TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE CHEPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 CHEPTER 2 CONTENT 5 I History 5 1 Ancient Scotland 5 2 Middle Scotland 5 3 Near Modern Scotland 7 4 Modern Scotland 7 II Politics 8 III Economy[.]
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE CHEPTER INTRODUCTION CHEPTER CONTENT I History .5 Ancient Scotland .5 Middle Scotland Near Modern Scotland .7 Modern Scotland .7 II Politics .8 III Economy .10 IV Religion 12 V Health 13 VI Education 13 VII Culture 14 VIII Sports 15 IX Cuisine 15 X Language .16 XI Fashion 17 XII Music 18 XIII Architecture .18 CHEPTER CONCLUSION 20 REFERENCES 21 PREFACE Scotland is located north of Great Britain and has been part of the United Kingdom since 1707 Despite many invasions and wars for independence, Scotland still retains its historical traces dating back more 9,000 years old A land with thousands of years of history and deeply influenced by Celtic culture, Scotland has always been a country with a strong national identity and a unique tradition Scottish commonly known for openness, hospitality and is the sports fan enthusiasm Some characteristics of traditional Scottish culture still exists today in almost every aspect of daily life We would like to introduce to you the beautiful country named Scotland through the essay: ‘’INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE AND SOCIENTY OF U.K: SCOTLAND’’ CHEPTER1 INTRODUCTION Picture Map of Scotland (Source: Internet) Scotland is a part of the United Kingdom (UK) and it occupies the northern third of Great Britain Scotland has borders with Great Britain to the south, the Atlantic around the other sides: with the North Sea to the east, and the North Strait and the Irish Sea to the south-west In addition to the mainland part of the British island, the country also has more than 790 islands, including the Northern Islands and the Hebrides Edinburgh was Scotland's capital and second largest city, and the center of the Scottish Enlightenment campaign in the eighteenth century, which transformed Scotland into one of the great powers of commerce, knowledge, and industry of Europe Glasgow is Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and is now the center of the Greater Glasgow metropolitan area Scotland's waters comprise a large area of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, with the largest reserves of crude oil in the European Union This gave Scotland's third largest city, Aberdeen, to be recognized as the European crude oil capital Official Language(s) of Scotland is English, Gaelic, Scots and Symbols of Scotland is Thistle, Unicorn, Bagpipe Picture The capital Edinburgh of Scotland (Source: Internet) During the Early Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state After King James VI of Scotland succeeded the British and Irish kings in 1603, Scotland entered a personal alliance with the two kingdoms On May 1, 1707, Scotland entered a political alliance with Great Britain to form Great Britain This coalition is the result of the Union Treaty agreed in 1706 and enacted under two Union Acts passed by the Parliament of the two countries, despite public opposition and anti-coalition riots at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and elsewhere Great Britain then entered a political alliance with Ireland on January 1801 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The Scottish judicial system remains separate from the judicial systems of England and Wales or Northern Ireland, and Scotland establishes separate powers of public and private law The continued existence of judicial, educational and religious institutions separate from the rest of the United Kingdom has contributed to the continuity of Scottish culture and national identity since the Union in 1707 After a referendum in 1997, the Scottish Parliament was re-convened in 1999, having power over many areas of the interior By May 2011, the Scottish National Party won the oversold majority in the Scottish Parliament Subsequently, a referendum was held in 2014 Scotland was represented in the European Union and assigned six seats in the European Parliament Scotland's territory was defined by the Treaty of York (signed in 1237 between Scotland and England) and the Treaty of Perth (signed in 1266 between Scotland and Sweden) The other parts of the territory are determined as follows: Island of Man, a territory of the British Crown, outside of England Orkney and Shetland and Berwick-on-Tweed is regulated under English law under the Law of Wales and Berwick in 1746 Rockall is annexed to the United Kingdom England in 1972 and became part of Scotland's Harris Island, which is still disputed between Ireland, Iceland and Denmark Since both the United Kingdom (1997) and Ireland (1996) have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, this treaty does not consider Rockall to be land under the jurisdiction of any country, even though both Great Britain and Ireland grant that it belongs to our territory 5 CHEPTER CONTENT I HISTORY Ancient Scotland Before the Middle Stone Age, Scotland was constantly covered by ice and snow, destroying traces of early human habitation The first Scottish settlement was around 8500 BC, discovered in Cramond, near Edinburgh A Neolithic site is an intact farm unearthed at the Knap of Howar in Orkney The old house dates back to about 3500 BC, is considered the oldest house in Scotland that is still solid today Another site includes a Neolithic village found near the village of Skara Brae, on the main island of Orkney Also, relics of ancient inhabitants include graves and spirits scattered throughout the North and West islands such as Callanish in Lewis, Maeshowe and Ring of Brodgar in Orkney In southern Orkney, crannog houses were found, a popular type of housing built on the island from very ancient times After the 8th century BC, Brythonic Celtic culture and language arrived in Scotland The Iron Age brought a multitude of hill fortresses, round tower stone houses, Scottish island hangars and later defended settlements, recorded by the Romans Scottish history is recorded since the Roman Empire's invasion The Romans occupied what is today England and Wales Many areas in southern Scotland were also briefly controlled by Rome The historian, Tacitus, called northern Scotland Caledonia This name comes from the names of the Pictish tribes of the Caledonii region Middle Scotland The coronation ceremony of Alexander III on Moot Hill, Scone Traditionally, Scottish kings were crowned here Pictland was ruled by emir Pictish of Fortriu The Gaels of Dál Riata came to live in Argyll According to legend, the Scottish Saltire cross was chosen by King Óengus II of Fortriu in 832 after a victory against the Northumbrians in Athens In 843 Cináed mac Ailpín (King Kenneth Macalpine) from Dál Riata, unified the kingdom of Scotland when he became king of the Picts and Scots In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Kingdom of Scotland had almost good relations with the Wessex lords of England This period was marked by a great internal division of the dynasty, although Scotland also implemented relatively successful policies of expansion King Edmund of England gave the Kingdom of Strathclyde to King Malcolm I of Scotland after Edmund invaded and obtained it in 945 Around 960 and at the time of King Indulf, the Scots captured Eden, now known as Edinburgh During Malcolm II, these territories were almost completely annexed A pivotal year is in 1018, when Malcolm II defeated the kingdom of Northumbria at the Battle of Carham The Normans conquered England in 1066 to initiate a series of events that caused the kingdom of Scotland to begin from a distance away from their Gaelic culture Malcolm III of Scotland married Margaret, sister of Edgar Ỉtheling, one of the British throne contenders to be overthrown Margaret played a key role in limiting the influence of Celtic Christianity Scotland was partly influenced by "Norman conquest" when Margaret's youngest son David I of Scotland took the throne David, I became an important Anglo-Norman lord He was the one who brought the feudalism to Scotland He encouraged a massive influx of migrants from low-lying countries to newly established settlements to strengthen trade links with continental Europe and Scandinavia In the late 13th century, many Norman and Anglo-Norman families were given Scottish land The first meeting of the Scottish parliament was convened during this period Edward I, king of England, was invited to adjudicate the scramble for Scotland's vacant throne following the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway in 1290 She was the direct and final successor to Alexander III of Scotland Edward, I took advantage of the political divide in Scotland for his own gain The Scots rebelled against the British under the leadership of William Wallace and Andrew de Moray This period is known as Scotland's first war of independence On 23 May 1306, Robert the Bruce was crowned King Robert I He won a decisive victory over England at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 However, war resumed after Robert I's death This period was Scotland's second war of independence from 1332 to 1357 The situation in Scotland began to stabilize during the Stewart Empire In 1542 James V of Scotland died leaving only a young child, Mary I, inherited the golden throne Mary was only days old when her father died and took the throne at months old Scotland was ruled by the regent while Mary was growing up This period was known as The Rough Wooing, John Knox and the Scottish Renaissance Constant warfare with England, political turmoil and religious changes reigned throughout the late 16th century On July 24, 1567, Mary was forced to cede the throne to her 1-year-old son, James VI 7 Near Modern Scotland The Battle of Culloden marked the defeat of the Jacobite rebellion In 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I of England to become King James I of England Except for a brief period of protection, Scotland was an independent country There is considerable dispute between the royal family and Presbyterian members over the institution of the church After the Glorious Revolution when William and Mary (the Protestant) overthrew James VII (who supported Roman Catholicism), Scotland threatened to honor a Protestant monarch from England [4] However, in 1707, after Britain threatened to end trade and prohibit cross-border travel, the Scottish Parliament and the British Parliament enacted two identical laws called the United Act to unify the two kingdoms New UK Those claiming the right to inherit the ousted throne of Jacobite Stuart remain influential in the highlands and northeast, especially among Presbyterians The two main Jacobite rebellions originated from the Scottish Highlands in 1715 and 1745 The following rebellion was led by Bonnie, prince Charlie It culminated in the defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden on April 16th, 1746 During the Scottish enlightenment and the technological revolution, Scotland became one of Europe's centers of technology, intelligence and trade After World War II, Scotland experienced a period of technological lag Modern Scotland Scotland played a large role in the British effort during World War I Scotland specifically offers manpower, boats, machinery, fish and money With a population of 4.8 million in 1911, Scotland sent more than half a million men to war, a quarter of whom died on the battlefield or due to illness, and 150,000 seriously injured Army Marshal Douglas Haig was the commander of Great Britain on the Western Front During the war, a radical movement called “Red Clydeside” emerged, led by union soldiers The industrial zones in Scotland were originally a Liberal stronghold, but in 1922 they turned to favor the Labor Party, since the Labor Party had a background in the working class of Irish Catholic Women are especially active in building neighborhood solidarity in housing issues However, “Red Clydeside” operated within the framework of the Labor Party and had little influence in Congress and turned to desperate passivity in the late 1920s 8 The shipbuilding industry expanded by a third and was intended to restore prosperity, but it seriously declined in 1922 and did not fully recover until 1939 The period between the two world wars was marked by a period of stagnation economy in rural and urban areas, with a high unemployment rate Instead, the war caused profound social, cultural, economic and political upheaval Scotland suffers from poor performance, many key social indicators such as poor health, poor housing, and prolonged mass unemployment that indicate a socioeconomic stagnation or even decline Serving abroad in the name of the empire no longer appeals to the aspirations of young people, on the contrary they leave Scotland forever Scotland is heavily dependent on old heavy industry and mining is a central problem, and no one is proposing viable solutions Despair is reacted through what Finlay (1994) describes as a universal sense of despair that prepares the thought of local business and political leaders to adopt the new orthodoxy of economic planning government focus during World War II World War II helped restore prosperity, although Scotland was bombed by the German Air Force on a large scale in many cities During the war, the radar invented by Robert Watson-Watt was of immense value in the British Air War After 1945, Scotland's economic situation gradually worsened due to global competition, ineffective industry and industrial disputes Only in recent decades has Scotland enjoyed some sort of cultural and economic renaissance Economic factors contributing to this renaissance include the resurgence of the financial services industry, electronics manufacturing, and the North Sea oil and gas industry In 1989, Margaret Thatcher's government imposed "public responsibility" (also known as lump sum) in Scotland a year before it applied to the rest of Great Britain, contributing to a growing movement of clothing regained control of Scotland's direct interior After a referendum on the proposed decentralization in 1997, the 1998 Scotland Act was passed by the British Parliament to establish a Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government is decentralized, with responsibility for most Law specific to Scotland In September 2014, a majority of Scottish voters rejected the proposal of independence for Scotland in a referendum II POLITICS As one of the co-founders of the United Kingdom, the head of state of Scotland is the King of England, currently Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) According to the constitution, the United Kingdom is a unified state with sovereignty, government and parliament Under a decentralization (or autonomous) scheme adopted after the 1997 referendums on decentralization in Scotland and Wales, most of the co-founders in the United Kingdom were given autonomy limited, except for England The British Parliament in Westminster retains the power to amend, modify, extend, or dissolve systems of selfgovernment when deemed necessary For that reason, the Scottish parliament is the parliament without sovereignty However, the Parliament of the United Kingdom will not unilaterally dissolve a parliament or autonomous government without consulting the people through a referendum in the member state of the union Scotland has limited autonomy within Great Britain, as well as representation in the Parliament of Great Britain Executive and legislative powers have been delegated to the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament located in the Holyrood district of Edinburgh since 1999 The British Parliament maintains control over reservations under the 1998 Scottish Act, including UK taxes, social security, defense, international relations and broadcasting The Scottish parliament has legislative powers over all other fields relating to Scotland Initially, they had limited power in volatile income taxes, but their tax powers and social security were significantly expanded by laws in 2012 and 2016 The Scottish Parliament may pass legislation on decentralized matters to the Parliament of Great Britain by passing a proposal of legal endorsement if the British legislature is found to be more appropriate a certain problem The legislative platforms enacted by the Scottish Parliament are different from public service delivery from the rest of Great Britain For example, higher education and aged care are free at point of use within Scotland, while fees are charged at the rest of the UK Scotland is the first UK country to ban smoking in closed public places The Scottish Parliament has a house with 129 members: 93 people represent individual constituencies and are elected under a simple majority system; 56 people are elected in eight other electoral districts under a mixed membership representation system Parliamentarians serve a four-year term (5 years during 2011–16) The Parliament nominated a member to be appointed by the monarchy as First Minister Other ministers are appointed by the First Minister and serve at his discretion They form the Scottish Government, which is the executive branch of a decentralized government The first minister heads the government, accountable to the Scottish Parliament The Scottish 10 Government also has First Deputy Minister, who represents the First Minister in the absence of the First Minister The Scottish Government Cabinet consists of nine cabinet secretaries, 12 other ministers who work with cabinet secretaries in their assigned fields In the 2016 election, the Scottish National Party (SNP) won 63 out of the 129 seats The leader of SNP, Nicola Sturgeon, has been the first minister since 2014 Scotland has 59 representatives in the British House of Representatives, they represent the constituencies on the territory of Scotland In the 2017 election, the Scottish National Party won 35 of the 59 seats However, the SNP's results were much worse than the 56 seats they won in the 2015 general election Conservatives, Labor and Liberal Democrats also have representatives from Scotland in the UK House of Representatives The Scottish office represents the British Government in Scotland in reservation matters and represents Scotland's interests within the British Government The head of the Scottish Office is a minister, part of the British Cabinet Picture Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon receives British Prime Minister Theresa May (Source: Internet) III ECONOMY Scotland has an open, Western mixed economy, closely linked with the rest of Great Britain and the world In the past, the Scottish economy was dominated by heavy industry underpinned by the shipbuilding industry in Glasgow, coal mining and iron and steel mining The North Sea oil-related industry has also been a labor-intensive sector since the 1970s, especially in Scotland's northeast 11 In February 2012, the Center for Economic and Business Research concluded that "Scotland does not receive net subsidies" from the UK, as the average large tax rate in Scotland equals large spending Some figures for the period 2012–13 show that Scotland generated 9.1% (£ 53.1 billion, including North Sea oil) in UK tax revenues and received 9.3% (£ 65.2 billion) spending Scotland's public expenditure gap in the period 2012–13 was £ 12 billion, an increase of £ 3.5 billion; During the same period the UK deficit fell by 2.6 billion pounds Over the past three decades, Scotland contributed a relative budget surplus of about £ 20 billion to the UK economy In the last quarter of 2016, Scotland's economy receded by 0.2%; while the whole of the UK grew by 0.7% By September 2015, the Scottish unemployment rate was 5.9%, higher than the UK-wide rate of 5.5%, while the Scottish employment rate was 74.0%, higher than the 73.5 rate % of the UK The deindustrialization in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in a transition from a production-focused to a more service-oriented economy Edinburgh is Scotland's financial services center, with many major financial firms located here such as Lloyds Banking Group (owner of HBOS); State Bank of Scotland and Standard Life Edinburgh was ranked 15th on the list of world financial centers in 2007, but down 37th in 2012, damaging its reputation and in 2016 it ranked 56/86 In 2014, Scotland's total exports (excluding UK domestic trade) were estimated at £ 27.5 billion Scotland's main exports include whiskey, electronics and financial services [215] The United States, the Netherlands, Germany, France and Norway are Scotland's main export markets Scotland's GDP, including oil and gas produced in Scottish waters, is estimated at £ 150 billion in 2012 Scotland will hold 95% of the UK's oil and gas reserves if the sea delimitation is based on a mean from the border Anglo-Scottish, although Scotland's population is only 9% of the whole of Great Britain Scotland's nominal GDP is estimated at £ 152 billion in 2015 In 2014, Scotland's average GDP was among the highest in the European Union Whiskey is one of Scotland's most well-known commodities Exports grew 87% in a decade to 2012 and reached a value of £ 4.3 billion in 2013, accounting for 85% of Scotland's exports of food and beverages This industry creates 10,000 direct jobs and 25,000 indirect jobs It can contribute £ 400–682 million to Scotland, instead of a few billion pounds, as more than 80% of the whiskey products are owned by companies outside of Scotland 12 Although the Bank of England is the central bank of England, there are three Scottish wire transfer banks that issue British pound banknotes: the Bank of Scotland; Royal Bank of Scotland; and the Clydesdale Bank Scottish banknotes in circulation in 2013 reached £ 3.8 billion; are guaranteed by the Bank of England using the deposit funds of each bank Picture A rig in the North Sea (Source: Internet) IV RELIGION More than half (54%) of Scotland's population are registered as Christians while nearly 37% are registered as non-religious according to a 2011 census Since the 1560 Scottish Revolution, the parliament (The Scottish Church) is classified as Protestant and according to Reformed theology Since 1689, there has been a Presbyterian system of ecclesiastical government, independent of the state The Church has 398,389 members, making up about 7.5% of the total population, but according to a 2014 study, 27.8% or 1.5 million Scots are believers, claiming the Scottish Church as their religion The Church operates a territorial parish structure, with each community in Scotland having a congregation Scotland also has a significant number of Roman Catholics, 19% of the population expresses this religion, especially in the west After the religious revolution, Roman Catholics in Scotland continued to exist in Highlands and some western islands such as Uist and Barra, and they were strengthened in the nineteenth century by immigration from Ireland Other Catholic denominations in Scotland include the Free Church of Scotland and other Protestant branches Scotland's third largest Church is the Scottish Episcopal Church Islam is the largest non-Christian religion in Scotland (estimated to have about 75,000 followers, accounting for 1.4% of the population) In addition, Scotland has significant communities of Judaism, Hindus, Sikhs education, 13 especially in Glasgow Samyé Ling Tibetan Buddhist Monastery near Eskdalemuir was the first Buddhist institution in Western Europe V HEALTH Healthcare in Scotland is mainly provided by the Scottish NHS, this is the public health system of Scotland The system took shape in 1948 with the start of the NHS in England and Wales However, before 1948, half of Scotland had a state-funded health system provided by the Highlands and Islands Health Service Health policy and funding are the responsibility of the Department of Health of the Government of Scotland In 2008, NHS Scotland had about 158,000 employees, including more than 47,500 nurses, midwives and medical inspectors and more than 3,800 specialists In addition, there are over 12,000 doctors, family physicians and affiliated medical specialists such as dentists, ophthalmologists and community pharmacists, who operate as independent contractors providing many services service in the NHS to receive fees and benefits These amounts were phased out in May 2010, and the prescriptions were completely free, but dentists and ophthalmologists could charge a fee if a patient's household income was above a certain level, around 30,000 table per year VI EDUCATION The Scottish education system is different from the rest of Great Britain “Curriculum for Strengths” sets out the curriculum for young people from to 18 years old All three and four-year olds in Scotland enroll in one kindergarten free of charge Primary education officially begins at about years of age and lasts for years (P1 - P7); children in Scotland study for high school diploma from the age of 14 to 16 years It was removed and replaced with a national curriculum certification for its forte The age of leaving school is 16, after which students can choose to stay in school and study for the Access, Intermediate or Higher Grade and Advanced Higher certificates A small number of students in private and independent schools can study under the British system and obtain GCSE and grade A certificates with AS Scotland has 15 universities, some of them among the oldest universities in the world These include the University of St Andrews, University of Glasgow, the University of Aberdeen and the University of Edinburgh - many of the best in the UK As a proportion of its population, Scotland had the most 14 universities in the top 100 of the QS World University Rankings in 2012 Scotland produced 1% of the world's published research, even though it was less than 0.1 % of the world's population, and higher education institutions account for 9% of Scotland's service sector exports Tuition fees are administered by the Scottish Student Awards Agency (SAAS), which does not charge someone who is identified as a “young student” A young student is defined as a person under 25 years of age, childless, unmarried or civil partner, and not exceeding years after the period of intensive education The remaining subjects pay tuition fees, usually between £ 1,200 and £ 1,800 for undergraduate courses Postgraduate tuition can be up to £ 3,400 Scotland has 43 colleges, which award national certificates, higher national certificates, and national diplomas In 2014, a study by the UK's National Bureau of Statistics showed that Scotland is the most highly educated country in Europe, and among the world's most educated countries in terms of level of education University, with about 40% of Scots aged 16-64 are educated to NVQ level and higher Based on original data from the EU statistical regions, all four regions of Scotland rank significantly higher than the European average for higher education completion for those aged 25-64 Picture The University of Edinburgh was founded in 1582, is the sixth oldest university in the world (taught in English) and one of Scotland's oldest universities (Source: Internet) VII CULTURE Over the centuries, a diverse mix of traditions has shaped Scottish culture Some traditional Scottish sports are unique to the British Isles and coexist with more popular sports such as football and Rugby The Scottish musical scene is a prominent aspect of Scottish culture, influenced by both tradition and modernity An example of a traditional Scottish 15 musical instrument is the Great Highland Bagpipe, a trumpet with one or more music tubes connected to an airbag Clàrsach, fiddle and accordion are also traditional Scottish musical instruments, the latter two commonly played in Scottish folk dance bands Scottish immigrants bring traditional Scottish music with them, influencing their original local music, such as country music in North America Today there are many successful Scottish bands and a wide variety of performers Scottish literature includes books written in English, Gaelic, Scottish, French, Latin Poet-songwriter Robert Burns wrote poetry and compositions in Scottish though he also wrote a lot in English Walter Scott and Arthur Conan Doyle were two successful and world-famous writers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries J M Barrie introduces the movement known as the late 19th century “kailyard tradition” that combines two elements fantasy (abstract) and folklore (folk) back to the style Some modern novelists like Irvine Welsh write in a specific Scottish language to reflect the harsh realities of contemporary life VIII SPORTS Soccer is still the most popular sport in Scotland From when the whistle referee started the international ball game since the mega took place, Gitra Scotland and England 1872, there was always a healthy competition between the two nations In addition, the fans were also extremely enthusiastic about the team that claimed they liked excited The rallies took place regularly between the fans and many Pubs in Scotland had to use a non-sport wrap policy, to stop people from different teams recruited each other Ranked No on the level of love certainly must mention rugby There are interesting things in common that Gitra ball and ball Tieuc is that box all has first game The first country took place in Scotland in 1871 and the players were exchanged with England Scottish rugby team plays in the Six Nations Championship every year and has completed in every football tournament in the world The Scottish team is currently ranked try out of the top 25 IRB World Rankings and have both won straight at Grand Slam In addition, Scotland is the birthplace of golf, the sport of the elite drag Certainly, no place in the world could be more rational than playing one the golf game on the very land from which it was born In Scotland, golf is for all All grades, all ages and of course you don’t need a rich or lurk to get them can play golf Scotland is also home to famous men like Sandy Lyle or Colin Montgomerie 16 IX CUISINE Scottish food is deeply influenced by belt-driven class distinctions for centuries The meat is reserved for wealthy families while tasting The lower class can usually eat only secondary products from the same animals there More specifically, the traditional Scottish beers enjoy a variety of tubers, carpentry, tortillas, repair products and animal offal Traditionally, it would be cooked in the stomach, but now it is replacing with sausage shell Mostly made from oatmeal, textured haggis seasoning, crumbs are combined with the spicy, rustic taste of salt and herbs carpentry This will a perfect experience for anyone with the chance wedge try Scotland is also famous for its Scotch whiskey, a valuable commodity the largest annual performance Traditionally, Scotch is made from rice, but they can be replaced by barley or rye After the delay in terms of kidney balance, the wood will be incubated in a boiling pot that I burn for three years and more than 20 years double with premium products before being enjoyed Because this is a commodity Scotland’s leading export should be the Government issued these laws and regulations specifically on the manufacturing process and quality whiskey Scotch Picture Haggis is the most famous dish in Scotland (Source: Internet) X LANGUAGE English is recognized as the primary language in Scotland since the 18 th century However, there are many accents that also resemble other dialects They are used throughout Scotland The main reason is many Gaelic words, language Old Celtic language, still widely used It is said to be stupid from Ireland and was introduced into Scotland around the 10th century Currently this language is still used by some people of the plateau (Highlands) and the Scottish Islands 17 (Island) but are inclined to decimate because the generation rarely the Gaelic in corporate conversations day While Gaelic is the main language of the highlands and islands Scotland, the lowlands of Scotland (Lowland) use Scots, its own language Scottish people Scots language style is much closer to it than it should be City and debate have raged for years about whether that is language or just a method At the beginning of the 15th century, hour the British used in Scotland has become so different that the mc is the considered as one brand new language Hence, the term ‘Scottish’ has been used to describe the language the locality of the Scottish Plain, the very thing that separates it from the original is English language The UK government currently accepts Scots as a regional and linguistic language Recognition according to the European Show of local language or ethnicity number of people XI FASHION Picture Men wearing a plaid skirt (kilt) is an iconic image of Scotland (Source: Internet) These famous dresses are the traditional clothing of Scottish men (like the Ao dai of Vietnamese women) To cope with Scotland's year-round cold climates, these dresses are made from thick wool with a very good ability to retain heat The first “kilt” dress was first known in 1583 and gradually became the main costume of the Scottish highland soldiers According to the original, the original kilt dress had a long flap and crossed the shoulders and was called “great kilt” After nearly 200 years, the dress has been simplified and retains only the bottom of the skirt, called “small kilt” or “walking kilt”, like today's “kilt” “Kilt” has a grid pattern, but the colors and motifs inside will vary depending on the family In addition, a complete outfit in addition to the skirt also includes a variety of accessories such as leather belts, half-necked shirts, ties, coats, leather hips, 18 daggers half filled with socks, claymore swords, leather shoes cost up to thousands of pounds In addition, “Kilt” dresses are only worn on special occasions such as weddings, festivals or parades, etc So, to minimize costs, "Kilt" dress rental services have become very popular at Scotland XII MUSIC Picture Bagpipe (Source: Internet) One of the most popular and particularly famous musical instruments is the bagpipe Some historians believe that the bagpipes originated in ancient Egypt and were brought to Scotland after the invasion of the Roman Legion Others believe it originated in southern Europe Whatever its origin, it is undeniable that it is now part of Scottish culture and is used in many celebrations, funerals to national holidays Bagpipes include a steam pipe, an air bag, a chanter and a drone Air bags are used to keep the player's breath blowing in and will also push the air out of the Chanter to create a sound Air bags are made mainly of animal skins such as sheep, dogs, cows, and goats and are fastened together so that air will not leak out of the bag Next is the chanter that looks like a flute, covering the holes with his hands and thereby creating the corresponding music notes Finally, the drone These are steam tubes that can be used to create creeping effects or create a chord sequence XIII ARCHITECTURE Scottish castles always bring special feelings to anyone who has a chance to visit The majestic and magnificent beauty is certainly extremely attractive, 19 but besides that, these castles also carry the breath of time and the lonely look inherent when medieval fortresses have isolated locations on a mountain or in a forest In addition to being built as defensive mechanisms, the castle was also built as a residence for Scottish Royal families such as Robert the Bruce to Mary, the Queen of Scots that lived for centuries Scottish castles have been destroyed and rebuilt many times by the brutal battles between the Scottish clans and the invading British army Each castle has its own history as well as its own stories to tell Perhaps the most famous (and most visited) castle in Scotland is Edinburgh Castle, located in the heart of the capital Perched atop Castle Rock, this fort offers a powerful presence in the sky of Edinburgh The castle's complex consists of chapels, perforated walls, towers, prisons, and some of the oldest parts of the castle that have been in existence since the 12th century Radio marked each period of Scottish history Picture Edinburgh Castle is surrounded by beautiful green tops (Source: Internet) In addition to Edinburgh Castle, other castles such as Braemar, Balmoral, Craigievar, Crathes or Dunnottar Castle etc are extremely famous castles and attract hundreds of thousands of tourists each year 20 Picture 10 The Old Town of Edinburgh has many very well-preserved buildings since the Middle Ages and the Reformation (Source: Internet) ... world In the past, the Scottish economy was dominated by heavy industry underpinned by the shipbuilding industry in Glasgow, coal mining and iron and steel mining The North Sea oil-related industry... of Fortriu in 832 after a victory against the Northumbrians in Athens In 843 Cináed mac Ailpín (King Kenneth Macalpine) from Dál Riata, unified the kingdom of Scotland when he became king of the... located in the Holyrood district of Edinburgh since 1999 The British Parliament maintains control over reservations under the 1998 Scottish Act, including UK taxes, social security, defense, international