Calculate absorption, density, net area, and net area compressive strength in accordance with Section For determination of net area, absorption, and density, use data collected from testing in accordance with A5.5.1 A5.7.2 Calculate the full-size net area (An,full) in accordance with Section using the data collected from the testing in accordance with A5.6 A5.7.3 Calculate the percent solid as follows: Percent solid ~~ A n,full! /L W ! ! 100 where: An,full = full-size net area, in.2 [mm2] (A5.7.2) L = full-size unit length, in [mm], and 15 (A5.1) C140/C140M − 17a W determined by A5.3.1 The average web width is calculated from the three readings of the web with the minimum width A5.8.1.2 The full-size net area to the nearest 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2] as the average of the set of three specimens as determined by A5.7.2 A5.8.1.3 The average percent solid for the set of three units to the nearest 0.1 % as determined by A5.7.3 = full-size unit width, in [mm] A5.8 Report A5.8.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in Sections 10.2, 10.3, and the following: A5.8.1.1 The minimum web width and average web width to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] of each specimen as A6 TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE ROOF PAVERS A6.5.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance with 8.3 A6.1 Scope A6.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are particular for concrete roof pavers that are manufactured for compliance with the following unit specifications: C1491 A6.6 Flexural Load Testing A6.6.1 Three full-sized units shall be tested A6.6.2 Capping—Units with wearing (top) surfaces containing recesses or other irregularities shall have such recesses capped flush with the uppermost surface in accordance with Practice C1552 A6.6.3 Testing—The testing arrangement shall be as shown in Fig A6.2 The load from the upper bearing block of the testing machine shall be applied through the centroid of the concrete roof paver by the bearing assembly illustrated The flexural length of the paver unit is taken as the end-to-end plan dimension of the units Loading shall be applied at a uniform rate such that the total load is applied in not less than and not less than A6.2 Sampling A6.2.1 A set shall consist of a minimum of nine full-size units A6.3 Measurement of Dimensions A6.3.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to the nearest division required to be reported: (1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom bearing surfaces Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the specimen (2) Thickness (T) at mid-length on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the thickness of the specimen (3) Length (L) at mid-thickness on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the specimen A6.7 Calculations A6.7.1 Calculate absorption, density, net area, and net area compressive strength in accordance with Section A6.7.2 Ballast Weight—For concrete roof pavers, calculate ballast weight as follows: A6.4 Compressive Strength Testing A6.4.1 For concrete roof paver compressive strength tests, cut three test specimens from three whole paver units Each specimen shall consist of a strip of paver with specimen thickness equal to specimen width The length of the specimen shall be equal to the length of the unit or in [200 mm], whichever is less Where a unit contains supporting ribs, obtain specimens by cutting perpendicular to the direction of the ribs so as to avoid inclusion of beveled or recessed surfaces at top or bottom edges (see Fig A6.1) w b ,lb/ft2 ~ w d ! / ~ A g ! 144 (A6.1) @ w b , kg/m ~ w d ! ⁄ ~ A g ! 3106 # where: wb = ballast weight, lb/ft2 [kg ⁄m2], wd = oven-dry weight of unit, lb [kg] (see 8.3.4), and Ag = gross area of unit, in.2 [mm2] (see 9.6) A6.8 Report A6.8.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in Sections 10.2, 10.3, and the following: A6.8.2 The flexural load to the nearest lb [5 N] required to fail a specimen separately and as the average for the set of three units tested A6.8.3 Ballast weight to the nearest psf [5 kg/m2] separately for each specimen and as the average for the set of three specimens tested A6.4.2 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with 7.3 and 7.4 A6.5 Absorption Testing A6.5.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall comply with 8.1 A6.5.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 16 C140/C140M − 17a FIG A6.1 Compressive Strength Test Setup for Concrete Roof Pavers FIG A6.2 Flexural Strength Test Setup for Concrete Roof Pavers A7 TEST PROCEDURES FOR DRY CAST ARTICULATING CONCRETE BLOCK (3) Length (L) at mid-height on each face Average the two recorded values to determine to determine the length of the specimen A7.1 Scope A7.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements for dry cast articulating concrete block that are manufactured for compliance with the following unit specification: D6684 A7.4 Compressive Strength Testing A7.4.1 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be a saw-cut coupon The compressive strength of the coupon shall be considered to be the compressive strength of the whole unit Sawcutting shall be performed in accordance with 7.2.4 and 7.2.5 The coupon size shall comply with the following: (1) Aspect ratio (height divided by width, Hs/Ws) of 2.0 0.1 before capping (2) Length to width ratio (Ls/Ws) of 4.0 0.1 (3) Coupon width shall be as close to in [50 mm] as possible, but in no case less than 1.5 in [40 mm] (4) Coupon dimensions shall not differ by more than 0.125 in [3 mm] from the targeted dimensions (5) Coupons shall be 100 % solid and not contain cable holes or other voids A7.4.1.1 Measure coupons in accordance with A3.4.2 A7.2 Sampling A7.2.1 A set shall consist of a minimum of three full-size units, unless freeze-thaw durability testing is required When freeze-thaw durability testing is required, a set shall consist of a minimum of five full-size units A7.3 Measurement of Dimensions A7.3.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to the nearest division required to be reported: (1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom bearing surfaces Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the specimen (2) Height (H) at mid-length on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the thickness of the specimen 17 C140/C140M − 17a A7.4.2 Coupon Measurement—Coupon measurements shall be performed to the nearest 0.01 in [0.25 mm] using a measurement device readable and accurate to 0.01 in [0.25 mm] Measurements shall be taken as follows: A7.4.2.1 Width—Measure and record the width of the coupon (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the coupon A7.4.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the coupon (Hs) at mid-length on each face Average the two recorded values to determine the height of the coupon A7.4.2.3 Length—Measure and record the length of the coupon (Ls) at mid-height of each face Average the two recorded values to determine the length of the coupon consulted for the recommended coupon sample location for a given unit configuration A7.4.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with 7.3 and 7.4 A7.5 Absorption Testing A7.5.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall comply with 8.1 A7.5.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 A7.5.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance with 8.3 A7.6 Calculations A7.6.1 Calculate absorption, density, net area, and net area compressive strength in accordance with Section NOTE A7.1—The compressive strength of coupons saw-cut from articulating concrete blocks can be measurably influenced by the unit configuration and location of the sample Due to the variety of unit configurations available, it is not possible to specify exact locations for obtaining coupons In order to compare results within a set or between independently performed tests, coupons should be consistently obtained from the same location for a given unit configuration Suppliers should be A7.7 Report A7.7.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in Sections 10 and 10.3 A8 DETERMINING PLATE THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPRESSION TESTING A8.4 Distance from the Edge of Platen to Furthermost Corner of Test Specimen (See Fig A8.3) A8.4.1 Determine the distance from the edge of the platen to the furthermost corner of the specimen as follows: A8.4.2 Locate the specimen’s center of mass, and mark it on top of the specimen A8.4.3 Determine to the nearest 0.125 in [3 mm] the distance from the center of mass of the specimen to the furthermost corner or edge of the test specimen Record this distance as Z A8.4.4 The distance from the platen to the furthermost corner of the test specimen is obtained by Eq A8.1 This distance is equal to the minimum required bearing thickness, tBP: A8.1 Scope A8.1.1 This annex provides additional information to assist in determining the plate thickness requirements for compression testing as written in 7.1 A8.2 Terminology A8.2.1 Fig A8.1 shows the location of the referenced test equipment as used in the compression testing of units A8.3 Determining the Diameter of the Upper Platen A8.3.1 As shown in Fig A8.2, the diameter of the upper platen is considered in this test method to be equal to the maximum horizontal dimension measured across the circle created by the spherical portion of the upper platen (this measured diameter may differ from the actual geometric diameter of the sphere based on its curvature) If the upper platen includes a nonspherical section that was manufactured integrally with the spherical head from a single piece of steel, the diameter of the upper platen is considered to be the diameter of the spherical seat on the upper surface of the upper platen plus the thickness of the nonspherical section (tPL) However, the diameter of the upper platen shall not be greater than the minimum horizontal dimension of the upper platen d t BP Z ~ D PL ⁄ ! (A8.1) where: d = distance from the platen to the furthermost corner of the test specimen, in [mm], Z = distance from the center of mass of the specimen to the furthermost corner of the test specimen, in [mm], DPL = calculated diameter of the upper platen, in [mm], and tBP = required minimum bearing plate thickness, in [mm] 18 C140/C140M − 17a FIG A8.1 Equipment Used for Compression Testing where: DSS = measured diameter of spherical seat, DPL = calculated diameter of upper platen, and tPL = measured thickness of nonspherical section of upper platen FIG A8.2 Diameter of the Upper Platen FIG A8.3 Distance from Platen to Furthermost Corner of Test Specimen 19 C140/C140M − 17a APPENDIXES (Nonmandatory Information) X1 WORKSHEET AND TEST REPORT FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS guidelines only Users of these test methods may use or modify these forms to suit their purposes and to address the requirements of the test methods as they apply to the specific specimens being tested X1.1 Included in this section is a sample laboratory worksheet and a test report form These samples were developed for use in recording and reporting test information for conventional concrete masonry units to determine their compliance with Specification C90 These forms are to be used as 20