Tạp chí khoa học số 2005-01-21

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They are designed to work together, because the reliability of your research results ultimately depends on the quality of the research tools you use. Our wide range of innovative, quality kits and reagents is trusted by thousands of demanding scientists worldwide, and backed by outstanding technical support, so you are assured of accurate, reproducible results every time. And it’s now even easier to get what you need, when you need it. Simply go to our website. It’s easy to use, and you have 24-hour access to technical support. Shop online today or give us a call to get the best results. www.madetoworktogether.com madetoworktogether GE03-04 © 2004 General Electric Company - All rights reserved. Amersham Biosciences UK Ltd, a General Electric company, going to market as GE Healthcare. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 21 JANUARY 2005 305 DEPARTMENTS 311 SCIENCE ONLINE 313 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 317 EDITORIAL by Derek Yach, Stephen R. Leeder, John Bell, Barry Kistnasamy Global Chronic Diseases related Type 2 Diabetes section page 369 319 EDITORS’CHOICE 324 CONTACT SCIENCE 329 NETWATCH 439 NEW PRODUCTS 440 SCIENCE CAREERS NEWS OF THE WEEK 330 PLANETARY SCIENCE Titan, Once a World Apart, Becomes Eerily Familiar 331 D ISASTER PREPAREDNESS Global Tsunami Warning System Takes Shape 333 R ESEARCH POLICY Facing a Revolt, Pasteur Board Members Offer to Resign 333 S CIENCESCOPE 334 MEDICINE Low-Power Mitochondria May Raise Risk of Cardiovascular Problems related Type 2 Diabetes section page 369; Report page 418 334 TEACHING EVOLUTION Judge Orders Stickers Removed From Georgia Textbooks 335 P ALEONTOLOGY Fossil Count Suggests Biggest Die-Off Wasn’t Due to a Smashup 337 P ATENT LAW Inventor Knocks Japan’s System After Settlement Shuji Nakamura Speaks Out NEWS FOCUS 338 OCEANOGRAPHY Grim Forecast for a Fading Fleet 340 P ROFILE:FRED KAVL I A New Benefactor Takes Aim at Basic Scientific Questions A Physics Home Away From Home 343 PARASITOLOGY Twisted Parasites From “Outer Space” Perplex Biologists 345 I NDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI Using Scientific Assessments to Stave Off Epidemics 346 M EETING Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Scurrying Roaches Outwit Without Their Brains With Flippers,Two Can Equal Four More Than One Way to Dig a Tunnel 349 RANDOM SAMPLES LETTERS 353 Revisiting the Taxonomic Impediment M. R. de Carvalho et al. A Clue to the Origin of the Bilateria? R. M. Rieger et al.Response M.Q. Martindale and J.R. Finnerty 355 Corrections and Clarifications BOOKS ET AL. 356 HISTORY OF MEDICINE Locating Medical History The Stories and Their Meanings F. Huisman and J. H.Warner, Eds.,reviewed by X. Bosch POLICY FORUM 357 PUBLIC HEALTH Cutting World Hunger in Half P. A. Sanchez and M. S. Swaminathan Contents continued 356 334 & 418 SPECIAL ISSUE TYPE 2 DIABETES Polarized light micrograph of glucose, the body’s major source of energy. In diabetes, glucose is not properly metabolized and accumulates to dangerously high levels in the blood. A special section in this issue examines the molecular pathogenesis of the most common form of diabetes (type 2), which is projected to soon reach epidemic proportions worldwide. [Image: Eye of Science/Photo Researchers Inc.] INTRODUCTION 369 A Surfeit of Suspects VIEWPOINTS 370 Genetic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: The End of the Beginning? S. O’Rahilly, I. Barroso, N. J. Wareham 373 How Obesity Causes Diabetes: Not a Tall Tale M. A. Lazar 375 Diabetes, Obesity, and the Brain M. W. Schwartz and D. Porte Jr. 380 Type 2 Diabetes—a Matter of β-Cell Life and Death? C. J. Rhodes 384 Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes B. B. Lowell and G. I. Shulman Related Editorial page 317; News story page 334; Perspective page 366; Reports pages 418 and 426 Volume 307 21 January 2005 Number 5708 For related online content, see page 311 or go to www.sciencemag.org/sciext/diabetes HUMAN FRONTIER SCIENCE PROGRAM (HFSP) 12 quai St. Jean, 67080 STRASBOURG Cedex, FRANCE E-mail:grant@hfsp.org Web site: http://www.hfsp.org OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH The Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) supports international collaborations in basic research with emphasis placed on novel, innovativ e and interdisciplinary approaches to fundamental investi- gations in the life sciences. Applications are invited for grants to suppo rt projects on complex mecha- nisms of living organisms. CALL FOR LETTERS OF INTENT FOR RESEARCH GRANTS: AWARD YEAR 2006 The HFSP research grant program aims to stimulate novel, daring ideas by supporting collaborative research involving biologists together wi th scientists from other disciplines such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer science and engineering. Recent developments in t he biological and physical sciences and new disciplines such as bioinformatics and nanoscience open up new approaches to understandi ng the complex mechanisms underlying biological functions in living organisms. Prelimi- nary results are not required in research gra nt applications. Applicants are expected to develop new lines of research through the collaboration; projects must be distinct from applicants’ othe r research funded by other sources. HFSP supports only international, collaborative teams, with an emphasis on encouraging scientists early i n their careers. International teams of scientists interested in submitting applications for support must first submit a letter of intent onli ne via the HFSP web site. The guidelines for potential applicants and further instructions are available on the HFSP web site (www.hfsp.org). R esearch grants provide 3 years support for teams with 2 – 4 members, with not more than one member from any one country, unless more members are absolutel y necessary for the interdisciplinary nature of the project, which is an essential selection criterion. Applicants may also establish a lo cal interdis- ciplinary collaboration as a component of an international team (see below). The principal applicant must be located in one of th e member countries* but co-investigators may be from any other country. Clear preference is given to intercontinental teams. TWO TYPES OF GR ANT ARE AVAILABLE: Young Investigators’ Grants are for teams of scientists who are all within 5 years of establishing an independent labora tory and within 10 years of obtaining their PhDs. Successful teams will receive up to $450,000 per year for the whole team. Scientists involved i n a local interdisciplinary collaboration are considered as 1.5 team members for budgetary purposes. Program Grants are for independent s cientists at all stages of their careers, although the participa- tion of younger scientists is especially encouraged. Program grants provi de up to $450,000 per year for the whole team. Scientists involved in a local interdisciplinary collaboration are considered as a single team me mber for budgetary purposes. Important Deadlines: Compulsory pre-registration for password: 21 MARCH 2005 Submission of Letters of Intent: 31 MARCH 2005 *Members are Australia, Canada, the European Union (including the 10 new member countries), France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Rep ublic of Korea, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. New full member countries for award year 2006 are Australia and the Republic of Korea www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 21 JANUARY 2005 307 PERSPECTIVES 361 MEDICINE Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases with Antibiotics T. M. Miller and D. W. Cleveland 362 GEOSCIENCE The Boon and Bane of Radiocarbon Dating T. P. Guilderson, P. J. Reimer, T. A. Brown 364 CHEMISTRY Short and Sharp—Spectroscopy with Frequency Combs T. Udem related Report page 400 365 ECOLOGY A Leap for Lion Populations E. Ranta and V. Kaitala related Research Article page 390 366 MEDICINE Visfatin: A New Adipokine C. Hug and H. F. Lodish related Type 2 Diabetes section page 369; Report page 426 S CIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org PALEONTOLOGY: Photic Zone Euxinia During the Permian-Triassic Superanoxic Event K. Grice et al. Organic compounds and sulfur isotopes found at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Australia and China imply that oxygen was depleted in the upper ocean at that time. PALEONTOLOGY: Abrupt and Gradual Extinction Among Late Permian Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa P. D. Ward et al. Correlation of sections in the Karoo Basin imply a period of enhanced vertebrate extinction before the end- Permian catastrophe, and some replacement by Triassic species. MEDICINE: Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation Specifies the Organ Tropism of Prions M. Heikenwalder et al. During chronic inflammation, prions are found in many organs, not just neural and lymphoid tissues, complicating testing regimes for mad cow and related diseases. BREVIA 389 GEOPHYSICS: Nonvolcanic Tremors Deep Beneath the San Andreas Fault R. M. Nadeau and D. Dolenc Small tremors have recently been occurring 20 to 40 kilometers below the epicenter of the great 1857 earthquake on the San Andreas fault. RESEARCH ARTICLE 390 ECOLOGY: Ecological Change, Group Territoriality, and Population Dynamics in Serengeti Lions C. Packer et al. When resources increase, lion populations do not increase until resources can support substantially more lion offspring, probably because of the lions’ grouped social structure. related Perspective page 365 REPORTS 393 MATERIALS SCIENCE: Grain Boundary Decohesion by Impurity Segregation in a Nickel-Sulfur System M. Yamaguchi, M. Shiga, H. Kaburaki Calculations show that sulfur embrittles nickel, and perhaps other metals, when strong nickel-sulfur bonds force crowding of excess sulfur atoms along a grain boundary. 397 MATERIALS SCIENCE: Porous Semiconductor Chalcogenide Aerogels J. L. Mohanan, I. U. Arachchige, S. L. Brock Aerogels, porous networks usually made from insulating oxides, can now be fabricated from metal sulfides, sellenides, and tellurides, making them semiconducting. 400 CHEMISTRY: Deep-Ultraviolet Quantum Interference Metrology with Ultrashort Laser Pulses S.Witte, R.T. Zinkstok,W.Ubachs, W. Hogervorst, K. S. E. Eikema Amplification and doubling of an ultrashort laser pulse allows high-precision spectroscopy in the deep ultraviolet, a hard-to-reach region of the spectrum. related Perspective page 364 403 CHEMISTRY: Charging Effects on Bonding and Catalyzed Oxidation of CO on Au 8 Clusters on MgO B. Yoon, H. Häkkinen, U. Landman, A. S. Wörz, J M. Antonietti, S.Abbet, K. Judai, U. Heiz The ability of small gold clusters to oxidize carbon monoxide catalytically is enhanced when the clusters are attached to surfaces with oxygen vacancies, which provide free electrons. 403 Contents continued 364 & 400 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 21 JANUARY 2005 309 423 408 PHYSICS: Creating Order from Random Fluctuations in Small Spin Ensembles R. Budakian, H. J. Mamin, B. W. Chui, D. Rugar The cantilever tip in a magnetic resonance force microscope can be used to form, store, and retrieve information from small groups of spin-coordinated electrons in silicon. 411 GEOPHYSICS: Slip-Rate Measurements on the Karakorum Fault May Imply Secular Variations in Fault Motion M L. Chevalier et al. Offset glacial moraines imply that the fault bounding northern Tibet has moved recently, supporting the notion that collision of India with Asia is extruding Tibet to the west. 414 EVOLUTION: Speciation by Distance in a Ring Species D. E. Irwin, S. Bensch, J. H. Irwin, T. D.Price Molecular variation in the greenish warbler of the Tibetan plateau shows that speciation has occurred despite gene flow through multiple connecting populations. 416 GEOCHEMISTRY: Large Sulfur Bacteria and the Formation of Phosphorite H. N. Schulz and H. D. Schulz A huge marine bacterium can release enough phosphate to induce precipitation of phosphorite, possibly explaining large accumulations of this mineral in ocean sediments. 418 MEDICINE: Cardiovascular Risk Factors Emerge After Artificial Selection for Low Aerobic Capacity U.Wisløff et al. Rats genetically selected for poor exercise endurance show signs of a metabolic syndrome, reinforcing a connection between cardiovascular health and aerobic capacity. related News story page 334; Type 2 Diabetes section page 369 421 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Mechanism of hsp70i Gene Bookmarking H. Xing et al. A gene needed for cells to survive stress is continually poised for activation; a binding protein recruits a second protein that keeps the chromatin open. 423 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Mathematical Modeling of Planar Cell Polarity to Understand Domineering Nonautonomy K. Amonlirdviman, N.A. Khare, D. R. P. Tree, W S. Chen, J. D. Axelrod, C. J.Tomlin A mathematical model of the signaling cascade that controls cell polarity in the developing Drosophila wing describes the effects of known mutations and correctly predicts those of previously untested ones. 426 MEDICINE: Visfatin: A Protein Secreted by Visceral Fat That Mimics the Effects of Insulin A. Fukuhara et al. Excess abdominal fat increases the risk of metabolic disease, but unexpectedly produces a protein with some insulin-like beneficial properties. related Perspective page 366; Type 2 Diabetes section page 369 430 IMMUNOLOGY: T Helper Cell Fate Specified by Kinase-Mediated Interaction of T-bet with GATA-3 E. S. Hwang, S. J. Szabo, P. L. Schwartzberg, L. H. Glimcher The transcription factor that triggers inflammation simultaneously inhibits other immune reactions by binding to and interfering with their activating transcription factors. 433 BIOCHEMISTRY: Carotenoid Cation Formation and the Regulation of Photosynthetic Light Harvesting N. E. Holt, D. Zigmantas, L.Valkunas, X P.Li, K. K. Niyogi, G. R. Fleming During photosynthesis in bright light, excess energy is dissipated through the energy-requiring formation of a carotenoid with separated charges. 436 MICROBIOLOGY: Cryo–Electron Tomography Reveals the Cytoskeletal Structure of Spiroplasma melliferum J. Kürner, A. S. Frangakis,W.Baumeister A very small prokaryote contains three fibrous ribbons in its primitive cytoskeleton, whose coordinated changes may produce movement. 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Contents continued REPORTS CONTINUED 416 Visit us on the Web at discover.bio-rad.com Call toll free at 1-800-4BIORAD (1-800-424-6723); outside the US, contact your local sales office. genetransfe r Delivery for RNAi ■ Low cytotoxicity reduces bias ■ Excellent gene-specific knockdown obtained using as little as 5 nM siRNA ■ Achieve >90% knockdown of both high- and low-abundance gene targets ■ Simultaneously deliver siRNA and DNA for cotransfection applications RNAi: A Bio-Rad pathway from delivery to detection. For more information, visit us on the Web at www.bio-rad.com/ad/siLentFect/ Knockout Performance Powerful siRNA delivery starts with siLentFect ™ lipid reagent for RNAi, the most efficient, flexible transfection reagent available. Nuclear stain siRNA stain Delivery of siRNA in MCF-7 cells. Cells were transfected with 10 nM siGLO siRNA using 0.5 µl siLentFect. After 24 hr, cells were imaged to show nuclear staining by Hoechst 33342 dye (top) or the location of fluorescent siRNA (bottom). . Biosciences UK Ltd, a General Electric company, going to market as GE Healthcare. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 21 JANUARY 2005 305 DEPARTMENTS 311 SCIENCE ONLINE 313 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 317. dye (top) or the location of fluorescent siRNA (bottom). 311 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 307 21 JANUARY 2005 sciencenow www.sciencenow.org DAILY NEWS COVERAGE What, Me Worry? Carefree people. 418 and 426 Volume 307 21 January 2005 Number 5708 For related online content, see page 311 or go to www.sciencemag.org/sciext/diabetes HUMAN FRONTIER SCIENCE PROGRAM (HFSP) 12 quai St. Jean, 67080