Chapter 1 intro renewable energy feb 2011

Green Energy Course Syllabus CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Green Energy (1 lecture) CHAPTER 2: Electric Power Industry - Distributed Generation Technologies (1 lecture) CHAPTER 3: Wind Power Systems (2 lectures) CHAPTER 4: Solar Resource- Photovoltaic Materials (1 lecture) CHAPTER 5: Photovoltaic Systems (3 lectures) CHAPTER 6: Energy Storage - Electric Vehicles (1 lecture) CHAPTER 7: Other Renewable Energy Resources (0.3 lecture) CHAPTER 8: Smart Grid (0.7 lecture) TUTORIALS: DC-DC Converters; MPPT; Roof Top Solar Home; HOMER Sofware; PV+ Wind Power Problems; Papers on RE LABS: on RE topics CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Green Energy Technology Renewable Energy and Energy Storage for A Sustainable Development: What Alternatives? Biên sọan: Nguyễn Hữu Phúc Khoa Điện- Điện Tử- Đại Học Bách Khoa TPHCM A look on energy, renewable energies, energy storage and synthetic fuels, hybrid architecture, fuel cells, hydrogen as a vector of energy of the future 2/18/2012 The Earth resources are quite limited in quantity Many challenges to mankind in 21st century: development, health, water, food, demography, education, energy Energy… for a sustainable development 2/18/2012 Energy is an abstract concept for different concrete manifestations -cooking, heating - lighting - mechanical work: machines -Industrial processing - information processing -transports • • • • • In physics, energy (Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια energeia "activity, operation"[1]) is a quantity that is often understood as the ability a physical system has to produce changes on another physical system.[2][3] The changes are produced when the energy is transferred from a system to another A system can transfer energy by means of three ways, namely: physical or thermodynamical work, heat transfer, or mass transfer Energy is a scalar physical quantity In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules, but in many fields other units, such as kilowatt-hours and kilocalories, are customary Energy is by nature of conservation: Energy may not be created nor destroyed Any form of energy can be transformed into another form When energy is in a form other than thermal energy, it may be transformed with good or even perfect efficiency, to any other type of energy With thermal energy, however, there are often limits to the efficiency of the conversion to other forms of energy, as described by the second law of thermodynamics Depending on circumstances, some fraction of thermal energy exists in a form unavailable for further transformation; the remainder may be used to produce any other type of energy, such as electricity Primary sources of energy Fire from burning wood or oil Animal force (horses, dogs, buffalos,…) Water of rivers and tides (mills, …) Wind (pumps, mills,…) And other forms of renewable energies 2/18/2012 Energy sources of 21st century • • Fossil fuels: coal, oil, natural gas => Primary Energy and Energy Storage Vectors Nuclear Energy • Electricity: secondary form of energy as of modern energy type of high quality, synonym of development During 20 th century, there are great concerns for our green planet: • - natural resources are quite limited, especially in terms of energy - mankind is destroying the earth environment in the process of his development • • What is the future: towards a development with renewable resources? And which new energy vectors will be adapted? 2/18/2012 Vision Photos: NASA, NREL Electrification of the world Sustainable energy production Vision Photos: Philips Lumileds, OSHA, I Dobson Trustworthy energy systems Best use of resources Vision Flexible, intelligent autonomy Photos: ajou.ac.kr, EPRI, LBL World Energy Situation World consumption of energy, as of 2004 140.106 GWh or 12 G TOE (G= Giga= 109; TOE= Ton of Oil Equivalent) Renewables Nuclear PRIMARY SOURCES 2/18/2012 Fossil Fuel 10 CSP Thermal Energy Storage • SEGS I (operated 1985-1999) • – two tank energy storage system – mineral oil heat transfer fluid to store energy German Aerospace Center – High-temperature concrete or ceramics – Pipes are embedded, transfer energy to media • Solar Two – Molten-Salt Heat Transfer Fluid CSP Comparisons • All use mirrored surfaces to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver to run a heat engine • All can be hybridized with auxiliary fuel sources Annual Measured Required “Suns” of • Higher temperature -> higher Efficiency Acres/MW efficiency concentration Dish Stirling 21% 3000 Parabolic Troughs 14% 100 Solar Central Receiver 16% 1000 Biomass • • • • • • • Use energy stored in plant material 14 GW around the world, half in US 2/3 of biomass in US is cogeneration Little to no fuel cost High transportation costs Low efficiencies,