depressive disorders

VOLUME 1 Depressive Disorders Second Edition WPA Series Evidence and Experience in Psychiatry Depressive Disorders, Second Edition. Edited by Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius.  2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-84965-7 Other Titles in the WPA Series Evidence and Experience in Psychiatry Volume 2 — Schizophrenia, Second Edition Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius Volume 3 — Dementia, Second Edition Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius Volume 4 — Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Second Edition Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius, Ahmed Okasha and Joseph Zohar Volume 5 — Bipolar Disorder Mario Maj, Hagop S. Akiskal, Juan Jos ´ eL ´ opez-Ibor and Norman Sartorius VOLUME 1 Depressive Disorders Second Edition Edited by Mario Maj University of Naples, Italy Norman Sartorius University of Geneva, Switzerland WPA Series Evidence and Experience in Psychiatry Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (C44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. 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Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-84965-7 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Contents List of Review Contributors xiii Preface xv CHAPTER 1 DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 1 Diagnosis of Depressive Disorders: A Review 1 C.N. Stefanis and N.C. Stefanis C OMMENTARIES 1.1 Much Diversity, Many Categories, No Entities 52 R.E. Kendell 1.2 Categorical and Dimensional Perspectives of Depression 54 J. Angst 1.3 Models of Classification of Depressive Disorders 57 P. Pichot 1.4 Flaws of Current Diagnosis of Depression 59 H.M. van Praag 1.5 Approaches to Diagnosing Depression, and the Reciprocal Relationship to Depression Research 63 R.J. Boland and M.B. Keller 1.6 The Practical Importance of Temporal Sequencing and Secondary Depression 65 W. Coryell 1.7 Depression: the Complexity of its Interface with Soft Bipolarity 68 H.S. Akiskal 1.8 Contextualizing the Diagnosis of D epression 71 J.E. Mezzich and M.R. Jorge 1.9 Age, Loss and the Diagnostic Boundaries of Depression 73 S. Zisook vi CONTENTS 1.10 Depression Among Elderly and Postpartum Women 75 P.S.F. Yip and D.T.S. Lee 1.11 Self-rating Depression Scales: Some Methodological Issues 77 T. Kitamura 1.12 Underdiagnosis of Depression: Its Impact on the Community 79 A. Okasha 1.13 Limited Options on Diagnosing Depression 82 S.K. Chaturvedi 1.14 Diagnosis of Depressive Disorders: Taxonomical Systems and Clinical Practice 83 A.A. Otero Ojeda 1.15 The Identification of Diagnostic Subtypes of Depressive Disorder s 85 N. Kornetov CHAPTER 2 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 89 Pharmacological Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Review 89 P. Bech C OMMENTARIES 2.1 Antidepressants: Forty Years of Experience 129 E.S. Paykel 2.2 Targeting Antidepressant Treatment: The Evidence is Weak 131 C. Thompson 2.3 The Selection of the Antidepressant in Clinical Practice 133 S.H. Preskorn 2.4 Gender and Antidepressant Response 135 A.F. Schatzberg and S.G. Kornstein 2.5 Validity o f Atypical Depression: Evidence Provided by Pharmacological Dissection 138 F.M. Quitkin 2.6 Increasing Our Understanding of the Working Mechanism of Antidepressants 140 J.A. den Boer CONTENTS vii 2.7 Are the First Generation Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors Still Needed in the Treatment of Major Depressive Episode? 142 A. Gjerris 2.8 Antidepressants in Broader Context 144 C. H ¨ oschl 2.9 Antidepressants for Better Quality of Life 146 S. Kasper 2.10 Would Rational Polypharmacy Improve Quality of Life? 148 S.K. Chaturvedi 2.11 Compliance Issues and the Efficacy of Antidepressants 150 K. Demyttenaere 2.12 The Parallel Need for Medicine-based Evidence 152 D.S. Baldwin 2.13 What is a Lot of Antidepressants for so Few Criteria of Choice? 155 F. Rouillon 2.14 Depression and its Treatment: a General Health Problem 157 A. Okasha 2.15 Antidepressant Drugs: The Indian Experience 159 R. Srinivasa Murthy CHAPTER 3 PSYCHOTHERAPIES FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 161 Psychotherapies for Depressive Disorders: A Review 161 A.J. Rush and M.E. Thase C OMMENTARIES 3.1 Latest Developments in Psychotherapy for Depression 207 M.M. Weissman 3.2 Indications and Planning of Psychotherapies: ‘‘Much Ado about Nothing’’? 209 B.E. Wampold 3.3 The State of Antidepressant Psychotherapy: Growing Strengths, Still Unanswered Questions 212 J.C. Markowitz viii CONTENTS 3.4 Research on Hot-house Psychotherapy 214 T.B. Karasu 3.5 Psychotherapy for Depression: Are Additional Controlled Trials Still Warranted? 216 C. Perris 3.6 Depression: The Evidence for What Works and What Doesn’t 219 J.S. McIntyre 3.7 Psychotherapy of Depression: Research and Practice 221 R. Michels 3.8 Nosology vs. Personality Directed Psychotherapy and the Gap Between Research and Practice 223 C. Mundt 3.9 The Sequential Use of Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy in Depressive Disorders 226 G.A. Fava 3.10 Integrating Psychotherapies in Clinical Practice 228 R. Mac ´ ıas 3.11 Building on the Foundations: Where Next in Therapeutic Outcome Research? 230 J.C. Nemiah CHAPTER 4 DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 233 Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Review 233 R. Harrington C OMMENTARIES 4.1 Towards an Understanding of Early Onset Depression 267 J.F. Leckman 4.2 Depression In Youth: Trends in Diagnosis 269 S.V. Faraone 4.3 Depressive Disorder s in Childhood and Adolescence: State o f the Art 271 P.M. Lewinsohn 4.4 ‘‘At least in the form seen in adults.’’ A Commentary on Major Depressive Disorder in Youth 273 G.A. Carlson CONTENTS ix 4.5 The ‘‘Atypicality’’ of Depression in Youth 276 J. Biederman and T. Spencer 4.6 How the Study of Early Onset Depression Challenges Us to Produce a New Paradigm for Understanding Mood Disorders 278 S.P. Kutcher 4.7 Adult and Childhood Depressions May in Fact be Different Illnesses 281 A.A. Rosenfeld 4.8 Taking Stock and Moving on: Current Issues and Challenges Concerning Child and Adolescent Depressive Disorder s 283 C.A. King 4.9 Increasing Awareness of Depressive Disorders in Childhood: Implications for World Child and Adolescent Mental Health 286 J.A. Corbett 4.10 Some Unsolved Problems in Childhood Depression: A Clinician’s View 289 H. Remschmidt 4.11 Childhood Depression: Some Unresolved Research Questions 292 E. Fombonne 4.12 Research Trends in Depressive Disorders of Youth 295 B. Vitiello 4.13 The Nature of First Episode Major Depression in Childhood and Adolescence 297 I. Goodyer 4.14 Clinical Update of Child and Adolescent Depression 299 S. Tyano 4.15 Treatment Controversies in Childhood Depression 302 C.M. Borchardt 4.16 Psychotherapy for Childhood Depression 304 I. Kolvin, J. Trowell, J. Tsiantis, F. Almqvist and H. Sadowski 4.17 Role of Neurobiological and Genetic Factors in Treatment of Childhood Depression 306 B. Geller 4.18 Depression in the Family 309 R. Todd x CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY 313 Depressive Disorders in the Elderly: A Review 313 E. Chiu, D. Ames, B. Draper and J. Snowdon C OMMENTARIES 5.1 Depression in Older Age: Diagnostic Problems, New Knowledge and Neglected Areas 364 J.R.M. Copeland 5.2 Depression in the Elderly is Underdiagnosed; Etiology is Multifactorial 366 C.G. Gottfries 5.3 Depression in the Elderly: Issues in Diagnosis and Management 369 D.L. Dunner 5.4 Depressive Disorders in the Elderly: A Fresh Perspective 371 M. Nowers 5.5 Depression in the Elderly: Areas Open to Research 373 C. Ballard 5.6 Filling in the Gaps about Depression in the Elderly 376 D. Blazer 5.7 A Clinical Point of View about Depression in the Elderly 377 J. Wertheimer 5.8 Geriatric Depression: A Look to the Future 379 C.F. Reynolds III 5.9 Depression in Late Life: Directions for Intervention Research 382 B.D. Lebowitz 5.10 Treatment of Depression in the ‘‘Old-old’’ 384 S.H. Preskorn 5.11 Suggested Priorities for Research into Depressive Disorders in the Elderly 386 P.W. Burvill 5.12 Comorbidity of Depression in Older People 388 C. Katona 5.13 Myth or Reality of Old Age Depression: T he Example of Taiwan Studies 390 M Y. Chong 5.14 Depression in the Elderly: Predictors and Prognostic Factors 392 S L. Kivel ¨ a [...]... the general frame of depressive disorders CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF DEPRESSION Depression signifies an affective experience (mood state), a complaint (reported as a symptom) as well as a syndrome defined by operational DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: A REVIEW TABLE 1.1 Depressive disorders in ICD-10 and DSM-IV ICD-10 DSM-IV (ICD-9-CM) F32 Depressive episode (single) F32.0 Mild depressive episode 00... syndrome Recurrent depressive disorder, current episode severe without psychotic symptoms Recurrent depressive disorder, current episode severe with psychotic symptoms Recurrent depressive disorder, currently in remission Other recurrent depressive disorders Recurrent depressive disorder, unspecified Persistent mood (affective) disorders Cyclothymia Dysthymia Other persistent mood (affective) disorders Persistent... Moderate depressive episode 10 Without somatic syndrome 11 With somatic syndrome Severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms Severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms Other depressive episodes F32.1 F32.2 F32.3 F32.8 F32.9 Recurrent depressive disorder F33.0 Recurrent depressive disorder, current episode mild 00 Without somatic syndrome 01 With somatic syndrome Recurrent depressive. .. the previously dispersed depressive disorders are grouped together under a common name signifying a unified syndromal entity; (b) the term ‘‘affective disorders ’ is replaced by the term ‘‘mood disorders ’, thus narrowing the depression’s boundaries by not subsuming anxiety disorders under the same roof; (c) while the clear intraclass distinction between bipolar and depressive disorders is retained, the... disorder with atypical features continues overleaf 8 DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS TABLE 1.1 (continued) ICD-10 F38 F38.0 F38.1 F38.8 F39 DSM-IV (ICD-9-CM) Other mood (affective) disorders Other single mood (affective) disorders 00 Mixed affective episode Other recurrent mood (affective) disorders 10 Recurrent brief depressive disorder Other specified mood (affective) disorders Unspecified mood (affective) disorder... See Appendix B: Recurrent brief depressive disorder 296.90 Mood disorders NOS criteria As an affective experience of sadness, it is common to all humans; as a symptom, it is present in several mental and physical illnesses and, as a syndrome, it is associated with specific mental and physical disorders The prototype of the syndromal entity of depressive disorders is the depressive episode (DE) in ICD-10... for the diagnosis of anxiety disorders, they are so frequently encountered in depression that they should also be considered as an integral part of its clinical picture, particularly at the primary care settings In ICD-10, the admixture of anxiety and depressive symptoms is listed as a distinct category under the term ‘‘mixed anxiety and depressive disorders ’ 12 DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS Subtypes of DE/MD... in their absence (83% of the cases did not have early DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: A REVIEW 19 onset dysthymia and 60% did not have current MD) Moreover, in a 1-year follow-up, DPD proved to be a relatively stable condition [78] Postnatal Depressive Disorders These disorders present in three forms The first is a transient anxiety -depressive state known as postpartum blues that occurs a few days... been haunting psychiatrists since the middle of this century, and is still debated, is whether a categorical or DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: A REVIEW 3 a dimensional approach would better explain the nature of mood disorders In other words, whether to divide depressive disorders into a number of autonomous, distinct and mutually exclusive categories or to assign them to specified dimensions The... endocrine disorders 18 DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS In a recent study to validate the PMS and to explore its phenomenological and familial relationship with major depression, it was concluded that premenstrual symptoms are substantially heritable, but the associated genetic and environmental factors are not closely related to lifetime major depression [73] Depression and Menopause The prevalence of depressive disorders . categorical or DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: A REVIEW 3 a dimensional approach would better explain the nature of mood disorders. In other words, whether to divide depressive disorders into a number. production. Contents List of Review Contributors xiii Preface xv CHAPTER 1 DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 1 Diagnosis of Depressive Disorders: A Review 1 C.N. Stefanis and N.C. Stefanis C OMMENTARIES 1.1. Disorder s 85 N. Kornetov CHAPTER 2 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 89 Pharmacological Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Review 89 P. Bech C OMMENTARIES 2.1 Antidepressants: