Luận văn thạc sĩ an attitudinal study of the novel “ the old man and the sea”by ernest hemingway

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRẦN THỊ HỒNG THẮM AN ATTITUDINAL STUDY OF THE NOVEL “THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA” BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY FIELD: English Linguistics CODE: 8220201 Supervisor: VÕ DUY ĐỨC, Ph.D e BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TRẦN THỊ HỒNG THẮM NGHIÊN CỨU THÁI ĐỘ TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT ÔNG GIÀ VÀ BIỂN CẢ CỦA NHÀ VĂN ERNEST HEMINGWAY Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS VÕ DUY ĐỨC e STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the substance of this thesis has not already been submitted for any degree and is not currently being submitted for any other degree or award I also declare that any help received in preparing this thesis, and all sources used, have been acknowledged in this thesis Binh Dinh, 2020 Trần Thị Hồng Thắm e ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am filled with deep gratitude and I aspire to acknowledge many individuals who have heartened me in various ways to arrive at this accomplishment today My M.A journey could not have been initiated without considerable encouragement and invaluable support from my supervisor, Dr Vo Duy Duc And without his timely enlightenment, my academic pathway could have been unfortunately interrupted I genuinely appreciate and learn a great deal from his professionalism, dedication, intellectuality and loving personality Besides, I would like to express my gratitude to all the lecturers of my master‟s course, who have enabled me to upgrade my skills and enrich my knowledge of linguistics for the past two years They all play a great part in nurturing my interest in linguistic research to further explore the allurement of both English language and my mother tongue, Vietnamese I am also indebted to the authors and experts whose works have been cited in the Literature Review of my study Last but absolutely not least, I need to extend thanks to my family, who have been my sources of motivation to conquer all the challenges and obstacles during the time of my study e ABSTRACT This paper presents a study on Attitudinal resources in the novel The Old Man and the Sea written by Enerst Hemingway The main objectives are to list, describe and classify attitudinal resources in the discourse and to reveal Ernest Hemingway‟ s attitude towards the characters in the novel The study was carried out through the use of quantitative, qualitative, analytic, synthetic, and descriptive approaches The data were gathered from the entire novel The study was based on Appraisal Theory of Martin and White (2005), which is considered as a new approach to evaluating languages The study registered the occurrence of all types of Attitudinal values, namely Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation Specifically, Judgment occupied the largest proportion, the second highest was Appreciation and Affect was found to occur at the lowest rate Besides, Ernest Hemingway tends to employ more positive Attitudinal values to show determination and strong ambition of human beings about the future The explicit resources were also preferable than the implicit ones, featuring a detailed description of each of human characteristics, nature, and fishing so that it evokes profound meanings about the great dream of the working man From the results, it is hopeful that the study may make some contributions to linguistic theory and help English learners use Attitudinal resources effectively e TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study 1.2 Aim and objectives 1.2.1 Aim of the study 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Structure of the thesis CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Appraisal theory 2.1.1 Engagement 2.1.2 Graduation 2.1.3 Attitude 10 2.2 Previous studies on Appraisal Theory and The Old Man and the Sea 27 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Research methods 33 3.2 Description of data 34 3.3 Data analysis 35 3.4 Research procedures 37 3.5 Reliability and validity of the study 38 e CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 39 4.1 Affect 41 4.1.1 In/Security 42 4.1.2 Dis/ Inclination 43 4.1.3 Un/Happiness 44 4.1.4 Dis/ Satisfaction 45 4.1.5 Authorial and Observed Affect 46 4.1.6 Positive and Negative Affect 48 4.1.7 Summary 49 4.2 Judgment 50 4.2.1 Sub-types of Judgment 50 4.2.2 Positive and Negative Judgment 54 4.2.3 Explicit and Implicit Judgment 56 4.2.4 Summary 58 4.3 Appreciation 58 4.3 Sub-types of Appreciation 58 4.3 Positive and Negative Appreciation 62 4.3.3 Explicit and Implicit Appreciation 64 4.3 Summary 66 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 67 5.1 Conclusions 67 5.2 Implications 70 5.3 Limitations 70 5.4 Suggestions for further research 71 REFERENCES 72 APPENDIX e LIST OF TABLES Number Title Page of table 2.1 The Monoglossic and the Heteroglossic 2.2 Grammatical realizations of Affect 13 2.3 The system of Affect 14 2.4 The system of Judgment 18 2.5 Types of Appreciation 23 2.6 Patterns of Attitude 26 4.1 4.2 4.3 Distribution of Sub-systems of Attitudinal Resources in 40 the data Distribution of Authorial and Observed Affect resources 46 Social Esteem and Social Sanction in “The Old Man 50 and the Sea” e LIST OF FIGURES Number Title Page of figures 2.1 Appraisal System 2.2 Judgment and Appreciation as institutionalised affect 11 2.3 Typology of Attitude subsystems 11 4.1 Attitudinal Resources of Affect from the data 41 4.2 Frequency of positive and negative items of Affect 48 4.3 Frequency of positive and negative items of Judgment 55 Attitudinal Resources of Explicit and Implicit Judgment 4.4 4.5 in the data 59 The overall distribution of Appreciation in the data Frequency 4.6 56 of Positive and negative items of 63 Appreciation Frequency of Explicit and Implicit Appreciation 4.7 64 resources e CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY Through time, literature has played a crucial part in human communication because people have used it to fulfill awareness, educational, and art functions and even exchange their viewpoints towards life American Literature has attracted worldwide attention because of its enormous influence Ernest Hemingway, whose works have attracted readers all over the world, is the most influential American writer in the 20th century His works have been translated into many languages and taught at schools The Nobel Laureate of 1954 in the field of Literature, Ernest Hemingway, has made significant contributions in the literary world through his diversified writings Among many great American writers, Hemingway is well-known for his objective and terse prose style Of all the novels Hemingway published in his life, The Old Man and the Sea, which is one of the best works of literature, typically reflects his unique writing style Mellouki and Berriha (2016) denote that the prominent feature in the work is the simplicity and naturalness of the words and expressions To make the writing more interesting, he used Iceberg Theory as a special style which is expressed more on the surface without revealing the theme, because the true meaning may not be obvious in the story Besides, numerous elements made The Old Man and the Sea a masterpiece and attracted the attention worldwide Applying Appraisal Theory developed by Martin and White ( 2005) to study written language is very popular in the field of discourse analysis It has been used as a popular framework for investigating how language is used to evaluate emotions, judge human behaviors and appreciate things or phenomena Attitude, along with Engagement and Graduation, forms the Appraisal e 74 [21] Nguyen Thi Ngan (2018) An Investigation into Attitude Resources in English and Vietnamese Love Song Lyrics Unpublished Master‟s Thesis Quy Nhon University [22] Nguyen Tiet Hanh (2015) A Contrastive Analysis of Attitudinal Values in Travel Advertisements in English and Vietnamese Unpublished Master‟s Thesis Quy Nhon University [23] Phan Thi Thanh Hoa (2017) An Attitudinal Meaning Analysis of Film Reviews Written in English and in Vietnamese - A Comparative Study Unplublished Master‟s Thesis Quy Nhon University [24] Tran Thi Thuy Tien (2017) A Study on the Attitudinal Resources in Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton's Speeches in the US Presidential Election 2016 Unpublished Master‟s Thesis Quy Nhon University [25] Vo Thi Ngoc Hien (2014) Attitude in Victory Speeches of Barack Obama and George Walker Bush Unpublished Master‟s Thesis Quy Nhon University [26] Ngo, T., & Unsworth, L (2015) Reworking the appraisal framework in ESL research: refining attitude resources Functional Linguistics, 2(1), 1–24 Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s40554-015-0013-x [27] Oteiza, T (2017) The Appraisal Framework and Discourse Analysis In T Bartlett & G O‟Grady (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Issue January, pp 457–472) Routledge [28] Schatz, B (2019) Lessons in Manliness from The Old man and the Sea Retrieved from https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/lessons-inmanliness-from-the-old-man-and-the-sea/ [29] Suyitno, N D (2006) Structural Analysis on The Old Man and the Sea, A novel by Ernest Hemingway SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY, SURAKARTA e 75 [30] Torres, J L I (2019) An Analysis of Figures of Speech Used in Various Works of Ernest Hemingway (Issue March 2019) Aklan Catholic College [31] Tran, T T T (2017) A Study on the Attitudinal Resources in Donald Trump‟s and Hillary Clinton‟s Speeches in the US Presidential Election 2016 M.A thesis, QUy Nhon university [32] Tran, V P (2019) Sự lựa chọn ngôn ngữ đánh giá tình cảm số truyện ngắn việt nam Ngôn Ngữ Đời Sống, 9(289), 38–40 [33] Triphathi, A (2016) The Old Man and the Sea: A Study of Interdependence of Human Relationship BEST: International Journal of Humanities, Arts, Medicine and Sciences (BEST: IJHAMS), 4(2), 183–186 [34] Vo, D D (2011) Style, Structure and Ideology in English and Vietnamese Business Hard News Reporting- A Comparative Study Doctoral Dissertation, University of Adelaide [35] Vo, D D (2017) Appraisal – An Approach to Discourse Analysis Tạp Chí Khoa Học Ngơn Ngữ Văn Hóa, 1(1), 13–24 [36] Vo, T K T (2017) An Attitudinal Study of Readers‟ Opinions in English and Vietnamese Newspapers Unpublished M.A thesis, QUy Nhon university [37] Vo, T T (2019) An Analysis of Language of Evaluation in the Film “Gone with the Wind” from the Perspective of Appraisal M.A thesis, Quy Nhon university [38] White, P R R (2015) An introductory tour through appraisal theory Retrieved from https://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/appraisaloutline e PL-1 APPENDIX SAMPLE TEXT ANALYSIS In the analysis, kinds of Attitudinal resources are noted in the boldface on the right The Attitudinal items are signaled under the following conventions: + : “positive attitude” - : “negative attitude” The excerpt at the end of the story tells the story of an old man Santiago chasing and catching a swordfish … The sun was rising for the third time since he had put to sea when the fish started [- Affect, insecurity, observed] to circle He could not [Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] see by the slant of the line that the fish was circling It was too early for that He just felt a faint slackening [Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] of the pressure of the line and be commenced to pull on it gently [Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] with his right hand It tightened [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit], as always, but just when he reached the point where it would break, line began to come in He slipped his shoulders and head from under the line and began to pull in line steadily and gently [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] He used both of his hands in a swinging motion and tried to the pulling as much as he could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] with his body and his[+ Judgment, Propriety, Explicit] legs His old legs and shoulders pivoted with the swinging of the pulling [- Apreciation, valuation, Implicit] "It is a very big circle [+ Appreciation, Composition] " he said "But he is circling." Then the line would not come in any more and he held it until he saw the drops jumping from it in the sun Then it started out and the old [Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man knelt down and let it go grudgingly back e PL-2 into the dark water "He is making the far part of his circle now," he said I must [+ Judgment, Propriety, Explicit] hold all I can [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] , he thought The strain will [+ Judgment, tenacity, Explicit] shorten his circle each time Perhaps in an hour I will [+ Judgment, tenacity, Explicit] see him Now I must [+ Judgment, Propriety, Explicit] convince him and then I must [+ Judgment, Propriety, Explicit] kill him But the fish kept on circling slowly [- Appreciation, Reaction] and the old [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man was wet with sweat and tired deep [- Appreciation, Composition] into his bones two hours later But the circles were much shorter [- Appreciation, Composition] now and from the way the line slanted he could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] tell the fish had risen steadily[+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] while he swam For an hour the old [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man had been seeing black spots before his eyes and the sweat salted his eyes and salted the cut over his eye and on his forehead He was not afraid [- Affect, security, observed] of the black spots They were normal [+ Judgment, normality, explicit] at the tension that he was pulling on the line Twice, though, he had felt faint and dizzy and that had worried [-Affect, unhappiness, observed] him "I could not [Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] fail myself and die on a fish like this," he said "Now that I have him coming so beautifully, [+Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] God help me endure I'll [+ Judgment, Tenacity] say a hundred Our Fathers and a hundred Hail Marys But I cannot say them now Consider them said, he thought I'll[+Judgment, Tenacity] say them later Just then he felt a sudden [+Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] banging and jerking on the line he held with his two hands It was sharp and hardfeeling and heavy [- Appreciation, Composition] He is hitting the wire e PL-3 leader with his spear, be thought That was bound to come He had to that It may make him jump though and I would rather he stayed circling now The jumps were necessary[+ Appreciation, Valuation] for him to take air But after that each one can [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] widen the opening of the hook wound and he can [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] throw the hook."Don't jump, fish," he said "Don't jump." The fish hit the wire several times more and each time he shook his head the old[- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man gave up a little line I must hold his pain where it is, he thought Mine does not matter I can [+Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] control mine But his pain could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] drive him mad After a while the fish stopped beating at the wire and started [- Affect, insecurity, observed] circling slowly [- Appreciation, Reaction] again The old[- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man was gaining line steadily [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit]now But he felt faint again He lifted some sea water with his left hand and put it on his head Then he put more on and rubbed the back of his neck "I have no cramps," he said "He'll [+Judgment, Tenacity] be up soon and I can [+ Judgment, capacity]last You have to last Don't even speak of it." He kneeled against the bow and, for a moment, slipped the line over his back again I'll[+Judgment, Tenacity] rest now while he goes out on the circle and then stand up and work on him when he comes in, he decided It was a great [+ Appreciation, reaction] temptation to rest in the bow and let the fish make one circle by himself without recovering any line But when the strain showed the fish had turned to come toward the boat, the old man[- Judgment, Normality, Explicit] rose to his feet and started [- Affect, insecurity, observed] the pivoting and the weaving pulling that brought in all the line he gained I'm tireder than I have ever been, [- Affect, e PL-4 Unhappiness, Authorial] he thought, and now the trade wind is rising But that will [+ Judgment, tenacity] be good [+Judgment, propriety, explicit] to take him in with I need that badly [- Appreciation, Reaction] "I'll[+Judgment, Tenacity] rest on the next turn as he goes out," he said "I feel much better [+ Judgment, propriety, explicit] Then in two or three turns more I will [+ Judgment, tenacity] have him." His straw hat was far on the back of his head and he sank down into the bow with the pull of the line as he felt the fish turn You work now, fish, he thought I'll [+Judgment, Tenacity] take you at the turn.The sea had risen considerably But it was a fair-weather breeze and he had to have it to get home "I'll [+Judgment, Tenacity] just steer south and west," he said "A man is never lost at sea and it is a long [- Appreciation, Composition ] island." It was on the third turn that he saw the fish first He saw him first as a dark shadow that took so long [- Appreciation, Composition ] to pass under theboat that he could not [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] believe [+ Affect, security, observed] its length "No," he said "He can't [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] be that big." [+ Appreciation, Composition] But he was that big [+ Appreciation, Composition] and at the end of this circle he came to the surface only thirty yards away and the man saw his tail out of water It was higher than a big [+ Appreciation, Composition] scythe blade and a very pale lavender above the dark blue water It raked back and as the fish swam just below the surface, the old [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit]man could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] see his huge [+ [+ Appreciation, Composition ] bulk and the purple stripes that banded him His dorsal fin was down and his huge [+ Appreciation, Reaction] pectorals were e PL-5 spread wide On this circle the old [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] see the fish's eye and the two gray sucking fish that swain around him Sometimes they attached themselves to him Sometimes they darted off Sometimes they would swim easily [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] in his shadow They were each over three feet long and when they swam fast they lashed their whole bodies like eels [+ Appreciation, Composition, Implicit] The old man was sweating now but from something else besides the sun [- Judgment, Capacity, Implicit] On each calm placid turn the fish made he was gaining line and he was sure[+ Affect, security, observed] that in two turns more he would have a chance to get the harpoon in But I must [+ Judgment, Propriety, Explicit] get him close, close, close, he thought I mustn't try for the head I must[+ Judgment, Propriety, Explicit] get the heart "Be calm and strong [+ Judgment, Normality, Explicit], old man[Judgment, Normality, Explicit]," he said On the next circle the fish's beck was out but he was a little too far from the boat On the next circle he was still too far away but he was higher out of water and the old [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man was sure [+ Affect, Security, Observed] that by gaining some more line he could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] have him alongside He had rigged his harpoon long [- Appreciation, Composition ] before and its coil of light rope was in a round basket and the end was made fast [+Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] to the bitt in the bow The fish was coming in on his circle now calm and beautiful looking [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] And only his great [+ Appreciation, Valuation] tail moving The old [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man pulled e PL-6 on him all that he could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] to bring him closer For just a moment the fish turned a little on his side Then he straightened himself and began another circle."I moved him," the old [Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man said "I moved him then."He felt faint again now but he held on the great [+ Appreciation, Valuation, Explicit] fish all the strain that he could [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] I moved him, he thought Maybe this time I can [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] get him over Pull, hands, he thought Hold up, legs Last for me, head Last for me You never went This time I'll [+Judgment, Tenacity] pull him over But when he put all of his effort on, starting it well [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] out before the fish came alongside and pulling with all his strength, the fish pulled part way over and then righted himself and swam away "Fish," the old [- Judgment, Normality, Explicit] man said "Fish, you are going to have to die anyway Do you have to kill me too?" That way nothing is accomplished [- Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] he thought His mouth was too dry [-Appreciation, reaction, Explicit]to speak but he could not [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] reach for the water now I must [+ Judgment, Propriety, Explicit] get him alongside this time, he thought I am not good [-Judgment, propriety, explicit] for many more turns Yes you are [-Judgment, propriety, explicit], he told himself You're good [Judgment, propriety, explicit] for ever On the next turn, he nearly had him But again the fish righted himself and swam slowly away.[-Appreciation, Reaction] You are killing me, fish [-Affect, Dissatisfaction, oberved] the old [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man thought But you have a right to e PL-7 Never have I seen a greater or more beautiful, or a calmer or more noble thing than you, brother [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Implicit ] Come on and kill me I not care who kills who [+ Judgment, Tenacity, Implicit] Now you are getting confused [-Affect, unhappiness, observed] in the head, he thought You must keep your head dear Keep your head clear [+ Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] and know how to suffer like a man.[Judgment, Capacity, Implicit] Or a fish, he thought "Clear up, head," he said in a voice he could hardly hear [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] "Clear up." [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] Twice more it was the same on the turns I not know, the old[- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man thought He had been on the point of feeling himself go each time I not know But I will[+ Judgment, tenacity] try it once more He tried it once more and he felt himself going when he turned the fish.The fish righted himself and swam off again slowly [+Appreciation, Reaction] with the great[+ Appreciation, Valuation] tail weaving in the air I'll [+Judgment, Tenacity] try it again, the old [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] man promised, although his hands were mushy [+Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] now and he could only see well in flashes [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] He tried it again and it was the same So he thought, and he felt himself going before he started[- Affect, insecurity, observed].; I will [+ Judgment, tenacity] try it once again He took all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long[- Appreciation, Composition ] gone pride and he put it against the fish's agony and the fish came over onto his side and swam gently on his side, his bill almost touching the planking of the skiff and started [- Affect, insecurity, observed] to pass e PL-8 the boat, long, deep, wide, silver and barred with purple and interminable [- Appreciation, Composition ] in the water The old man dropped the line and put his foot on it and lifted the harpoon as high as he could [+Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] and drove it down with all his strength, and more strength he had just summoned [+Judgment, Capacity, Explicit], into the fish's side just behind the great [+ Appreciation, Valuation] chest fin that rose high in the air to the altitude of the man's chest He felt the iron go in and he leaned on it and drove it further and then pushed all his weight after it Then the fish came alive, with his death in him, and rose high out of the water showing all his great length and width and all his power and his beauty [+ Appreciation, Reaction] He seemed to hang in the air above the old man in the skiff.Then he fell into the water with a crash that sent spray over the old man and over all of the skiff The old man felt faint and sick [- Judgment, Capacity] and he could not [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] see well [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] But he cleared the harpoon line and let it run slowly [- Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] through his raw hands and, when he could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] see, he saw the fish was on his back with his silver belly up The shaft of the harpoon was projecting at an angle from the fish's shoulder and the sea was discolouring with the red of the blood from his heart First it was dark as a shoal in the blue water that was more than a mile deep [- Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] Then it spread like a cloud [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] The fish was silvery and still and floated with the waves [+ Appreaction, Reaction, Explicit] The old man looked carefully[+ Judgment, tenacity, explicit] in the glimpse of vision that he had Then he took two turns of the harpoon line around the bitt in the bow and hid his head on his hands e PL-9 "Keep my head dear," he said against the wood of the bow "I am a tired old man[- Affect, Unhappiness, Authorial] But I have killed this fish which is my brother and now I must the slave work."[+ Judgment, Propriety] Now I must [+ Judgment, Propriety, Explicit] prepare the nooses and the rope to lash him alongside, he thought Even if we were two and swamped her to load him and bailed her out, this skiff would never hold him I must [+ Judgment, Propriety, Explicit] prepare everything, then bring him in and lash him well [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] and step the mast and set sail for home He started [- Affect, insecurity, observed] to pull the fish in to have him alongside so that he could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] pass a line through his gills and out his mouth and make his head fast [+ Appreciation, Composition] alongside the bow I want [+Affect, inclination, authorial] to see him, he thought, and to touch and to feel him He is my fortune[+Judgment, Normality], he thought But that is not why I wish[+Affect, Inclination, Authorial] to feel him I think I felt his heart, he thought When I pushed on the harpoon shaft the second time Bring him in now and make him fast [+ Appreciation, Composition] and get the noose around his tail and another around his middle to bind him to the skiff "Get to work, old man[- Judgment, Normality, Explicit]," he said He took a very small [- Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] drink of the water "There is very much slave work to be done now that the fight is over." He looked up at the sky and then out to his fish He looked at the sun carefully [+ Judgment, tenacity, explicit] It is not much more than noon, he thought And the trade wind is rising The lines all mean nothing now.[- Appreciation, Valuation, Explicit] The boy and I will [+ Judgment, tenacity] splice them when we are home "Come on, fish," he said But the fish did not come e PL-10 Instead he lay there wallowing now in the seas and the old man[Judgment, Normality, Explicit] pulled the skiff upon to him When he was even with him and had the fish's head against the bow he could not [Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] believe [+Affect, security, observed] his size But he untied the harpoon rope from the bitt, passed it through the fish's gills and out his jaws, made a turn around his sword then passed the rope through the other gill, made another turn around the bill and knotted the double rope and made it fast [+ Appreciation, Composition] to the bitt in the bow He cut the rope then and went astern to noose the tail The fish had turned silver from his original [+Appreciation, Valuation] purple and silver, and the stripes showed the same pale violet colour as his tail They were wider than a man's hand with his fingers spread and the fish's eye looked as detached as the mirrors in a periscope or as a saint in a procession "It was the only way to kill him," the old [- Judgment, Normality, Explicit]man said He was feeling better [+ Judgment, propriety, explicit] since the water and he knew he would not[+ Judgment, tenacity, explicit] go away and his head was clear [+ Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] He's over fifteen hundred pounds the way he is, he thought, much more If he dresses out two-thirds of that at thirty cents a pound? "I need a pencil for that," he said "My head is not that clear [Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] But I think the great [+ Judgment, properiety, explicit] DiMaggio would be proud of [+ Affect, Satisfaction, observed] me today I had no bone spurs But the hands and the back hurt truly." I wonder [- Affect, Insecurity, Authorial] what a bone spur is, he thought Maybe we have them without knowing of it He made the fish fast [+ Judgment, Tenacity, Explicit] to bow and stern and to the middle thwart He e PL-11 was so big [+ Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] it was like lashing a much bigger skiff alongside He cut a piece of line and tied the fish's lower jaw against his bill so his mouth would not[- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] open and they would sail as cleanly as possible[+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] Then he stepped the mast and, with the stick that was his gaff and with his boom rigged, the patched sail drew, the boat began to move, and half lying in the stern he sailed south-west He did not need a compass [Appreciation, Valuation, Explicit] to tell him where southwest was He only needed the feel of the trade wind and the drawing of the sail [Appreciation, Valuation, Explicit] I had better [+ Judgment, propriety, explicit] put a small [-Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] line out with a spoon on it and try and get something to eat and drink for the moisture But he could not [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] find a spoon and his sardines were rotten So he hooked a patch of yellow Gulf weed with the gaff as they passed and shook it so that the small [- Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] shrimps that were in it fell onto the planking of the skiff There were more than a dozen of them and they jumped and kicked like sand fleas.[+Appreciation, Reaction, Implicit] The old man [- Judgment, Normality, Explicit] pinched their heads off with his thumb and forefinger and ate them chewing up the shells and the tails They were very tiny but he knew they were nourishing and they tasted good.[+ Appreciation, reaction, Explicit] The old man [Judgment, Normality, Explicit] still had two drinks of water in the bottle and he used half of one after he had eaten the shrimps The skiff was sailing well [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] considering the handicaps and he steered with the tiller under his arm He could [+ Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] see the fish and he had only to look at his hands and feel his back against the stern to know that this had truly happened and was not a dream [- Affect, e PL-12 disinclination, observed] At one time when he was feeling so badly [- Affect, Unhappiness, Observed] toward the end, he had thought perhaps it was a dream [+Affect, inclination, observed] Then when he had seen the fish come out of the water and hang motionless in the sky[+ Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] before he fell, he was sure[+ Affect, security, observed] there was some great strangeness [+ Appreciation, Valuation] and he could not [Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] believe [+ Affect, security, observed] it Then he could not [- Judgment, Capacity, Explicit] see well [- Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit], although now he saw as well as ever Now he knew there was the fish and his hands and back were no dream [- Affect, disinclination, observed] The hands cure quickly [+Appreciation, Composition] he thought I bled them clean and the salt water will [+ Judgment, tenacity] heal them The dark water of the true [+ Appreciation, Valuation] gulf is the greatest [+ Appreciation, Valuation] healer that there is All I must [+ Judgment, Capacity] is keep the head clear [+ Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] The hands have done their work and we sail well [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] With his mouth shut and his tail straight up and down we sail like brothers [+ Judgment, Normality] Then his head started [- Affect, insecurity, observed] to become a little unclear [- Appreciation, Composition, Explicit] and he thought, is he bringing me in or am I bringing him in? If I were towing him behind there would be no question Nor if the fish were in the skiff, with all dignity gone, [+ Judgment, Propriety] there would be no question either But they were sailing together [+ Affect, security, authorial] lashed side by side and the old [- Judgment, Normality, Explicit] man thought, let him bring me in if it pleases [+ Affect, Happiness, Observed] him I am only better [+ Judgment, propriety, explicit] than him through trickery and he meant me no harm e PL-13 They sailed well [+ Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit] and the old [Judgment, Normality, Explicit] man soaked his hands in the salt water and tried to keep his bead dear There were high cumulus clouds and enough cirrus above them so that the old man knew the breeze would last all night.[+ Appreciation, Composition, Implicit] The old [- Judgment, Normality, Explicit]man looked at the fish constantly [+ Judgment, Tenacity, Explicit] to make sure[+ Affect, security, observed] it was true [+ Appreciation, Valuation] It was an hour before the first shark hit him e ... actions of the Old Man and an end to which he is destined ―Free Will and Fate in The Old Man and The Sea The given title is an attempt to evaluate the main viewpoints of the text This is an elaborate... famous for novels like ? ?The Sun also Rises”, “A Farwell to Arms”, “For whom the Bell Tolls” and ? ?The Old Man and the Sea” The studies of Hemingway? ??s literary works, like that of other areas of discourse... dramatized Hemingway presents the old man, the boy, and the sea at the beginning of the novel and allows the story to unfold itself Besides, ALi and Qadir (2009) carried out a study of the heroic