Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
THAI THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGO DUC GIANG Potential use of Lichens as an indicator of air polution in urban airshed BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode Full time Major En[.]
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGO DUC GIANG Potential use of Lichens as an indicator of air polution in urban airshed BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental science and management Facully : International Training and Developing centre Batch : 43 Advance Education Program Thai Nguyen, 21/09/2015 n Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environment science and Management Student name Ngo Duc Giang Student ID DTN1153110179 Thesis title Potential use of Lichens as an indicator of air polution in urban airshed Duong Van Thao Supervisors David Blake Andrea Hinwood Will Stock Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness lichens as an indicator of air pollution in the Perth Metropolitan Region (PMR) urban airshed Sample sites were selected by identifying regions of high, medium and low NOx concentrations based on interpolation models using data from a previous study In each of these regions 40 rooves were sampled for the presence and abundance of lichen species Additionally sites within Kings Park and within 1km and 5km of the park were selected It was hypothesized that large regions of urban vegetation would improve air quality and therefore the presence and abundance of lichen species Environmental variables such as road density and vegetation density within a specified distance of the sample location were collected for each of the sample sites using GIS Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the i n relationship between lichen abundance at each site of sample and each environmental variable Correlations between lichen abundance and each environmental variable at each site were also undertaken Vegetation cover was significantly associated with lichen abundance Generalized linear model to examine those environment variables which best predicted a response in lichen abundance Results show that urban bushland has significantly associated with lichen abundance Other final conclusions were contrary to what have expected that areas containing greater NOx concentration had higher lichen abundance, more lichen abundance with an increasing of road density The results of this investigation suggest that lichens have the potential to evaluate the air quality in urban bushland but some others factors were influencing the result Keywords: Lichens, air quality, Perth Metropolitan Region, NOx concentration, environment variables, vegetation cover Number of pages: 46 Date of submission: September 30, 2015 Supervisor’s signature ii n ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciations to my supervisor David Blake for his continuous support throughout the project, from initial advice and every step of the way Furthermore, I am also my immensely grateful to Prof Andrea Hinwood, Dr Duong Van Thao and Prof Will Stock for comments that greatly improved the manuscript and for guiding me from very first steps of this project Many thanks and appreciations go to Emily Allen, Jonathon Boeyen for their contributions and supports throughout the process of this project iii n TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research’s objectives 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.4 Limitations 1.5 Definitions PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 11 PART III: METHODS 13 3.1 Material 13 3.2 Methods 14 3.2.1 Study area 14 3.2.2 Sites selection 16 3.2.3 Sampling 18 PART IV: RESULT 24 4.1 Air quality categories 24 4.2 Environmental variables 27 4.3 Generalized linear model (GLZ) 33 PART V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 35 5.1 Discussion 35 iv n 5.1.1 Air quality categories 35 5.1.2 Environmental variables 36 5.1.3 Generalized linear model 38 5.2 Conclusion 38 REFERENCES 41 v n LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Lichens (light grey) living on rooves top of house…………………….…11 Figure 3.1: Perth metropolitan region………………… ………………………………16 Figure 3.2: NOx interpolations model at PMR using DER AQMS and HIMAQs study sites Interpolations were modeled using data collected in autumn…………………18 Figure 3.3: 300m Buffer vegetation regions…………………………………………….20 Figure 3.4: 300m buffer road density regions………………………………………… 22 Figure 3.5: Distances from each house to Industrial facility…………………………23 Figure 4.1: Mean and standard error bars of lichen abundance at High, Medium and Low concentration zones…………………………………………………………… 27 Figure 4.2: Distribution of lichens in correlation with 300m road density in each house at Kings Park sites……………………………………………………………… …30 Figure 4.3: Distribution of lichens in correlation with 300m road density at 1km buffer to Kings Park……………………………………………………………… ……31 Figure 4.4: Distribution of lichens in correlation with proximity to industry at 1km buffer to Kings Park……………………………………………………………………….31 Figure 4.5: Distribution of lichens in correlation with vegetation cover at Low concentration of NOx sites…………………………………………………………………32 n Figure 4.6: Distribution of lichens in correlation with 500m road density at Medium concentration NOx sites……………………………………………………………………33 Figure 4.7: Distribution of lichens in correlation with proximity to industry at high concentration of NOx sites……………………………………………………………… 34 n LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Anova test between groups and within groups of lichen abundance in each sites of NOx concentration 25 Table 4.2: Multiple Comparisons lichen abundance between Low, medium and high concentration of NOx 25 Table 4.3: Correlation of environment variable with each category sites 28 Table 4.4: Generalized linear model of lichen abundance with environment variables 34 n LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Meaning DER AQMS Department of Environment Regulation Air Quality Monitoring Sites NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index GIS Geographic information system RL Road length PM Particle material VOCs Volatile organic compound n ... indicator of air polution in urban airshed Duong Van Thao Supervisors David Blake Andrea Hinwood Will Stock Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness lichens as an indicator of air. .. Limitations In an urban airshed, the presence and abundance of lichens may be affected by a number of factors besides air quality These include the type of roof substrate, the age of the building/roof and... study will determine the effectiveness of using lichens as a bioindicator for air quality in an urban airshed n 1.2 Research’s objectives The objective of this research was to investigate the