4 February 2005 Vol. 307 No. 5710 Pages 629–796 $10 4 February 2005 Vol. 307 No. 5710 Pages 629–796 $10 Need More Information? Give Us A Call: Stratagene USA and Canada Order: (800) 424-5444 x3 Technical Services: (800) 894-1304 Stratagene Japan K.K. Order: 03-5159-2060 Technical Services: 03-5159-2070 Purchase of these products is accompanied by a license to use them in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process in conjunction with a thermal cycler whose use in the automated performance of the PCR process is covered by the up-front license fee, either by payment to Applied Biosystems or as purchased, i.e., an authorized thermal cycler. Use of labeling reagents may require licenses from entities other than Stratagene. SYBR is a registered trademark of Molecular Probes. Taqman is a registered trademark of Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. #/2.+(+%#6+10 %' $+1.1); %.10+0) /+%41#44#;5 07%.'+%#%+& #0#.;5+5 2416'+0(70%6+10 #0#.;5+5 37#06+6#6+8' 2%4 51(69#4' 51.76+105 Ask Us About These Great Products: YYYUVTCVCIGPGEQO Stratagene Europe Order: 00800-7000-7000 Technical Services: 00800-7400-7400 *U.S. Patent Nos. 6,528,254, 6,548,250, and patents pending. FullVelocity ™ QPCR Master Mix* 600561 FullVelocity ™ QRT-PCR Master Mix* 600562 FullVelocity ™ SYBR ® Green QPCR Master Mix 600581 FullVelocity ™ SYBR ® Green QRT-PCR Master Mix 600582 Our FullVelocity ™ master mixes use a novel enzyme species to deliver real-time results faster than conventional reagents. With a simple change to the thermal profile on your existing real-time PCR system, the FullVelocity technology provides you high-speed amplification without requiring any special equipment or re-optimization. • Fast, economical results • Efficient, specific and sensitive • Probe and SYBR ® Green chemistries Finish first with a superior species. 50% faster real-time results with FullVelocity ™ QPCR Kits! Superior Performance vs. Taq -Based Reagents FullVelocity ™ Taq -Based Reagent Kits Reagent Kits Enzyme species High-speed Thermus archaeal Fast time to results Enzyme thermostability dUTP incorporation SYBR ® Green tolerance Price per reaction $$$ Biotrak immunoassays – the fast track to disease understanding Part of GE Healthcare Cancer, heart disease, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, liver disease, kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease and bowel cancer, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and wound healing. All covered. Biotrak ™ Assays from GE Healthcare are the widest available range of fully validated immunoassay kits. They give you the power to track key processes for many disease states, and assure fast, reproducible results you can rely on. To meet your needs even better, we are expanding the range; the latest Biotrak innovations include new easy-to-use ELISA kits for cancer research. These deliver significant time savings thanks to a protocol with few steps, while maintaining high sensitivity. Discover how Biotrak can power your disease research. And be sure to check back regularly for the latest developments. Visit www.amershambiosciences.com/biotrak © 2004 General Electric Company - All rights reserved. Amersham Biosciences UK Ltd, a General Electric company, going to market as GE Healthcare. GE01-05 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 4 FEBRUARY 2005 633 DEPARTMENTS 639 SCIENCE ONLINE 641 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 645 EDITORIAL by Patrick Bateson Desirable Scientific Conduct 646 EDITORS’CHOICE 650 CONTACT SCIENCE 651 NETWATCH 745 NEW PRODUCTS 746 GORDON RESEARCH CONFERENCES 770 SCIENCE CAREERS NEWS OF THE WEEK 652 BIOMEDICINE Move Provokes Bruising Fight Over U.K. Biomedical Institute 653 S PACE SCIENCE NASA Probe to Examine Edge of Solar System 653 AIDS TREATMENT A Step Toward Cheaper Anti-HIV Therapy 655 QUANTUM COMPUTING Safer Coin Tosses Point to Better Way for Enemies to Swap Messages 655 S CIENCESCOPE 656 MICROBIOLOGY Immortality Dies As Bacteria Show Their Age 656 U.K. UNIVERSITIES Cash-Short Schools Aim to Raise Fees, Recruit Foreign Students 657 S OUTH ASIA TSUNAMI Powerful Tsunami’s Impact on Coral Reefs Was Hit and Miss 659 T AIWAN University Spending Plan Triggers Heated Debate 659 U NITED KINGDOM Proposed Law Targets Animal-Rights Activists NEWS FOCUS 660 CELL BIOLOGY Asia Jockeys for Stem Cell Lead U.S. States Offer Asia Stiff Competition Asian Countries Permit Research, With Safeguards 665 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY The Unexpected Brains Behind Blood Vessel Growth 668 U.K. U NIVERSITIES ‘Darwinian’ Funding and the Demise of Physics and Chemistry 670 RANDOM SAMPLES LETTERS 673 Evolution Versus Invention D.Premack and A. Premack. Elephants, Ecology, and Nonequilibrium? C. Hambler et al.;A.W. Illius.Response L.Gillson et al. National Environmental Policy Act at 35 D. A. Bronstein et al. BOOKS ET AL. 676 EVOLUTION The Ancestor’s Tale A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life; The Ancestor’s Tale A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution R. Dawkins, reviewed by C. F. Delwiche 677 EVOLUTION Assembling the Tree of Life J. Cracraft and M. J. Donoghue, Eds., reviewed by S. J. Steppan 678 Browsings ESSAY 679 GLOBAL VOICES OF SCIENCE It Takes a Village: Medical Research and Ethics in Mali O. K. Doumbo PERSPECTIVES 682 OCEAN SCIENCE The Ocean’s Seismic Hum S. Kedar and F. H. Webb 683 GENETICS A Century of Corn Selection W. G. Hill 684 ECOLOGY Untangling an Entangled Bank D. Storch, P. A. Marquet, K. J. Gaston 686 ASTRONOMY At the Heart of the Milky Way T. J. W. Lazio and T. N. LaRosa 687 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION Signaling Specificity in Yeast E. A. Elion, M. Qi,W. Chen Contents continued COVER Meandering, rain-swollen wadis combine to form branching networks across the arid landscape of southeastern Jordan. This false-color scene was acquired in May 2001 by the ASTER instrument onboard NASA’s Terra satellite. The Gordon Research Conference on Visualization in Science and Education will be held 3 to 8 July 2005 at Queen’s College, Oxford, UK. The schedules for the 2005 Gordon Research Conferences begin on page 746. [Image: NASA and USGS] 676 679 Volume 307 4 February 2005 Number 5710 660 Success in quantitative, real-time, multiplex PCR at the first attempt! Get accurate results in quantitative, real-time, multiplex PCR of cDNA and genomic DNA targets without optimizing reaction and cycling conditions! Using the QuantiTect ® Multiplex PCR Kit (with ROX dye) or the new QuantiTect Multiplex PCR NoROX Kit (without ROX dye), you canperform sensitive 2plex, 3plex,or 4plex PCR on appropriate real-time cycle rs. Benefits of QuantiTect Multiplex PCR Kits: ■ Nooptimization required — reagents and protocols arepre-optimized ■ High sensitivity —detection of as few as 10 copies of each target sequence ■ Reliable quantification — target and reference gene s are quantified in the same well or tube ■ Easy handling — ready-to-usemaster mix for use with a wide range of real-time cyclers Trademarks: QIAGEN ® , QuantiTect ® (QIAGEN Group). PurchaseofQIAGEN products for PCR containing HotStarTa q DNA Polymeraseis accompanied by a limited license to use them in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)process for research and development activities in conjunction with a thermal cycler whose usein the automated performanceof the PCR process is covered by the up-front license fee, either by payment to Applied Biosystems or as purchased, i.e. an authorized thermal cycler. The PCR process is covered by U.S. Patents 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 and foreign equivalents owned by Hoffmann-La Roche AG. The 5' nucleaseprocess is covered by patents owned by Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Patents of thirdparties in certain countries m ay cover the process of multiplex PCR or of certain applications. GEXQTM1104S1WW 11/2004© 2004 QIAGEN, all rights reserved. Integrated Solutions — Gene Expression Analysis Real-time, multiplex PCR can be so simple —hit all targets in one tube! WWW. QIAGEN. COM Visit www.qiagen.com/goto/qmpcr for simple real-time multiplex PCR! Up to 4plex PCR Detection of t(8;14) translocation sequenceinduplex PCR using the QuantiTect Multiplex PCR Kit Detection of CSBG sequencein triplex PCR using the QuantiTect Multiplex PCR NoROX Kit www.sciencedigital.org/subscribe For just US$130, you can join AAAS TODAY and start receiving Science Digital Edition immediately! www.sciencedigital.org/subscribe For just US$130, you can join AAAS TODAY and start receiving Science Digital Edition immediately! www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 4 FEBRUARY 2005 635 S CIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org CHEMISTRY: Laser-Initiated Shuttling of a Water Molecule Between H-Bonding Sites J. R. Clarkson, E. Baquero,V. A. Shubert, E. M. Myshakin, K. D. Jordan, T. S. Zwier Light energy is used to move a single water molecule between two different binding sites on a single solute molecule, allowing detailed measurement of the binding energies. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: RNA Polymerase IV Directs Silencing of Endogenous DNA A. J. Herr, M. B. Jensen, T. Dalmay, D. C. Baulcombe A newly described polymerase found only in plants is required for small RNAs to silence transgenes and a retroelement in Arabidopsis. CELL BIOLOGY: Chaperone Activity of Protein O-Fucosyltransferase 1 Promotes Notch Receptor Folding T. Okajima, A. Xu, L. Lei, K. D. Irvine An enzyme thought to add glucose groups to a key receptor protein as it travels to the membrane unexpectedly also acts as a chaperone to ensure correct folding of the receptor. NEUROSCIENCE: Insect Sex-Pheromone Signals Mediated by Specific Combinations of Olfactory Receptors T. Nakagawa,T. Sakurai, T. Nishioka, K. Touhara Receptors for insect pheromones rely on coexpression of an olfactory receptor for proper membrane insertion and for pheromone-triggered current flow. TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS 675 PHYSIOLOGY Comment on “Long-Lived Drosophila with Overexpressed dFOXO in Adult Fat Body” M. Tatar full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/307/5710/675a Response to Comment on “Long-Lived Drosophila with Overexpressed dFOXO in Adult Fat Body” M. E. Giannakou, M. Goss, M.A. Jünger, E. Hafen, S. J. Leevers, L. Partridge full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/307/5710/675b BREVIA 689 MICROBIOLOGY: Simple Foraminifera Flourish at the Ocean’s Deepest Point Y. Todo, H. Kitazato, J. Hashimoto, A. J. Gooday Newly described species of tubular and round protists that thrive at depths of 10 kilometers in Pacific trenches lack calcified walls and resemble early evolutionary forms. RESEARCH ARTICLES 690 STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY: Crystal Structure of a Complex Between the Catalytic and Regulatory (RIα) Subunits of PKA C. Kim, N H. Xuong, S. S.Taylor The structure of protein kinase C shows that cyclic AMP activates the enzyme by substituting for two amino acids of the catalytic subunit and displacing the inhibitory subunit. 696 PLANETARY SCIENCE: Saturn’s Temperature Field from High-Resolution Middle-Infrared Imaging G. S. Orton and P. A.Yanamandra-Fisher High atmospheric temperatures near Saturn’s south pole, imaged from the Keck I Telescope, probably reflect the 15-year summer in the southern hemisphere. REPORTS 698 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Rapid Formation of Sulfuric Acid Particles at Near-Atmospheric Conditions T. Berndt, O. Böge, F. Stratmann, J. Heintzenberg, M. Kulmala Experiments show that sulfuric acid and water can react without ammonia to form new particles at a rate high enough to explain their natural atmospheric abundance. 701 MATERIALS SCIENCE: Dislocations in Complex Materials M. F. Chisholm, S. Kumar, P. Hazzledine High-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirms that many common materials deform in a complex manner by propagation of partial dislocations along two or more planes. 703 CHEMISTRY: End States in One-Dimensional Atom Chains J. N. Crain and D. T. Pierce Atoms at the ends of a single-atom-wide gold chain on a silicon surface have distinctive electronic states that favorably lower energy levels within the chains. 701 Contents continued 696 . GE01-05 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 4 FEBRUARY 2005 633 DEPARTMENTS 639 SCIENCE ONLINE 641 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 645 EDITORIAL by Patrick Bateson Desirable Scientific Conduct 646 EDITORS’CHOICE 650 CONTACT SCIENCE 651. can join AAAS TODAY and start receiving Science Digital Edition immediately! www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 4 FEBRUARY 2005 635 S CIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org CHEMISTRY: Laser-Initiated. representative or visit us on the Web at discover.bio-rad.com 639 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 4 FEBRUARY 2005 sciencenow www.sciencenow.org DAILY NEWS COVERAGE The Dream Difference Socially