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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i INTRODUCTION 1 CASE 1 2 Question 1 2 Question 2 4 Innovative ideas from many functional sources connected to the Kodak digital camera product line 4 Evaluation of. TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSiINTRODUCTION1CASE 1:2Question 1:2Question 2:4Innovative ideas from many functional sources connected to the Kodak digital camera product line4Evaluation of how these sources of innovation help Kodak to generate newproduct innovations5Question 3:6Demandpull and Technologicalpush6Kodak digital cameras business performance and how technology interacts7Question 4:8Impact of Canons corporate culture, leadership, and vision on digital cameras improvement8The innovation dilemma9CASE 2: BLACKBERRY MOBILE DEVICE AND IPHONE PRODUCTLINE10Question 5:10Scurve showing the development of iPhones and BlackBerry mobile devices.10Iphone’s technology at the time T111The performance of the iPhone by the time T112BlackBerry’s advantages12The 4Ps of innovation and failure of BlackBerry13Question 6:14The success of Apple14The reasons for Apple’s market leader144Ps of innovation of Apple15The role of frugal innovation in Apple16III. CONCLUSION17References18 INTRODUCTIONKodak is a pioneer in the camera, digital, and film industries. In 1975, the business created the digital camera. It was a significant player in the visual and filmmaking sectors for many years (Stevens 2007). By the late 1990s, the firm had virtually been forced out of the market. Despite being revolutionary, Eastman Kodak has revealed intentions to discontinue the production of pocket video and digital cameras. The firm will concentrate on picture printing. After it exits the camera business, the firm will offer brand certificates to companies that manufacture the gadgets.This research will discuss the advancements achieved by the camera business between 1975 and the present. The essay is structured into six topics that concentrate on theories, Scurve graphs, and the 4Ps of innovation in Kodak, BlackBerry, and iPhone situations. CASE 1:Question 1:Developing, designing, or finding a previously unknown device, technique, or process is called innovation. In more technical words, it is a new scientific notion realized via study and testing and becomes tangible (Clayton, 2010). It might be a new way to make a product, an improvement to an already existing product, or a whole new product. Patenting inventions allows for the protection of the inventors intellectual property rights and establishes the innovations legitimacy.Innovation is defined as the transformation of a notion into reality. Innovation may be summed up in its most basic form as a change that improves products or services while also catering to customer needs. It occurs when something new and alluring enters the market and meets customer demands for improved products and services. A new product, technique, technology, or service that is introduced or created, as well as improvements to or redesigns of current products that are made to fulfil market needs, are examples of innovation. All methods used to generate fresh concepts and turn them into products that consumers want are considered to be part of innovation. As a consequence, Schuhs research in 2020 produced definitions of disruptive and incremental innovations as well as product and process innovations.Product innovation is the process of changing a product. It might be new features or a performance improvement for a product. Organizations emphasize process innovation as the second kind of innovation in their innovation initiatives.An idea, product, or service that creates a new value network by entering an existing market or creating a completely new market is referred to as disruptive innovation. Disruptive innovations initially perform worse when evaluated by conventional value assessments, but they have unique traits that are valued by a small segment of the market. On the other hand, incremental innovation is a little modular change that happens gradually over time and enables the development of the product and its market. A market move that is so substantial and distinctive that others around must imitate it or risk falling behind is said to be disruptive. In contrast to disruptive innovation, which creates new value networks by satisfying customer needs, incremental innovation exists in the market and enhances and develops current ones. So, the following categories may be used to group Kodaks products:YearsProductsCategoriesCharacteristic1975Prototype digital camera by KodakInventionThe first digital camera1981Fairchild AllSky camera by Calgary Canada universityInventionThe first CCD camera was widely sold1984The Horizontal Memorychip Integral storobo CameraInventionStill video camera recording to the solidstate driver, which never went on invention, innovation, diffusion
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .i INTRODUCTION CASE 1: Question 1: Question 2: Innovative ideas from many functional sources connected to the Kodak digital camera product line Evaluation of how these sources of innovation help Kodak to generate new-product innovations .5 Question 3: Demand-pull and Technological-push Kodak digital cameras' business performance and how technology interacts .7 Question 4: Impact of Canon's corporate culture, leadership, and vision on digital cameras' improvement The innovation dilemma CASE 2: BLACKBERRY MOBILE DEVICE AND IPHONE PRODUCT-LINE 10 Question 5: 10 S-curve showing the development of iPhones and BlackBerry mobile devices .10 Iphone’s technology at the time T1 11 The performance of the iPhone by the time T1 12 i BlackBerry’s advantages 12 The 4Ps of innovation and failure of BlackBerry .13 Question 6: 14 The success of Apple 14 The reasons for Apple’s market leader .14 4Ps of innovation of Apple 15 The role of frugal innovation in Apple 16 III CONCLUSION .17 References 18 ii INTRODUCTION Kodak is a pioneer in the camera, digital, and film industries In 1975, the business created the digital camera It was a significant player in the visual and filmmaking sectors for many years (Stevens, 2007) By the late 1990s, the firm had virtually been forced out of the market Despite being revolutionary, Eastman Kodak has revealed intentions to discontinue the production of pocket video and digital cameras The firm will concentrate on picture printing After it exits the camera business, the firm will offer brand certificates to companies that manufacture the gadgets This research will discuss the advancements achieved by the camera business between 1975 and the present The essay is structured into six topics that concentrate on theories, S-curve graphs, and the 4Ps of innovation in Kodak, BlackBerry, and iPhone situations CASE 1: Question 1: Developing, designing, or finding a previously unknown device, technique, or process is called "innovation." In more technical words, it is a new scientific notion realized via study and testing and becomes tangible (Clayton, 2010) It might be a new way to make a product, an improvement to an already existing product, or a whole new product Patenting inventions allows for the protection of the inventor's intellectual property rights and establishes the innovation's legitimacy Innovation is defined as "the transformation of a notion into reality." Innovation may be summed up in its most basic form as a change that improves products or services while also catering to customer needs It occurs when something new and alluring enters the market and meets customer demands for improved products and services A new product, technique, technology, or service that is introduced or created, as well as improvements to or redesigns of current products that are made to fulfil market needs, are examples of innovation All methods used to generate fresh concepts and turn them into products that consumers want are considered to be part of innovation As a consequence, Schuh's research in 2020 produced definitions of disruptive and incremental innovations as well as product and process innovations Product innovation is the process of changing a product It might be new features or a performance improvement for a product Organizations emphasize process innovation as the second kind of innovation in their innovation initiatives An idea, product, or service that creates a new value network by entering an existing market or creating a completely new market is referred to as disruptive innovation Disruptive innovations initially perform worse when evaluated by conventional value assessments, but they have unique traits that are valued by a small segment of the market On the other hand, incremental innovation is a little modular change that happens gradually over time and enables the development of the product and its market A market move that is so substantial and distinctive that others around must imitate it or risk falling behind is said to be disruptive In contrast to disruptive innovation, which creates new value networks by satisfying customer needs, incremental innovation exists in the market and enhances and develops current ones So, the following categories may be used to group Kodak's products: Years Products Categories Characteristic 1975 Prototype digital camera by Kodak Invention The first digital camera 1981 Fairchild All-Sky camera by Calgary Canada university Invention The first CCD camera was widely sold 1984 The Horizontal Memorychip Integral storobo Camera Invention Still video camera recording to the solid-state driver, which never went on sale 1988 Fuji DS-1P Invention The first digital-handed camera records images as computerized files on a 16MB memory card The DS-1P was never actually sold in stores 1990 Dycam Model Logitech Fotoman 1/ Disruptive Innovation The first digital camera goes on sale and can connect directly to the computer 1992 Kodak DCS 200 1994 The 100 Apple Camera with a resolution of 1.54 Incremental million pixels, which had a builtInnovation in hard drive QuickTake Disruptive Innovation The first digital cost less than $1000 and has a 640x480 pixel CCD sensor 1994 1996 1995 1995 1995 The first digital camera that could Incremental send photos with a resolution of Olympus Deltis VC-1100 Innovation 768x576 pixels Kodak DC-25 Incremental Innovation First camera using CompactFlash Casio QV-10 The first camera has an additional Incremental LCD screen on the back, which is Innovation 1.8 inches Ricoh RDC-1 Incremental The first digital still camera capable of Innovation recording movies and capturing sound Videoman Disruptive Innovation Logitech's first webcam that can be plugged into a personal computer The first consumer camera could 1996 record pictures on a hard drive and Incremental The Canon PowerShot 600 Innovation store up to 176MB of data Question 2: Innovative ideas from many functional sources connected to the Kodak digital camera product line Von Hippel performed several investigations and produced numerous essays, which were finally compiled into a book titled The Sources of Innovation, which was published in 1988 (Von Hippel, 1988) Von Hippel identified four sources of innovation, three of which were external to the company: consumers, suppliers, and third parties The prototype digital camera by Kodak The machine is around the size of a printer and weighs close to kg It captures photographs in black and white on digital tape Steve Sasson and his colleagues had to create a customized screen to see them These setbacks prevented his prototype camera from being commercialized Manufacturers have continued to develop since the creation of the first digital camera prototype by fixing difficulties with camera products or investing in R&D operations for new goods Kodak dominated the wholesale market (Hodges & Gill, 2015) Some argue that Kodak made a mistake by not investing in Sasson's ideas and focusing on film cameras instead Many firms have taken advantage of the situation, developing increasingly high-quality, tiny digital cameras Supply firms might modify their methods to increase manufacturer revenues and foster innovation Kodak DCS 200 and Kodak DC-25 Users are interested in Kodak's constantly introducing goods that boost convenience (Hodges & Gill, 2015) In 1992, the DCS 200, with its built-in hard drive, improved the picture storage capacity of personal cameras, and in 1994, the first DC-25 employing CompactFlash memory cards arrived These two products have received enthusiastic support, and the CompactFlash card is regarded as one of the most popular and famous memory card types available today Introducing Kodak's DCS 200 with an inbuilt hard drive and 1.54 MP picture resolution was a watershed moment in the media sector However, as other camera makers continue to innovate, the rivalry becomes more intense For example, Apple debuted the QuickTake 100, the first colour digital camera, for under $1,000 Distributors imported enormous amounts of the two goods mentioned above Although these devices could not compete with newer camera models, the DCS 200 and DC-25 raked much money for US electronics vendors Evaluation of how these sources of innovation help Kodak to generate newproduct innovations The changes the camera will provide to have a shared experience will be crucial for the realignment of Kodak's profitability Adopting the camera will result in radical innovation and impact personnel who may be resistant to change (Brown, 2017) Although most individuals in businesses are resistant to change, effective change management strategies may be implemented The research and development team will oversee the camera's development The reaction of those the change will impact may be examined alongside the actual change Change is unavoidable for Kodak since insufficient technical development threatens the company's survival Despite having disclosed the sale of its digital camera license, the corporation will still need to be inventive The company was unable to handle the disruptive problem Mobile communication is made possible by mobile phones The mobile phone replaced all forms of photography as technology advanced The "Kodak moment," which produced a unique and extraordinary moment captured in Kodak photographs, started to be carried about by mobile phone users constantly Question 3: Demand-pull and Technological-push In recent years, the balance of demand-pull and technology-push policies has swung heavily toward demand-pull (Hoppmann et al., 2021) Whereas technology-push policies promote innovations mainly in the country that supports the policy, demand-pull policies promote patenting locally and internationally "Desire-pull" is most typically the demand for a fresh new product or a significant upgrade on the market "Technological push" is a word that indicates that the brand-new product that the corporation wants to offer may be totally driven by research and development At this time, market research would not affect this product The item has the potential to begin while the company has developed sophisticated technology and released it to the market Figure 1: Innovation dilemma in UbiComp: the imbalance between technology push and demand pull Kodak digital cameras' business performance and how technology interacts In terms of the earliest digital camera prototype, Digital cameras were first more costly and more extensive; however, they eventually became less expensive, simpler, and smaller Digital cameras altered more than just the physical artefact; they changed the photography process; one now captured a picture, and a photo was merely one method to show the image Consumers embraced digital cameras as they got smaller and simpler to operate (Tanyel et al., 2013) It could be more apparent if they paid less for photography or not, but the image service providers changed Kodak initially believed that the primary market for digital photography would be professional photographers rather than amateur consumers It did make significant investments in digital goods but needed to be better managed ($5 billion by the time Fisher arrived) The most successful businesses have well-developed mechanisms for terminating concepts their consumers not desire Consequently, many companies find it challenging to invest adequately in disruptive technologies —lower-margin prospects that their consumers not want—until their customers Kodak misjudged the rate at which the consumer sector would embrace digital photography at this stage Kodak seemed to disregard consumers, focusing on film since it was convenient and lucrative The firm was stuck in an analogue chemical mentality and was unable to think digitally (Tanyel et al., 2013) Question 4: Impact of Canon's corporate culture, leadership, and vision on digital cameras' improvement A leader's vision and strategic thinkings are vital characteristics and judgments Forming a vision and establishing a culture are two leadership criteria for meeting the rising demands of company growth practice before the needs of new tasks Canon had 44.8 billion yen in revenue and over 5,000 workers by 1970 (Garrett, 2018) Canon has created unrivalled commercial prospects and goods by developing unique technology and carefully nurturing them The leadership style of Mr Fujio Mitarai, the founder's grandson, has helped Canon achieve new heights He is aware of the leadership style that combines the most common aspects of Japanese and American culture, which he acquired over his 23 years with Canon USA Sales increased sixfold to $ 2.6 billion in 10 years as the industry leader in the US, accounting for 35% of worldwide revenue (Garrett, 2018) Canon altered its approach to overall optimization and profit emphasis to enhance its financial foundation The corporation implements different business innovations, such as the selection and consolidation of business sectors, as well as reform operations in areas such as production and development Canon has created a highly distinct company and corporate culture by fusing history and modernity while keeping the capacity to innovate and adapt to changing times and environments constantly Business college Development plans such as The Premium Company Plan and The Excellent Global Corporation Plan represent the essence of both ideologies, are significant milestones in the brand growth process, and are regarded as contributions to the brand's development The innovation dilemma A Kodak film picture was once worth storing and admiring as a work of art Today, the phrase is a caution to CEOs about the need for adaptability in the face of market shifts (Horton, 2021) With film as Kodak's primary commercial product, it is easy to understand why the firm has struggled over the last several decades The camera becomes digital and then connects to the smartphone Blindness was the root of Kodak's collapse Kodak was so focused on its earlier success that it missed the introduction of digital technology However, this is not the case in reality Another possibility is that Kodak developed the technology but did not invest in it Sasson himself said that the response of Kodak executives to his idea was "impossible to tell," but actually, Kodak spent billions of dollars developing a line of digital cameras (Harvey, 2012) The following theory is that Kodak bungled its digital camera investment, quitting the market by persistently pursuing conventional film photography rather than recognizing digital simplicity This criticism was levelled during the early Kodak digital camera releases Still, Kodak soon embraced simplicity, establishing a solid market position with technologies that allow photos to be transferred swiftly from camera to computer These theories are irrelevant since the technological breakthrough occurred when cameras combined with phones and consumers shifted from printing photographs to sharing images on social media CASE 2: BLACKBERRY MOBILE DEVICE AND IPHONE PRODUCT-LINE Question 5: S-curve showing the development of iPhones and BlackBerry mobile devices The S-curve is a graph that depicts the connection between the cumulative value of a quantity and the time component The S-curve is so named because the chart has the form of the letter S when written In construction project management, this amount may be expressed as a percentage of completion volume, resources, or cost (Hancock, 1985) The original BlackBerry was a two-way pager gadget produced in 1999, but the BlackBerry smartphones were published in 2003 It was a groundbreaking technology that allowed users to surf the internet, email, and fax in addition to text messages and phone conversations While quick email access is now ubiquitous, it was revolutionary in the early 2000s (Finkelstein 10 et al., 2017) The BlackBerry's popularity looked impregnable, thanks to countless film and television appearances When it debuted in 2007, the iPhone had a more current UI It offered entertainment elements with work benefits, as well as a paradigm in which third-party application development enabled customers to enhance and personalize the feature set of their devices Users could not personalize their smartphones because of a local central server like BlackBerry's Allowing third-party software necessitates making it fundamentally easy for anybody to create for the device Iphone’s technology at the time T1 The time T1 may be observed on the S-curve graph about 2009 Jim Balsillie, former CEO of Research in Motion, delivered his first public address since leaving the business When he departed the firm in 2012, he predicted that the company would be unable to compete with the iPhone when the first iteration of Apple's product was released in 2007 Since 2007, Apple has launched three different versions of the iPhone Apple hosted an event in March 2009 to announce the release of iPhone OS 3.0 With this latest version, users have merged functions "common" in other phones but absent in prior iPhone OS versions, such as cut, paste, copy, and MMS messaging Furthermore, it offers Spotlight search, a QWERTY keyboard that can be oriented horizontally in all apps, Push Notification technology, and a unique "Find my iPhone" capability to assist in the recovery of your phone if it is stolen Finally, Apple released a new version, the iPhone 3GS, in mid-June 2009; they increased the amount of RAM in this latest edition, making it substantially quicker in most operations, including graphics processing, 3D gaming, and web browsing Furthermore, the iPhone 3GS has several additional enhancements, such as an updated camera, video recording and 11 editing functionality, an electronic compass, and improved battery life (Senior, 2010) The performance of the iPhone by the time T1 On January 1, 2007, Steve Jobs revealed a game-changing new gadget that combines a "phone, MP3 player, and portable Internet access device." At this critical juncture, Apple terminated BlackBerry The iPhone was created using OS X and the Purple multi-point tablet project Meanwhile, BlackBerry developed a pager to allow consumers to send and receive emails from any place Additionally, successful firms have always been associated with BlackBerry phones (Finkelstein et al., 2017) Former BlackBerry CEO Larry Conlle said that "the iPhone is not a threat to the company's core business." However, the iPhone with the virtual keyboard sold one million units in only three months after being on sale in the summer of 2007 More and more people were carrying their iPhones along with their BlackBerrys to work BlackBerry’s advantages BlackBerry had several competitive advantages regarding technology and efficiency when the iPhone was released The first BlackBerry Storm had a 3.25-inch widescreen and a more rounded look than the iPhone 3GS While the iPhone's camera is just 2.0 megapixels, the Storm has a camera with a resolution of up to 3.2 megapixels Storm is backed by a fast 7.2Mbps network, which the iPhone does not support BlackBerry users could open and edit Word and Excel documents However, iPhone users could only browse the Google Docs app and could not edit documents BlackBerry already offers a "bedside" option that prevents users from being awakened by pals at a.m The BlackBerry Storm features a changeable backup battery, but unlike the iPod, the iPhone does not 12 The 4Ps of innovation and failure of BlackBerry The research of BlackBerry from 2007 to 2009 was used to create an approach to innovation styles (Mittal & Gupta, 2010) BlackBerry's 4P innovation strategy is simplified into four factors: Product: BlackBerry's Smartphones are the company's most wellknown product The smartphones were popular due to their exceptional 'email on the go' capability, providing security unrivalled by rivals' offers Price: BlackBerry Smartphones became popular because they can access email while on the move The firm planned to concentrate primarily on enterprise sales and enable corporations to embed the brand among its workers Location: There are Blackberry shops throughout North America, Mexico, Thailand, Indonesia, and the United Arab Emirates A Blackberry shop opened in Michigan, USA, in 2007 Promotion: Blackberry was working hard to make up lost ground One way it was recycling much of its previous grandeur was by focusing on its Smartphone segment The company promoted Blackberry Smartphones as the best phone for use in the healthcare, insurance, and banking industries by capitalizing on its better security features Three blunders contributed to BlackBerry's market loss The first error was that BlackBerry needed to adjust to the touch screen promptly When Steve Jobs first held the iPhone in his hands in 2007, Blackberry still had the bulk of the market share for high-end consumers with its distinctive QWERTY keypad Blackberry believes this to be their speciality and sees no need to alter it The second mistake is bad operating system development Blackberry was highly proud of its near-instant Push mail service at the time, particularly among its premium subscribers who paid a lot for it BlackBerry's third blunder is that it has abandoned a particular client group RIM has solely 13 concentrated on supplying high-end customers and corporations with pricey Push email services while ignoring the individual customer group Individual Blackberry consumers are progressively being offered cheaper, more varied choices from Android or iPhone smartphone makers Question 6: The success of Apple The key reasons for Apple's success are clear objectives, constant product development, and excellent customer service Apple's CEOs have established a clear path for the firm from its inception According to marketing expert David Andrews, Apple's approach is to make digital technology available to everyone and transform how customers think, do, learn, and communicate They still adhere to this philosophy today (Scaife, 2017) iPhone is continually striving to offer better product lines than its rivals The iPhone was one of many to feature a touch screen or connect to a wireless network These technologies have been available for a long, but what distinguishes Apple is its willingness to improve on a competitor's notion Apple's success is attributable to more than just product excellence They are specialists in comprehending and caring for consumers This design is ideal for customers who expect to use the phone for an extended period Apple also offers several incentives to younger clients The reasons for Apple’s market leader Apple had a very successful 2021, highlighted by its performance in early 2022 when it became the first firm to attain a market worth of $3 trillion Apple releases new goods with unique designs Apple sets its products apart from its competitors by giving them unique designs Its technical 14 advancements for the iPod, iPhone, and iPad still need to have cutting-edge or distinctive characteristics from the beginning but rather come from how the device is designed Apple creates trends by using cutting-edge technologies Apple does not create new technology; rather, they improve current technology to provide a more lifelike experience (Armstrong & Gangemi, 2020) For instance, the iPhone has pioneered the use of a fingerprint sensor to quickly and conveniently unlock the phone instead of requiring a sketch or a code The next version of Face ID is faster, more convenient, and more secure Then there is the notch screen, which makes better use of the additional screen real estate While the frame is constructed of metal, the back is made of glass 4Ps of innovation of Apple Process, Product, Paradigm, and Position are the 4P's of innovation(Akgun et al., 2017) Apple has been successful in implementing these 4Ps Concept: Innovation may be utilized to change or improve the way a business operates A business may launch new product lines to use more resources and cater to customers' various desires while making a sizable profit (Blythe,2014) For instance, Apple originally produced computers, but as the market for mobile phones grew, Apple began to produce smart cell phones, which represented a paradigm change for the company Product: The quality, look, durability, and utility of commonplace objects are all improved via product innovation For instance, Apple introduces new iterations of the iPhone every year, such as the iPhone 5, iPhone 6, and iPhone 7, all of which have new features, improved quality and usability, and additional facilities 15 Process: By incorporating innovation into several supply chain processes, such as production, distribution, and marketing, profitability may be increased For instance, Apple sells its electronic devices in person at American retail locations Apple sells its electronic products online instead of in person in nations like India, Indonesia, and the Philippines because opening physical shops there would be prohibitively costly After all, compared to North America and Europe, those regions have far fewer clients for Apple Position: Virgin has consistently embraced innovation to launch a variety of businesses, including those in banking, health care, the internet, retail, and travel, in order to establish itself as an Apple provider of a range of products and services The role of frugal innovation in Apple Frugal is defined as "plain, simple, or modest." The purpose of frugal innovation is to concentrate solely on essential components (Ratten, 2019) In doing so, the emphasis is not on the invention's performance but on the innovation's needs and users or target group A low-cost solution is, therefore, easy and dependable to use and better fits the consumer's demands On the one hand, manufacturing is more resource-efficient, while on the other, the finished product may be sold at a lower price Apple is also using frugal thinking with several iPhone 12 models Because the more significant the client base and market share, the more target groups that may be addressed 16 III CONCLUSION Finally, this research distinguished and contrasted invention and innovation The issue combines Von Hippel's theory, technical push, and market pull to apply in the instance of the Kodak digital camera product line Question study on Canon's vision, leadership, culture, and understanding of the innovation issue resulted in a loss in Kodak's market share The S-curve graph of BlackBerry and iPhone in the second case study demonstrates the association between the two businesses' market shares and the length of time BlackBerry has been on the wrong road In addition, via its 4Ps of innovation study, this research reveals the accomplishments and reasons Apple is at the top of the market 17 References Akgun, A.E et al (2017) “Why companies go positive marketing innovations: A new theoretical prototype for 4PS of innovation,” Pressacademia, 6(2), pp 70–77 Available at: https://doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2017.496 Armstrong, R and Gangemi, V (2020) "Apple Inc.: iPhone data and another FBI investigation." 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