THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY DO MANH DUNG TOXICITY TEST OF SEVERAL PLANT EXTRACTS AS ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY METHOD TO CONTROL MOLE CRICKET (GRYLLOTALPA GRYLLOTALPA LIN[.]
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY DO MANH DUNG TOXICITY TEST OF SEVERAL PLANT EXTRACTS AS ENVIRONMENTAL-FRIENDLY METHOD TO CONTROL MOLE CRICKET (GRYLLOTALPA GRYLLOTALPA LINNAEUS) BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: International Training and Development Center Batch: 2012-2016 Thai Nguyen, 15/09/2016 n DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program: Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name: Do Manh Dung Student ID: DTN 1253180050 Thesis Title: Toxicity Test of Several Plant Extracts as Environmentalfriendly Method to Control Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus) Supervisor (s): Dr Arinafril Naalim Ph.D Do Ngoc Son Abstract: In this research, we will observe the impact of Bio-pesticides and Chemical pesticide: neem leaves, duku peels, durian peels, rambutan peels, Cypermethrin 50g/l 50EC on crickets and finding which one is the best to compare with the (rest under laboratory conditions) Methods used to this research is random design group, which consisted of treatments, control, and repeating By making different stock solution from 25% to 5% and using a piece of cabbage then deep them inside the stock solutions in 20 seconds, after that give them to crickets for food With Cypermethrin 50g/l 50EC, the concentration will be 2ml/l After research, Chemical pesticide is the best one but it affects to human health, soil, plants, and environment With Biopesticides, plant extract from Durian peels is the best, after days almost crickets were dead Especially, with plant extract from durian peels, stock solution is 25%, crickets died after day i n Key-words: Bio-pesticides, Cypermethrin, Mole Cricket, Neem Leaf, Rambutan Peel, Duku Peel, Durian Peel Number of pages: 33 pages Date of submission: 15/09/2016 Supervisor’s signature ii n ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The special thanks goes to my supervisor, Dr Arinafril Naalim of Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Indonesia The supervision and support that he gave truly helped the progression and smoothness of the internship I am also highly thankful to Ph.D Ho Ngoc Son for his supervision, encouragement, guidance, and advice in writing this thesis In addition, I would like to thanks Ph.D Mulawarman, Lab NEMATOLOGY, Department of Plant Protection, Sriwijaya University for helping and providing me necessary equipment for weigh, identify, and run my research During study in Palembang, Indonesia there were highly interesting and educative It helped me in understanding appropriately how to control insects by using Bio-pesticides I am highly thankful to all office members of Sriwijaya University who helped and guided me during my internship Besides, I want to thanks to Didi, Dede, Henrda, Umiya, and Irwan for advice, helping me to finish my study Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for always by my side, support, and encouragement me every time Do Manh Dung iii n TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research’s objectives 1.3 Research questions and hypothesis .5 1.4 Limitation PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Neem leaves 2.2 Duku peels .7 2.3 Durian peels 2.4 Rambutan peels .7 2.5 Cypermethrin .8 PART III METHODS .9 3.1 Material and equipment 3.2 Time and place 3.3 Research methods 10 3.3.1 Crickets 10 3.3.2 Cabbages .10 iv n 3.3.3 Plant extracts 10 3.3.4 Observation 11 3.3.5 Data processing .12 PART IV RESULTS 13 4.1 Set – up of the Research Subject 13 4.2 The relationship between plant extracts and chemical pesticide 14 4.3 The relationship between mortality of bio-pesticides and doses 28 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 30 5.1 Discussion 30 5.1.1 The activities of plant extracts could impact on crickets 30 5.1.2 Plant extract from durian peels got the most effective on cricket 31 5.2 Conclusion 31 REFERENCES 32 v n LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.2.1: The relationship between dose and mortality in day 16 Figure 4.2.2: The relationship between dose and mortality in day 18 Figure 4.2.3: The relationship between dose and mortality in day 20 Figure 4.2.4: The relationship between dose and mortality in day 22 Figure 4.2.5: The relationship between dose and mortality in day 24 Figure 4.2.6: The relationship between dose and mortality in day 26 Figure 4.2.7: The relationship between dose and mortality in day 27 n LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1.1: Set-up of the Research Subject 13 Table 4.2.1: , probit equation of plant extracts and chemical pesticide in day 14 Table 4.2.2: , probit equation of plant extracts and chemical pesticide in day 15 Table 4.2.3: , probit equation of plant extracts and chemical pesticide in day 17 Table 4.2.4: , probit equation of plant extracts and chemical pesticide in day 19 Table 4.2.5: , probit equation of plant extracts and chemical pesticide in day 21 Table 4.2.6: , probit equation of plant extracts and chemical pesticide in day 23 Table 4.2.7: , probit equation of plant extracts and chemical pesticide in day 25 Table 4.2.8: , probit equation of plant extracts and chemical pesticide in day 27 Table 4.3.2: HSD Difference between means and significance of pairwise comparisons from the mortality of bio-pesticides 29 n PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Insects dominates all terrestrial environments that support human life, insects are the most significant competitors of us for food, fiber, and other natural resources They affect directly on agriculture food production by chewing the leaves of crop plans, sucking out plant juices, boring within the roofs, stems or leaves, and spreading plan pathogens They feed on natural fibers, destroy wooden building materials, ruin stored grain, and accelerate the process of decay They also have a profound impact on the health of humans and domestic animals by causing annoyance, inflicting bites and stings, and transmitting disease The economic impact of insects is measured not only by the market value of products they destroy and the cost of damage they inflict but also by the money and resources expended on prevention and control of pest outbreaks Although dollar values for these losses are nearly impossible to calculate, especially when they affect human health and welfare, economists generally agree that insects consume or destroy around 10% of gross national product in large, industrialized nations and up to 25% of gross national product in some developing countries (John, 2016) Crickets (also known as “mole cricket”) belong to order Orthoptera, family Gryllotalpidae, and genus Gryllotalpa This family consists of a group of insect with mainly cylindrical bodies, round heads, and long antennae They have thin antennae, hind legs modified for jumping, three-jointed tarsal (foot) segments, and two slender abdominal sensory appendages (called cerci) The two forewings are stiff and leathery, and the two long, membranous hind wings are used in flying Male crickets produce musical chirping sound by rubbing a scraper located on one forewing along a row of n about 50 to 250 teeth on the opposite forewing The purpose of cricket songs is attraction the females, the courtship, or mating, song, which induces the female to copulate; and the fighting chirp, which repels other males Both sexes have highly sensitive organs on the forelegs for sound reception There is a direct relationship between the rate of cricket chirps and temperature, with the rate increasing with increasing temperature Female crickets lay eggs into soil or on the plant stems, sometimes causing serious plant damage (Huber, 1989) Crickets feed many field crops, seeds, pods, or leaves and stems of seeding Crops can be attacked at any stage Crops in heavier soils are at greatest risk Most damage is caused by crickets already in the area at planting or by adults flying into crops Significant damage may be caused by adults and nymphs feeding on leaves, stems and pods When crickets are present in plague numbers, seedling crops can be thinned to the point where replanting is necessary (Berenbaum, 1996) Bio-pesticides is shortcut word of “Biological Pesticides”, it’s including several classes such as: Biochemical pesticides, Microbial pesticides, and Plant-IncorporatedProtectants (PIPs) In this case, we are using biochemical pesticides Plant extracts were likely the earliest agricultural Bio-pesticides, as history records that nicotine was used to control plum beetles as early as the 17th century Experiments involving biological controls for insect pests in agriculture date back as far as 1835, when Agostine Bassi demonstrated that white-muscadine fungus (Beauveria bassiana) could be used to cause an infectious disease in silkworm Experiments with mineral oils as plant protectants were also reported in the 19th century During the rapid institutional expansion of agricultural research during the early 20th century, an ever-growing number of studies and proposal for Bio-pesticides were developed (Francis Borgio J, Sahayaraj K and Alper Susurluk I, 2011) n