the manufacture of chemicals by electrolysis 1919 - hale

A TREATISE OF ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY, EDITIID by BERTRAM BLOUNT, F.I.C, mo. THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS [...]... AND OXYGKEN OZONE 13 phragm of the cell by enlarging the zone of perforations This facilitated the conduction of the current, and the passage of the liberated gases through the enlarged zone was prevented by covering each side with fine-mesh metallic netting In 1903 an important addition was made in the form of a special arrangement for purifying the evolved gases by passing them over heated platinum;... rises to 8 5-9 5 per cent K3C2O6 The best result is obtained by running slowly a saturated solution of carbonate into the bottom of the anode compartment, and allowing the less dense solution in which the percarbonate is suspended to flow out at the top of the Gell A yield of 2* 2-2 *4 grams per amp.-hour is obtained of 8 7-9 3 per cent, percarbonate As the solubility of am- monium and sodium carbonates... if there be 100 units in the plant, the energy utilised each year will be 100 x -8 x 24 x 300, or 576,000 K W H To this must be added approximately 25 per cent, to allow for loss x That is a temperature of 0° 0., and the pressure of a column of mercury 760 mm high at latitude 45° and at sea level; the temperature of the, mercury being 0° C 4 THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS through the. .. decomposition of water provides a suitable introduction to the manufacture of chemicals by electrolysis Many of the processes described herein de- pend upon the employment of electrolytic hydrogen and oxygen, and the electrolysis of water furnishes a convenient subject with which to introduce certain fundamental principles and electrical quantities Since 1895 several forms of apparatus and plant have been on the. .. THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTEOLYSIS The anode is fixed axially in the cylinder, and is surrounded by a diaphragm of asbestos A certain amount of oxygen is discharged during electrolysis, and separated from the solution of hydrogen peroxide According to another recent patent x a good yield of ammonium persulphate can be obtained in a special cell with a platinum anode and a cathode of zinc-aluminium... diminishing the yield, provided the density of the carbonate solution, in the neighbourhood of the anode, does not fall below T52 1 D.B.P 276985 (1914) 2 If the current Zeitsch Elektrochem.t 1896, 3,137 ., 1897,3,445 PKODUCTIOST OF PER-SALTS AND HYDEOGEN PEBOXIDE 23 density is 1-2 amps, per dm 2 the product contains only 3 0-5 0 per cent of percarbonate, but with 3 0-6 0 amps, per dm 2 the amount rises to 8 5-9 5... compression the cost of the electrolytic gas per cubic metre (35 cubic feet) is approximately 5d to 6d The conductivity of an alkalme electrolyte is lower than 8 THE MANTJFACTUEE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS that of 2 0-3 0 per cent, sulphuric acid, but it has the great advantage t h a t it is without corrosive action on iron, and therefore plant can be constructed of iron or steel with electrodes of the same... definite volume of hydrogen is liberated at one electrode, and half the volume of oxygen at the opposite electrode That electrode at which the hydrogen is discharged is known as the cathode, and is connected with the negative pole of the battery or machine supplying the current The electrode at which oxygen is discharged is the anode, and is connected with the positive pole of the current source The decomposition... similar manner the cathode spaces open on t h e other side to the bell H which collects hydrogen (see 3?ig 5) 12 THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTKOLYSIS Electrodes and diaphragms are kept in position by a wooden frame-work T h e purity of t h e generated hydrogen is 98*9 per cent, a n d that of the oxygen 97 per cent On an average the consumption of energy is 417 K W E per cubic metre of m i x e... to keep the ammonia content of the anode liquor constant by continual addition of ammonium hydroxide Later, in 1895, Elbs and Schonherr 1 studied the formation of persulphuric acid itself They found that when t h e density of the acid employed is less than 1*20 very little persulphuric acid is obtained by electrolysis In- creasing the acid content above this value leads to an increased yield of persulphuric . temperature of 0° 0., and the pressure of a column of mer- cury 760 mm. high at latitude 45° and at sea level; the temperature of the, mercury being 0° C. 4 THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS through. OZONE. THE electrolytic decomposition of water provides a suit- able introduction to the manufacture of chemicals by electrolysis. Many of the processes described herein de- pend upon the employment. chemists realise the importance of electrolysis in the manu- facture of organic chemicals, and the author has endeavoured to portray clearly the present posi- tion of this branch of the subject. A.