Tạp chí khoa học số 2005-04-01

1 April 2005 Vol. 308 No. 5718 Pages 1 –148 $10 1 April 2005 Vol. 308 No. 5718 Pages 1 –148 $10 TLFeBOOK TLFeBOOK Need More Information? Give Us A Call: #/2.+(+%#6+10 %' $+1.1); %.10+0) /+%41#44#;5 07%.'+%#%+& #0#.;5+5 2416'+0(70%6+10 #0#.;5+5 37#06+6#6+8' 2%4 51(69#4' 51.76+105 YYYUVTCVCIGPGEQO Stratagene Europe Order: 00800-7000-7000 Technical Services: 00800-7400-7400 GeneMorph ® random mutagenesis kits * feature our patented Mutazyme ® II DNA polymerase, which delivers a balanced mutational spectrum with more robust yields than Taq polymerase under error-prone PCR conditions. This allows you to discover more key residues responsible for protein function easier and faster than before, thus enhancing the evolution of your protein. • Simple protocol to control mutation frequency • Efficient mutagenesis rates of 1 to 16 bases per kb • Overcome poor PCR yield and mutational bias of Taq polymerase The perfect assortment. With GeneMorph ® mutagenesis kits, a balanced spectrum of mutations is right at your fingertips. 10%Value 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Mutazyme ® II DNA Polymerase Mutazyme ® I DNA Polymerase Taq DNA Polymerase AT to N GC to N Our GeneMorph ® II Kits include Mutazyme ® II Polymerase, which delivers a balanced mutational spectrum. Ask us about these great products: GeneMorph ® II Random Mutagenesis kit 30 rxns 200550 GeneMorph ® II EZClone Domain Mutagenesis kit 10 rxns 200552 Purchase of these products is accompanied by a license to use them in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process in conjunction with a thermal cycler whose use in the automated performance of the PCR process is covered by the up-front license fee, either by payment to Applied Biosystems or as purchased, i.e., an authorized thermal cycler. Stratagene USA and Canada Order: (800) 424-5444 x3 Technical Services: (800) 894-1304 Stratagene Japan K.K. Order: 03-5159-2060 Technical Services: 03-5159-2070 * U.S. Patent No. 6,803,216 and patent pending TLFeBOOK Ni Sepharose ™ products from GE Healthcare give you the highest binding capacity available for histidine-tagged protein purification. With up to four times the binding capacity, it’s no longer pure imagination to dramatically increase your yield, while saving time and costs. Maximum target protein activity is assured, thanks to tolerance of a wide range of additives and negligible nickel ion leakage. The flexibility to use a variety of protocols ensures the highest possible purity. Ni Sepharose 6 FF is excellent for manual procedures such as gravity/batch and easy scale-up, while the HP version is designed for high-performance in automated purification systems – both are available in different formats, including prepacked columns. Outstanding performance has never been easier to achieve. www.amershambiosciences.com/his 4x greater binding capacity in histidine-tagged protein purification GE Healthcare © 2005 General Electric Company - All rights reserved. Amersham Biosciences AB, a General Electric company going to market as GE Healthcare. GE10-05 TLFeBOOK www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 308 1 APRIL 2005 5 DEPARTMENTS 11 SCIENCE ONLINE 13 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 17 EDITORIAL by Donald Kennedy All Fools’ Day 19 E DITORS’CHOICE 24 CONTACT SCIENCE 29 NETWATCH 124 NEW PRODUCTS 125 SCIENCE CAREERS NEWS OF THE WEEK 30 U.K. BIOETHICS Divided Committee Urges Less Restriction on Embryo Research 31 S ELECT AGENTS Researchers Relieved by Final Biosecurity Rules 31 I NFECTIOUS DISEASES A Puzzling Outbreak of Marburg Disease 33 S PACE EXPLORATION Japan Weighs Moon and Beyond 33 S CIENCESCOPE 34 FRENCH SCIENCE Politician Sails Into a Storm at Oceans Agency 35 I TALIAN RESEARCH Universities and Institutes Face Industrial Revolution 36 N EUROSCIENCE Economic Game Shows How the Brain Builds Trust related Research Article page 78 36 MATHEMATICS ‘Cranky’ Proof Reveals Hidden Regularities 37 A CADEMIC JOBS Tenured UCLA Professor Under Fire NEWS FOCUS 38 PHYSICS High-Energy Physics: Exit America? 41 E COLOGY Taking the Pulse of Earth’s Life-Support Systems Choose Your Own World 44 MEETING American Chemical Society Unnatural Amino Acid Could Prove Boon for Protein Therapeutics Nanofibers Seed Blood Vessels Fast, Sensitive Scan Targets Anthrax 46 RANDOM SAMPLES LETTERS 49 NIH Response to Open Letter A. S. Fauci and E. A. Zerhouni. The Past and Future of Extant Amphibians M. Delfino. Response S. N. Stuart et al. Don’t Call Them Co-eds! D. M. Riley. The Source of the Lisbon Earthquake J. F. B. D. Fonseca. Response M A. Gutscher BOOKS ET AL. 53 FOOD Uncorked: The Science of Champagne G. Liger-Belair; Great Wine Terroirs J. Fanet, translated by F. Brutton, reviewed by S.West 54 BIOMEDICINE Cells,Aging, and Human Disease M. B. Fossel, reviewed by S. N.Austad ESSAY 55 GLOBAL VOICES OF SCIENCE When Science Is Not Enough: Fighting Genetic Disease in Brazil M. Zatz PERSPECTIVES 58 PHYSIOLOGY Walking Made Simple R. M. Alexander 59 GEOLOGY The Calibration of Ediacaran Time A. J. Kaufman related Report page 95 60 EVOLUTION Where We’re Hot, They’re Not L. B. Jorde related Report page 107 62 PSYCHOLOGY Beyond a Joke: From Animal Laughter to Human Joy? J. Panksepp 63 MATERIALS SCIENCE Playing Nature’s Game with Artificial Muscles R. H. Baughman 65 CELL BIOLOGY Kinasing and Clipping Down the NF-κB Trail N. S. C. van Oers and Z. J. Chen related Report page 114 REVIEW 67 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate T. D. Jickells et al. Contents continued COVER The ability to trust another human is a crucial component of normal social interaction. Hyperscanning, a brain imaging approach for multibrain recording, reveals the related activity in two brains as trust is built during a monetary exchange game. See page 78. [Image: Min Kim/Human Neuroimaging Laboratory/BCM] 53 55 Volume 308 1 April 2005 Number 5718 38 TLFeBOOK Integrated Solutions — Automated Sample Preparation Free up your time — leave your sample preparation to the affordable BioSprint 15! Efficient amplification of the single- copy gene MECL-1 from a range of cultured-cell samples New M BJAB HeLa S3 HL-60 –+ WWW.QIAGEN.COM Save time and effort by automating your sample preparation! The new BioSprint 15 workstation and kits provide rapid and cost-efficient sample preparation for a wide range of applications. Kits enabling purification of high-quality genomic DNA from cells, tissue, and blood are available now, with more applications to follow. Look for the new protein purification kits, available in early 2005! The BioSprint 15 workstation and expanding range of kits give you: ■ A convenient automated procedure — saving you time and effort ■ A cost-effective solution — economically priced automation for 1–15 samples per run ■ Fast startup and immediate results — with easy-to-use, preinstalled BioSprint protocols ■ Flexibility and versatility — use the protocols supplied or easily design your own BioSprint workstations and kits are intended as general-purpose devices that may be used in clinical diagnostic laboratory systems after the laboratory has validated their complete system as required by CLIA '88 regulations in the U.S. or equivalents in other countries. QIAGEN robotic systems are not available in all countries; please inquire. The PCR process is covered by U.S. Patents 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 and foreign equivalents owned by Hoffmann-La Roche AG. IASBSp150904S1WW © 2004 QIAGEN, all rights reserved. Visit www .qiagen.com/goto/BioSprint15 to see how the BioSprint 15 can free up your time! TLFeBOOK www.sciencedigital.org/subscribe For just US$130, you can join AAAS TODAY and start receiving Science Digital Edition immediately! TLFeBOOK www.sciencedigital.org/subscribe For just US$130, you can join AAAS TODAY and start receiving Science Digital Edition immediately! TLFeBOOK www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 308 1 APRIL 2005 7 S CIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org CHEMISTRY: An Octane-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Z. Zhan and S. A. Barnett Adding a cerium and ruthenium oxide layer over the nickel anode of a high-temperature fuel cell that consumes hydrocarbons prevents deposition of potentially deactivating carbon layers. CELL BIOLOGY: The Kinase Domain of Titin Controls Muscle Gene Expression and Protein Turnover S. Lange, F. Xiang, A. Yakovenko,A.Vihola, P. Hackman, E. Rostkova, J. Kristensen, B. Brandmeier, G. Franzen, B. Hedberg, L. G. Gunnarsson, S. M. Hughes, S. Marchand, T. Sejersen, I. Richard, L. Edström, E. Ehler, B. Udd, M. Gautel The giant muscle protein titan communicates mechanical changes in muscle cells to the nucleus in order to remodel muscle characteristics in response to use. BIOCHEMISTRY: Structure of the Rotor of the V-type Na + -ATPase from Enterococcus hirae T. Murata, I.Yamato, Y. Kakinuma,A. G. W. Leslie, J. E. Walker To operate, the outside half-channel of the sodium pump rotates into place, releasing a sodium ion from the internal binding site, and then the site is refilled through an internal half-channel. BIOCHEMISTRY: Human Mpp11 J Protein: Ribosome-Tethered Molecular Chaperones Are Ubiquitous H. A. Hundley, W.Walter, S. Bairstow, E. A. Craig Molecular chaperones that help fold proteins as they emerge from the ribosome are similar in yeast and human cells but distinct from those found in bacteria. TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS 52 CELL SIGNALING Comment on “Oscillations in NF-κB Signaling Control the Dynamics of Gene Expression” D. Barken, C. J. Wang, J. Kearns, R. Cheong, A. Hoffmann, A. Levchenko full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5718/52a Response to Comment on “Oscillations in NF-κB Signaling Control the Dynamics of Gene Expression” D. E. Nelson, C. A. Horton, V. See, J. R. Johnson, G. Nelson, D. G. Spiller, D. B. Kell, M. R. H.White full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5718/52b BREVIA 73 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Abundance of Cellular Material and Proteins in the Atmosphere R. Jaenicke Particles made from cell fragments and proteins form a surprisingly large fraction of atmospheric aerosols. RESEARCH ARTICLES 74 OCEAN SCIENCE: Role of Marine Biology in Glacial-Interglacial CO 2 Cycles K. E. Kohfeld, C. Le Quéré, S. P. Harrison, R. F. Anderson Sediment records of biological activity show that high productivity and burial of organic carbon was insufficient to account for low atmospheric CO 2 levels during glaciation, as had been thought. 78 NEUROSCIENCE: Getting to Know You: Reputation and Trust in a Two-Person Economic Exchange B. King-Casas, D.Tomlin, C. Anen, C. F. Camerer, S. R. Quartz, P. R. Montague During a game in which players learn whether their partner is selfish or generous, neurons in the middle of the brain show activity that reflects the level of trust being built. related News story page 36 83 NEUROSCIENCE: Postsynaptic Receptor Trafficking Underlying a Form of Associative Learning S. Rumpel, J. LeDoux, A. Zador, R. Malinow In order for rats to learn to associate a tone with a shock, at least 35% of the neurons in their amygdala must form stronger synapses; fewer enhanced synapses cannot support learning. REPORTS 88 PHYSICS: Spin-Charge Separation and Localization in One Dimension O. M. Auslaender, H. Steinberg, A. Yacoby,Y.Tserkovnyak, B. I. Halperin, K.W. Baldwin, L. N. Pfeiffer, K.W.West A coupled pair of wires provides a one-dimensional system for demonstrating the quantum separation of electron spin and charge, as predicted by theory. Contents continued 98 TLFeBOOK NeutrAvidin ™ Protein offers the highest possible specificity for biotin, yielding the lowest nonspecific binding. NeutrAvidin ™ Protein provides exceptional performance for both purification and detection of biotin-labeled proteins. If you’re still using Streptavidin, it’s time to discover the advantages of NeutrAvidin ™ Tools. Advantages over streptavidin: • Highest specificity for biotin binding • No nonspecific binding to cell-surface proteins • High signal-to-noise ratio in detection systems • Saves money without sacrificing quality Still using Streptavidin? NeutrAvidin ™ Protein offers ultra-low nonspecific binding at an unbelievably low price Protein Purification/Detection Properties of biotin-binding proteins www.piercenet.com/neu22d Grasp the Proteome ™ FREE Avidin-Biotin Handbook from Pierce, the leader in avidin-biotin products! Visit the Pierce web site at www.piercenet.com/ab95d or call 800-874-3723 to request your copy today. Tel: 815-968-0747 or 800-874-3723 • Fax: 815-968-7316 Technical Assistance E-mail: TA@piercenet.com • Customer Assistance E-mail: CS@piercenet.com Outside the United States, visit our web site or call 815-968-0747 to locate your local Perbio Science branch office (below) or distributor © Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., 2005. Pierce products are supplied for laboratory or manufacturing applications only. NeutrAvidin ™ and UltraLink ® are trademarks of Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. Belgium & Dist.: Tel +32 53 85 71 84 euromarketing@perbio.com China: Tel +86 10 8049 9033 support@perbio.com.cn France: Tel 0800 50 82 15 euromarketing@perbio.com Germany: Tel 0228 9125650 de.info@perbio.com Hong Kong: Tel 852 2753 0686 SalesHK@perbio.com The Netherlands: Tel 076 50 31 880 euromarketing@perbio.com United Kingdom: Tel 0800 252185 uk.info@perbio.com Switzerland: Tel 0800 56 31 40 euromarketing@perbio.com Available in bulk quantities and in the following convenient formats: • Immobilized NeutrAvidin ™ Protein on Agarose • UltraLink ® Immobilized NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • Soluble NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • HRP- and Alkaline Phosphatase-labeled NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • Fluorescein-labeled NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • Maleimide-activated NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • 96- and 384-well NeutrAvidin ™ Plates NeutrAvidin ™ Avidin Streptavidin Protein Molecular Weight 67K 53K 60K Biotin-binding 444 Sites Isoelectric 10 6.8-7.5 6.3 Point (pI) Specificity Low High Highest Affinity for 10 -15 M10 -15 M10 -15 M Biotin (K d ) Nonspecific High Low Lowest Binding TLFeBOOK . Healthcare. GE10-05 TLFeBOOK www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 308 1 APRIL 2005 5 DEPARTMENTS 11 SCIENCE ONLINE 13 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 17 EDITORIAL by Donald Kennedy All Fools’ Day 19 E DITORS’CHOICE 24 CONTACT SCIENCE 29. can join AAAS TODAY and start receiving Science Digital Edition immediately! TLFeBOOK www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 308 1 APRIL 2005 7 S CIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org CHEMISTRY: An Octane-Fueled. cm; 4 kg MiniOpticon system — 18 x 32 x 33 cm; 8 kg TLFeBOOK 11 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 308 1 APRIL 2005 sciencenow www.sciencenow.org DAILY NEWS COVERAGE More Than One Way to Skin a Cat