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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (ĐỊA CHẤT DẦU KHÍ) • BEGINNING • Chapter 1: ORIGIN & PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON (Nguồn gốc tính chất dầu khí) • Chapter 2: RESERVOIR (Tầng chứa ) • Chapter 3: TRAP (Bẫy) • Chapter 4: SEAL (Tầng chắn) • Chapter 5: GENERATION AND MIGRATION OF HYDROCARBON (Sự hình thành di cư HC) • • Chapter 6: THE SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT (Môi trường ngầm) Chapter 7: SUBSURFACE MAPPING AND CROSS SECTION (Bản đồ mặt cắt tầng ngầm) • Chapter 8: THE HABITA OF HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTARY BASINS (Cư trú HC bồn trầm tích) • Chapter 9: DRILLING AND WELL COMPLETION (Công nghệ khoan-hoàn tất giếng khai thác DK) • Chapter 10: PETROLEUM EXPLORATION-EVALUATION METHODS (Các phương pháp tìm kiếm thẩm lượng DK) TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO Bài giảng địa chất dầu khí (Tiếng Anh), nguồn từ 56 đóa CD dầu khí-IHRDC, Houston, USA Basic petroleum geology, Peter K Link, OGCI publications (Oil and Gas Consultants International, Inc.), 1987, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Petroleum Geology, F K North, 1990, Unwin Hyman Inc., London, UK Geochemistry in petroleum exploration, 1985, D W Waples, International Human Resources Development Coporation, Boston, USA • CÁC TẠP CHÍ ĐỊA CHẤT DẦU – Tạp chí dầu khí, Tổng công ty dầu khí Việt Nam; – American Association of petroleum geologist (AAPG); – Journal of petroleum geology (England) – The Australian petroleum exploration association (APEA) • CÁC TẠP CHÍ LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN ĐỊA CHẤT DẦU – Tạp chí địa chất – Sedimentology (Trầm tích học) – Sedimentary geology (Địa chất trầm tích) – Journal of sedimentary petrology (Tạp chí thạch học TT) PHƯƠNG PHÁP TRUYỀN ĐẠT & ĐÁNH GIÁ • PP TRUYỀN ĐẠT: Ngôn ngữ: Tiếng Anh Học liệu: – Bài giảng (DPF) – Tài liệu tham khảo: Sách, CD Giáo viên trình bày nội dung cốt lõi Sinh viên tự nghiên cứu tài liệu, giải tập chương & vấn đề cụ thể PHƯƠNG PHÁP TRUYỀN ĐẠT & ĐÁNH GIÁ • PP ĐÁNH GIÁ • Bài tập, câu hỏi lớp (cuối chương) • Bài tập-thảo luận nhóm YÊU CẦU Danh sách ban cán sự, ĐC-ĐT liên hệ Phân nhóm: 04-05, nhóm trưởng Mỗi người có E mail account riêng Điểm danh (Ban CS lớp thực hiện) Liên hệ: – – – Trần Văn Xuân- BM ĐCDK ĐT: 0903 70 07 70 E.mail: tvxuan@hcmut.edu.vn, xuanhydgeo@gmail.com BEGINNING Historical • Petroleum products have been used for at least 8000 years • Herodotus 450 BC – natural seeps • Egyptians – mummification/ Victorian medication • Ancient Greece everlasting flame in the sacred Oracle (thánh địa) at Delphi • Persian Temples built around natural gas sources Historical (cont) • Early uses: – medication, waterproofing, warfare • Up to Mid 19th century: all oil produced from seeps, shallow pits and hand dug shafts • James Young: extracted oil from carboniferous shales, Scotland 1847: ―oil-shales‖ • 1st Natural gas: Sichuan Province -China several thousand years ago – Bamboo tools and pipes – salt production • 1st oil-seeking well = Pechelbronn, France, 1745 • 1st well to produce oil: Oil creek, Pennsylvania by ―Colonel‖ Drake The Demand for Oil Products • Increased greatly by WWI (1914-18) • By 1920 the oil industry dominated by the ―seven sisters‖ • Post WWII, oil companies began to risk profits from one productive area to explore for another • 1960: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed in Baghdad (Iraq) – Objective: control the power of the independent oil companies by price control & appropriation of company assets Four important HC series in petroleum chemistry — the paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and resins and asphaltenes Table 02 THE NONHYDROCARBON CONSTITUENTS OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS • • • • Sulfur and its compounds Nitrogen Oxygen compounds Organometals in crude oils – Nikel – Vanadium – Argon – Radon – Thorium SULFUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS • Crude oil containing detectable amount of H2S are called ―sour crudes‖ If the sulfur is in other form than H2S, the oil should be called a high sulfur crude and not a sour crude Sulfur content (%) < 0.2 Very sweet crudes 0.2 – 0.6 Low sulfur crudes 0.6 – 1.7 Intermediate > 1.7 High sulfur crudes ALTERATION OF CRUDE OIL • THERMAL MATURATION • DEASPHALTING • DEGRADATION BY WATER WASHING • DEGRADATION BY BACTERIAL ACTION (BIODEGARADATION) (Figure 04) THERMAL MATURATION • Alteration of crude oil by thermal maturation takes place with increasing depth of burial and increasing time Crude oils become lighter and more paraffinic due to the cracking of their heavier components and increases in their gas content • Old shallow oils, because of their maturity, are comparable to young deep crudes both in density, viscosity and paraffin content Like young shallow oils, however, they may have relatively high sulfur, depending on source environment Deep old oils tend to have the lowest viscosity, the lowest density and the lowest sulfur content DEASPHALTING • Deasphalting, whereby asphaltenes precipitate by the dissolution of massive amounts of gas and are left behind as a residue Deasphalting primarily occurs in heavy to medium crude oils • Gas deasphalting, as in thermal maturation, results in oils becoming lighter Gas deasphalting tends to occur together with thermal maturation and the two processes are often difficult to distinguish from each other DEGRADATION BY WATER WASHING and BIODEGARADATION • Groundwater flushing causes various degrees of degradation of oils, since flushing removes the lighter and more mobile components of the oils • In addition, oil at the surface and at very shallow depths may be degraded due to the action of aerobic bacteria, a process termed "biodegradation" • Although groundwater flushing and biodegradation may act independently, they apparently act together in producing degradation (Figure 3) , by means of gas chromatographs, illustrates how the lighter hydrocarbon compounds in crude oil are broken down by bacterial oxidation over a 21-day period Figure 03 Figure 04 NATURAL GAS Natural gases are classified according to their hydrocarbon composition: • Gas composed of almost methane is dry gas • If the proportion of ethane (C2H6) and heavier molecules propane, and butane exceeds some of arbitral values (4 or 5%), the gas is called wet gas Natural gases consisting largely of methane may have any one of three distinct origins: – Petroleum gas – Coal gas – Bacteria gas HYDROCARBON GASES Defined based on their occurrence: • Free gas is a hydrocarbon gas that exists in the gaseous phase in a reservoir and remains in the gaseous phase when produced • Dissolved gas is defined as natural gas in solution in crude oil in a reservoir The reduction in pressure when oil is produced from a reservoir often results in dissolved gas being emitted from oil as free gas • Associated gas is natural gas which occurs as a gas cap which overlies and is in contact with crude oil within a reservoir Nonassociated gas is natural gas in reservoirs that not contain crude oil (Figure 05) Figure 05 LIQUIFIED GASES • NGL, natural gas liquids, are hydrocarbon liquids separated from the produced gas stream Condensates are an important type of natural gas liquid • LPG, liquified petroleum gas, is comprised of heavier hydrocarbon gases, usually propane and butane, stored under pressure in a liquid form • LNG, liquified natural gas, is natural gas, commonly methane, which is compressed into liquid for storage and transportation Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) Classified into: INORGANIC ORIGIN Inert Gases Helium Argon Krypton Radon Nitrogen Also Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulfide ORGANIC ORIGIN Hydrocarbon Gases Methane (dry) Ethane (wet) Propane Butane Exercise chapter